El sorprendente REINO FUNGI o de los hongos: características, nutrición, reproducción🍄
Summary
TLDREl reino de los hongos es un grupo muy diverso e importante, con más de 1.5 millones de especies, siendo el segundo grupo más grande después de los insectos. Estos organismos eucariotos, con paredes celulares de quitina, son heterótrofos y pueden ser parásitos, saprofitos o simbiontes. Su reproducción es variable, con formas asexuadas como la fragmentación y la formación de esporas, y reproducción sexual que incluye plasmogamia, quimiogamia y meiosis. Los hongos juegan roles vitales en el biósfera, desde decomposers hasta formadores de lichenes y micorrizas.
Takeaways
- 🍄 El reino de los hongos es una clasificación muy grande y diversa, con más de 1.5 millones de especies, siendo el segundo grupo más grande después de los insectos.
- 🌱 Más del 90% de la biomasa terrestre se compone de hongos, prokaryotes e invertebrados, lo que los convierte en el grupo de organismos más abundante en términos de biomasa del suelo.
- 🌐 Los hongos están ampliamente distribuidos en el biósfera, desde el hielo de la Antártida hasta los mares tropicales, viviendo en una variedad de entornos.
- 🔬 Los hongos son eucariotos y comparten características con los animales en cuanto a sus organelos celulares, aunque tienen paredes celulares compuestas de quitina, distinta a la celulosa de las plantas.
- 🏠 Son organismos sesiles y multicelulares, con una forma de crecimiento vegetativo a través de filamentos llamados hifas que forman un cuerpo conocido como micelio.
- 🧬 Los hongos son un grupo monofiletico, es decir, todos provienen de un ancestro común y se componen de 7 filos: Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota y Basidiomycota.
- 🌾 Los hongos Glomeromycota son mutuamente simbióticas, formando asociaciones con las raíces de las plantas y estableciendo relaciones simbióticas con ellas.
- 🍄 Los Ascomycota, también conocidos como 'hongos de saco', pueden ser simbióticos en lichas, parásitos o saprofitos de plantas o animales, y pueden ser unicelulares o filamentosos.
- 🍄 Los Basidiomycota son uno de los grupos más grandes y incluyen hongos con tipos de micelias y formas de reproducción tanto asexual como sexual compleja.
- 🌱 La reproducción de los hongos es variable y puede ser asexual a través de fragmentación, gemación, fisión o esporulación, o sexual mediante la formación de gametos y la fusión de hifas o estructuras reproductivas.
- 🥄 Los hongos son heterotróficos y obtienen su energía de la materia orgánica en descomposición o de residuos de otros organismos, pudiendo digerir una amplia variedad de carbohidratos solubles e insolubles.
Q & A
¿Cuál es el reino de la clasificación donde se agrupan los hongos?
-El reino Fungi es la clasificación donde se agrupan los hongos.
¿Cuántas especies se creía inicialmente que había en el reino Fungi y cuántas hay actualmente?
-Inicialmente se pensaba que había más de 100,000 especies, pero hoy en día supera el número de un millón quinientos mil.
¿En términos de número de especies, qué grupo representa el segundo lugar después de los insectos?
-Los hongos representan el segundo lugar en términos de número de especies después de los insectos.
¿Cuál es el porcentaje de biomasa terrestre que componen los miembros del reino Fungi junto con procariotas e invertebrados?
-Los miembros del reino Fungi componen más del 90% de la biomasa terrestre combinada con procariotas e invertebrados.
¿Dónde se pueden encontrar los hongos en la biosfera?
-Los hongos se pueden encontrar en lugares tan diversos como el hielo de la Antártida, playas, bosques tropicales, paisajes nórdicos y en latitudes medias, en suelo, agua, superficies de montañas rocosas e incluso en aguas saladas.
¿Por qué se clasifican los hongos junto con las plantas?
-Los hongos se clasifican junto con las plantas porque sus células, aunque no tienen clorofila, están protegidas por una pared celular, al igual que las células de las plantas. Sin embargo, la composición de esta pared es lo que los separa de las plantas, ya que las paredes celulares de los hongos están hechas de quitina en lugar de celulosa.
¿Cómo se reproducen los hongos asexualmente en el reino Fungi?
-La reproducción asexual en los hongos puede ocurrir a través de la fragmentación, la gemación, la división o mediante esporas sexuales, que son formadas por divisiones mitóticas o meióticas y no por la fusión de dos células sexuales o gametos.
¿Qué sucede durante la plasmogamia en la reproducción sexual de los hongos?
-Durante la plasmogamia, se produce la fusión de dos protoplastos que contienen núcleos compatibles, lo que resulta en una célula con dos núcleos haploides que aún no se han fusionado.
¿Cómo se clasifican los hongos según su forma de alimentación?
-Los hongos se clasifican como saprofitas o decomposers, parásitos, simbiontes en liquenes o en micorrizas, según cómo obtengan su alimento.
¿Cuál es la diferencia principal entre la reproducción sexual de los hongos y la de otros organismos?
-La principal diferencia es que en los hongos la membrana nuclear de las células permanece intacta durante todo el proceso de reproducción sexual, a diferencia de otros organismos donde se disuelve y se reforma.
¿Cuántos filos hay en el reino Fungi y cuáles son sus nombres?
-Existen 7 filos en el reino Fungi: Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota y Basidiomycota.
¿Qué son las micorrizas y qué tipo de relación simbiótica establecen con las plantas?
-Las micorrizas son estructuras que forman parte de una relación simbiótica entre las raíces de una planta y un hongo. Estos intercambian nutrientes con su compañero fotosintético y proporcionan ciertos beneficios.
Outlines
🍄 El Reino de los Hongos: Diversidad y Importancia
El primer párrafo introduce al reino de los hongos, un grupo amplio y diverso que incluye especies conocidas como el hongo de pan y la cerveza, así como setas y mohos. Se menciona que inicialmente se estimaba que había más de 100,000 especies, pero hoy en día se sabe que superan el número de 1.5 millones. Los hongos representan el segundo grupo más grande en términos de número de especies después de los insectos y constituyen más del 90% de la biomasa terrestre combinada con procariotas e invertebrados, lo que los convierte en el grupo más abundante en suelos. Los hongos están distribuidos en todo el biomasa, desde el hielo antártico hasta los mares, y pueden vivir como parásitos en una amplia variedad de organismos vivos.
🌱 Características Comunes de los Hongos
Este párrafo describe las características comunes de los hongos, que son organismos eucariotos con núcleo y sistemas membranosos. Aunque se diferencian de las plantas por tener paredes celulares compuestas de quitina en lugar de celulosa, comparten con ellas la sessilidad y la condición de ser multicelulares. Los hongos son heterótrofos, lo que significa que obtienen su energía de la materia orgánica en descomposición o de residuos de otros organismos. Además, tienen un crecimiento vegetativo a través de hifas que forman un cuerpo conocido como micelio, el cual es responsable de la absorción de la materia orgánica del entorno.
🔬 Clasificación de los Hongos
El tercer párrafo se enfoca en la clasificación de los hongos, que son un grupo monofileético y están divididos en siete filos: Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota y Basidiomycota. Cada uno de estos filos tiene características únicas y se describen brevemente, como los Chytridiomycota que pueden ser saprófitos o parásitos y los Ascomycota y Basidiomycota, que son conocidos por sus esporas y sus diferentes formas de reproducción sexual y asexual.
📚 Reproducción y Nutrición de los Hongos
El último párrafo aborda la reproducción y nutrición de los hongos. Se explica que la reproducción de los hongos es variable y puede ser asexual o sexual, con procesos como la fragmentación, la gemación, la fisión y la formación de esporas. La reproducción sexual implica la plasmogamia, la cariogamia y la meiosis, y es única en que la membrana nuclear permanece intacta durante todo el proceso. En cuanto a la nutrición, los hongos son heterótrofos y pueden ser saprófitos, parásitos o simbiontes, como en los casos de los liquenes y las micorrizas, donde intercambian nutrientes con plantas en relación simbiótica.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Reino Fungi
💡Eukariotas
💡Célula
💡Parasitismo
💡Hifas y micelio
💡Reproducción sexual
💡Reproducción asexuada
💡Esencia
💡Sin parásitos
💡Simbiosis
Highlights
The Fungi kingdom includes over 1.5 million species, making it the second largest group after insects in terms of species diversity.
Fungi comprise more than 90% of terrestrial biomass combined with prokaryotic and invertebrate organisms, making them the most abundant group of organisms on earth in terms of soil biomass.
Fungi are widely distributed across various ecosystems including Antarctic ice, beaches, tropical forests, Nordic landscapes, and mid-latitude regions.
Fungi can live in diverse environments such as soil, water, rocky mountains, and even seawater.
Fungi can be parasites of plants, fish, insects, and large vertebrate animals like mammals.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with a nucleus and membranous systems defining other organelles inside their cells, more similar to animals than plants.
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, unlike plants which have cell walls made of cellulose.
Most fungi are sessile and multicellular organisms that cannot move and are always in the same place where they take root.
Fungi are heterotrophs that obtain energy from decaying organic matter or waste from other organisms.
Fungi grow from filaments called hyphae which can form a mycelium responsible for absorbing organic matter from the environment.
Fungi are a monophyletic group with 7 phyla including Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Ascomycota, also known as 'sack fungi', includes fungi that can be symbionts in lichens, parasites, saprophytes, and can reproduce through meiospores formed in asci.
Basidiomycota includes fungi with two types of mycelia and reproduces sexually through the fusion of hyphae or reproductive structures.
Fungi exhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction with processes like fragmentation, budding, fission, and the formation of asexual and sexual spores.
Sexual reproduction in fungi involves plasmogamy (fusion of protoplasts), karyogamy (fusion of haploid nuclei), and meiosis to produce haploid spores.
Fungi are heterotrophic and obtain energy and carbon from carbohydrates, while obtaining nitrogen from protein breakdown.
Fungi can be classified as saprophytes, parasites, symbionts in lichens, or form mycorrhizae with plant roots in symbiotic relationships.
Transcripts
The Fungi kingdom is the classification where fungi are grouped. This includes
organisms such as baker's and brewer's yeasts, smuts,
fruit molds, and mushrooms, many of them with forms and functions
that are familiar to us as humans. It is a very large group of organisms:
initially it was thought that there were more than 100,000 species in this group and today it exceeds one million
five hundred thousand. So fungi, at least in terms of number of species,
represent the second largest group after insects.
Importantly, members of this kingdom comprise more than 90% of
terrestrial biomass combined with prokaryotic and invertebrate organisms, making them
the most abundant group of organisms on earth in terms of soil biomass.
Thus, fungi are widely distributed in the biosphere:
- Fungi can be found in Antarctic ice,
on beaches and tropical forests, in Nordic landscapes and in mid-latitudes.
- They live in the soil, in water, on the surface of rocky mountains and even in seawater.
- They can be parasites of plants, fish, insects and large
vertebrate animals such as mammals, that is, in all living organisms.
Characteristics of the Fungi kingdom Fungi make up a complex
group of organisms that, despite the many differences they may have among themselves, share
some notable characteristics: - They are eukaryotic organisms
Unlike bacteria and archaea, but just like animals and plants,
fungi are eukaryotes, that is, they have a nucleus and membranous systems that define
other organelles inside their cells. Although they are classified in a different group,
many authors agree that the cells of fungi are more similar to
those of animals than to those of plants, especially with respect to the characteristics
of their internal organelles. - They have a cell wall
The reason why fungi were classified together with plants has to do with the
fact that their cells, although they do not have chlorophyll, are surrounded by a wall that
protects them, just like plant cells. However, the differences in the composition
of this wall are what separate them from the group of plants: plants have cell walls
made of a chemical compound called cellulose and fungi have cell walls made of
a different compound known as chitin. It must be remembered that this compound, chitin,
is the same material from which the exoskeletons of many insects and shellfish
(arthropods, invertebrate animals) are made. - They are sessile and multicellular organisms
With some exceptions, most fungi are multicellular organisms, that is,
they are made up of several cells that are somehow "connected" to each other.
In addition, they are sessile organisms, that is, just like plants,
they cannot move and are always in the same place where they "take root".
- They are heterotrophs Plants are autotrophic organisms (they produce
their own food) and animals are heterotrophic organisms (they feed on other organisms).
Fungi are also heterotrophs, and many of them obtain the energy they need to
live from decaying organic matter or waste from other organisms rather than from
other living organisms. - They have hyphae and mycelia
All organisms classified within the group of fungi, that is, in the Fungi kingdom, have
a very curious form of vegetative growth: they grow from the ends of filaments
called hyphae, which can be grouped to form a “body”, known as a mycelium.
The mycelia are, therefore, the structures that are responsible for absorbing
organic matter (food, which has been digested externally) from the environment that surrounds them.
The hyphae that form these mycelia resemble filamentous threads. They
are composed of "strips" of cells that are in contact with each other in such a way
that the absorbed nutrients can flow from one to the other without many obstacles.
The mycelium of a fungus, depending on the species, allows it to grow either on
the ground, in the water, on decomposing tissues, on living tissues, etc.
Classification Fungi are a monophyletic group, that is,
their members have the same common ancestor. This group is made up of 7 phyla:
Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Microsporidia,
Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. - Phylum Chytridiomycota
This phylum includes saprophytic and parasitic organisms that can
also be unicellular or filamentous. They can form mycelia and reproduce
asexually by forming asexual spores. It has two classes: Chytridiomycetes
and Monoblepharidomycetes. - Phylum Blastocladiomycota
It is composed of fungi that are parasites of plants and animals and some
saprophytic fungi. It includes aquatic and terrestrial organisms, whose life cycles present
alternation of generations between the haploid and diploid phase. It only contains one
class: Blastocladiomycetes. - Phylum Neocallimastigomycota
Organisms found in the digestive tract of
many herbivorous animals belong to this group, so many of them are anaerobic (they live in
the absence of oxygen, O2). Many produce asexual spores with one or two flagella.
Their cells, instead of having mitochondria, have hydrogenosomes, organelles that are
responsible for the formation of energy in the form of ATP. They also make up a single class:
Neocallimastigomycetes. - Microsporidia
phylum This phylum includes parasitic fungi of animals and protist organisms. Since the
phylogenetic relationships of this group have not been fully elucidated, this phylum
is not subdivided into classes. - Phylum Glomeromycota
These fungi are obligate mutualistic symbionts. Species belonging to this
phylum associate with the roots of many plants and establish symbiotic relationships with them.
It is divided into three classes: Archaeosporomycetes, Glomeromycetes and Paraglomeromycetes and into
four subphyla: Mucoromycotina
Entomophthoromycotina Zoopagomycotina Kickxellomycotina - Phylum Ascomycota
Also known as the "sack fungi", the organisms belonging to
this phylum can be symbionts in lichens, they can be parasites or saprophytes plant or
animal and can be unicellular or filamentous. They reproduce asexually by fission, budding,
fragmentation, or by spores. Their sexual reproduction occurs through meiospores formed
in "bags" called asci, which can be assembled into structures or bodies
(closed or open) called ascocarps. Some “cup mushrooms”,
“chair mushrooms” and truffles belong to this group. It is divided into subphyla:
Taphrinomycotina Saccharomycotina
(where the yeasts are) Pexixomycotina (many
lichen-forming fungi) - Phylum Basidiomycota
can produce two types of mycelia: one with uninucleate cells (with a single nucleus)
and others with dikaryotic cells (with two nuclei). They reproduce
asexually by fragmentation or sporulation. Their sexual reproduction can occur by fusion
of hyphae or by fusion of two reproductive structures, one male and one female.
It is one of the largest groups and includes fungi containing rusts,
blights, jelly fungi, mushrooms, globular fungi,
stink fungi, and "bird's nest" fungi, etc. This phylum is subdivided into three other subphyla:
Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina
Agaricomycotina Reproduction in the Fungi kingdom
The way in which fungi reproduce is considerably variable and
depends a lot on each species considered. Some can reproduce by forming new
colonies from fragments of their hyphae and others, on the other hand,
are capable of producing fruiting bodies (such as mushrooms or toadstools) that form spores.
To understand it better, let's keep in mind that in the Fungi kingdom there is both
asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction in the Fungi kingdom
In fungi we could speak of a "simple" sexual reproduction and another a little more "complex". The
most "simple" asexual reproduction has to do with processes of fission, budding and fragmentation.
- Fragmentation occurs in some groups and has to do, as we mentioned,
with the multiplication of colonies from fragments of the hyphae that form their mycelia.
- Budding is another form of asexual reproduction through which, in a cell,
a kind of "papilla" arises that enlarges and then separates, forming an
independent entity (but identical, that is, a clone). - Fission is characteristic of some
unicellular fungi, such as certain yeasts, for example. It consists of the formation of a
new cell from another that divides in half. Other more “complex”
forms of asexual reproduction involve the formation of asexual spores, that is, spores that have been
formed by mitotic or meiotic divisions (by mitosis or meiosis, respectively) and not
by the fusion of two sexual cells or gametes. They are said to be more “complex” because the
fungi that form these spores (motile or nonmotile) generally develop
more elaborate structures for it. Sexual reproduction in the Fungi kingdom
Almost all species that fall within this kingdom can reproduce sexually.
An important difference between the sexual reproduction of fungi and that of other
organisms is that the nuclear membrane of their cells remains intact throughout
the process (in other organisms it “dissolves” and reforms).
Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, and Meiosis In fungi, sexual reproduction
occurs in three sequential events. Initially, the diploid (2n) chromosomes are separated into two
daughter cells, forming a haploid (n) stage. Plasmogamy consists, then, in the fusion
of two protoplasts that contain "compatible" nuclei. We call protoplast
everything that is contained inside the cell wall: plasma membrane
and cytosol with all its organelles. This phase produces a cell with two
haploid nuclei that have not fused, an event that occurs later and is
known as karyogamy. Karyogamy gives rise to a diploid nucleus, genetically
different from the previous two, within a cell that is now called a zygote.
There are many fungi that are always haploid and, therefore, the zygote is the only diploid cell
in its entire life cycle. Other fungi, in addition, can remain for a long time
with dikaryotic cells (with two nuclei). After karyogamy, meiosis follows,
which is the process of cell division by which the genetic load or the
number of chromosomes per cell is reduced, thus reestablishing the haploid “phase”. Haploid
nuclei are usually in cells that develop into spores, meiospores.
How are compatible haploid nuclei found?
Plasmogamy can be achieved through the production of specialized sex cells
or gametes, which can be produced by sex organs called gametangia.
Some fungi put their gametangia in contact, allowing the
nuclei of one (the male) to pass to the other (the female), but they do not produce sexual cells.
Other fungi fuse their gametangia in order to carry out plasmogamy.
The most advanced fungi, on the other hand, do not produce gametangia,
but the vegetative hyphae exert sexual functions and fuse, exchanging nuclei.
Nutrition Earlier we mentioned that
fungi are heterotrophic organisms. From this it is understood that, unlike plants,
these living beings are unable to synthesize their own food from sunlight and
carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the atmosphere. The preferred source of energy and carbon for
fungi are carbohydrates (although they obtain nitrogen from protein breakdown)
and fungi are capable of absorbing and metabolizing a variety of soluble carbohydrates, including
glucose, xylose, fructose, sucrose, etc. In addition, other more complex "insoluble" carbohydrates
, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin or starch,
can also be broken down by the battery of digestive enzymes that fungi can produce.
As heterotrophic organisms, fungi can be classified according
to the "form" they have to feed: - Some are saprophytes or decomposers. Saprotrophy
consists of the external digestion of decaying organic matter (
through the secretion of digestive enzymes) and then absorption
through the "body" formed by the hyphae. - Other fungi are parasites, so they
obtain their food from the tissues of the organism of which they are hosts, which
can often be detrimental to its health. - Other fungi are symbionts and coexist in
the same "organism" with an algae, forming what is known as a lichen. The alga is photosynthetic
(autotrophic) and the fungus is heterotrophic, so the pair has a mode of feeding
that we could consider "mixed". - Some form structures
called mycorrhizae, which are also part of a symbiotic relationship between
the roots of a plant and a fungus. These exchange nutrients with their
photosynthetic partner and provide certain benefits.
Посмотреть больше похожих видео
Generalidades sobre la Fisiología y Ecología de los Hongos
El REINO DE LAS PLANTAS explicado: clasificación, reproducción, nutrición, ejemplos🌿🌳
Los 5 REINOS de la NATURALEZA 🌍 y sus Características (para Niños)
¿Qué son los Microorganismos? - Las bacterias, los virus y los hongos para niños
¿Qué son los LÍPIDOS? Estructura, función, características, tipos y ejemplos
PROTOCTISTAS
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)