Asuhan Keperawatan Pada Pasien Dengan Gagal Ginjal Akut(GGA)

Summary

The video explains acute kidney failure, starting with its definition as a sudden decline in kidney function over days or weeks. It covers classification, causes such as reduced blood flow, trauma, and urinary blockages, and the kidney's anatomy and physiology. The pathophysiology is detailed into prerenal, renal, and postrenal categories. Clinical manifestations include reduced urine output, nausea, and high blood pressure. Treatment involves fluid and blood pressure management, while nursing care includes patient assessment, diagnosis, and interventions to address respiratory issues, activity intolerance, and nutritional imbalances.

Takeaways

• 🔍 Acute kidney failure is a syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in kidney function within a few days or weeks, which can lead to the loss of the kidney's ability to maintain body homeostasis.
• 📊 Classification of acute kidney failure includes prerenal, renal, and postrenal causes.
• 💡 Causes of acute kidney failure can be due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, trauma, toxic substances, or blockages in the urinary tract.
• 🔬 The kidneys are anatomically located with the right kidney lower than the left due to the liver's size and are encased in three layers of tissue: renal capsule, adipose tissue, and renal fascia.
• 🧠 Kidney functions include toxin removal, fluid balance, acid-base balance, and elimination of metabolic waste such as urea, creatinine, and ammonia.
• 🚰 Urine formation occurs in three stages: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
• 🧪 Pathophysiology of acute kidney failure is categorized into prerenal (reduced kidney perfusion), renal (damage within the kidneys), and postrenal (obstruction of urine flow).
• 📉 Clinical manifestations of acute kidney failure include reduced urine output, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, foul breath, high blood pressure, fatigue, edema, decreased consciousness, dehydration, seizures, and back pain.
• 💉 Management of acute kidney failure involves fluid status correction, blood pressure regulation, electrolyte and acid-base balance correction.
• 📝 Nursing care includes assessment (biodata, health history, physical examination, and laboratory tests), diagnosis (e.g., ineffective breathing pattern, activity intolerance, nutritional imbalance), and interventions (e.g., respiratory support, activity assistance, nutritional support).

Q & A

What is acute kidney failure?

Acute kidney failure is a syndrome resulting from metabolic or pathological damage to kidney tissues, characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function within a few days or weeks, with or without oliguria, leading to the inability of the kidneys to maintain body homeostasis.

What are the primary classifications of acute kidney failure?

Acute kidney failure can be classified into three main types: prerenal (due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys), renal (due to damage within the kidneys), and postrenal (due to obstruction of urine flow after it leaves the kidneys).

What are the common causes of prerenal acute kidney failure?

Common causes include dehydration, blood vessel blockage, reduced heart pumping capacity, heart failure, and severe low blood pressure or shock.

How does trauma affect the kidneys and lead to acute kidney failure?

Trauma to the kidneys can cause allergic reactions, exposure to toxins, and conditions that affect the kidney's filtering units, leading to acute kidney failure.

What are the physiological functions of the kidneys?

The kidneys play crucial roles in excreting toxins, maintaining fluid balance, regulating acid-base balance, and eliminating waste products of protein metabolism such as urea, creatinine, and ammonia.

What are the three stages of urine formation in the kidneys?

The three stages are glomerular filtration in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, reabsorption in the proximal tubules, and secretion or augmentation in the distal tubules.

What are the clinical manifestations of acute kidney failure?

Clinical manifestations include decreased urine output, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, foul breath, difficulty breathing, high blood pressure, fatigue, edema, decreased consciousness, dehydration, seizures, and back pain below the ribs.

How is the fluid status of a patient with acute kidney failure managed?

Fluid status is managed by resuscitation with isotonic crystalloid fluids like normal saline or Ringer's lactate to correct fluid deficiency.

What diagnostic tests are used to assess kidney function in acute kidney failure?

Diagnostic tests include measuring creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, creatinine clearance, serum electrolyte levels, urine tests, blood tests to monitor creatinine, urea, and electrolytes, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement, and imaging studies like kidney ultrasound or biopsy if necessary.

What nursing interventions are recommended for a patient with ineffective breathing patterns due to acute kidney failure?

Nursing interventions include assessing airway needs, monitoring for pallor and cyanosis, observing respiratory rate, rhythm, depth, and effort, consulting with a respiratory therapist, collaborating with a doctor for medication administration like bronchodilators, providing nebulizer therapy, teaching effective coughing techniques, and encouraging deep abdominal breathing.