PHILOSOPHY - Ludwig Wittgenstein
Summary
TLDRBeaucoup de malheurs dans ce monde proviennent de notre incapacité à communiquer clairement nos intentions. Le philosophe Ludwig Wittgenstein, malgré sa vie recluse et troublée, a profondément exploré ce problème. Dans son ouvrage 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus', il affirme que le langage fonctionne en créant des images mentales. Plus tard, dans 'Philosophical Investigations', il développe l'idée que le langage est un outil pour différents 'jeux' de communication. Comprendre quel jeu linguistique quelqu'un joue est essentiel pour une bonne communication. Sa philosophie, bien que complexe, vise à nous aider à mieux comprendre et à utiliser le langage.
Takeaways
- 😞 Beaucoup de malheurs dans le monde proviennent de notre incapacité à communiquer clairement.
- 🤔 Ludwig Wittgenstein est un philosophe qui peut nous aider avec nos problèmes de communication.
- 🌲 Wittgenstein vivait en reclus et avait des habitudes de communication inhabituelles, ce qui lui a permis d'étudier comment la communication échoue.
- 🏠 Né en 1889 à Vienne, il était le plus jeune enfant d'un magnat de l'acier très cultivé.
- 💔 Trois des quatre frères de Ludwig se sont suicidés, et lui-même a souvent été troublé par des pensées suicidaires.
- 📚 Il a écrit un livre intitulé 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' en 1921, explorant comment les humains communiquent.
- 🖼️ Wittgenstein croyait que les mots nous permettent de créer des images mentales des faits.
- 🛠️ Dans son deuxième livre, 'Philosophical Investigations', il a comparé le langage à un outil pour jouer à différents jeux d'intentions.
- 🗣️ La mauvaise communication survient souvent parce que nous ne comprenons pas le 'jeu de langage' de l'autre.
- 📖 La richesse du langage est essentielle pour comprendre notre vie privée et notre propre expérience.
Q & A
Qui était Ludwig Wittgenstein?
-Ludwig Wittgenstein était un philosophe autrichien, né à Vienne en 1889, qui a grandement influencé la philosophie du langage.
Pourquoi Wittgenstein était-il bien placé pour étudier les problèmes de communication?
-En raison de sa nature recluse, son bégaiement et son habitude de quitter les discussions qu'il n'aimait pas, Wittgenstein avait une expérience directe des difficultés de communication.
Quel est le sujet principal du livre 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus' de Wittgenstein?
-Le livre traite de la manière dont les êtres humains parviennent à communiquer des idées entre eux, en proposant que le langage fonctionne en déclenchant des images mentales des faits dans le monde.
Quelle était la théorie révolutionnaire de Wittgenstein sur le langage dans le 'Tractatus'?
-Wittgenstein a proposé que les mots nous permettent de créer des images des faits, facilitant ainsi la compréhension mutuelle en peignant des esquisses mentales de situations.
Qu'a-t-il fait après la publication du 'Tractatus'?
-Après la publication du 'Tractatus', Wittgenstein a quitté la philosophie pour se consacrer à l'architecture, notamment en concevant une maison pour sa sœur à Vienne.
Pourquoi Wittgenstein a-t-il levé le plafond de la maison de sa sœur de trois centimètres?
-Wittgenstein a estimé que le plafond était trop bas, et il croyait que cette modification de trois centimètres ferait une grande différence.
Quelle nouvelle perspective sur le langage Wittgenstein a-t-il développée dans les 'Investigations philosophiques'?
-Dans les 'Investigations philosophiques', Wittgenstein a développé l'idée que le langage est comme un outil que nous utilisons pour jouer différents 'jeux de langage', chacun avec ses propres intentions et contextes.
Comment Wittgenstein explique-t-il les malentendus dans la communication?
-Wittgenstein explique que les malentendus surviennent souvent parce que nous ne reconnaissons pas quel 'jeu de langage' est en cours, menant à des interprétations incorrectes des intentions des autres.
Comment les mots influencent-ils notre compréhension de nous-mêmes selon Wittgenstein?
-Wittgenstein pense que beaucoup de notre compréhension de nous-mêmes dépend des mots des autres, des langues développées collectivement avant notre naissance, et que la richesse du langage auquel nous sommes exposés est cruciale pour notre connaissance de soi.
Quelle était la vision de Wittgenstein sur le rôle de la philosophie?
-Wittgenstein croyait que la tâche de la philosophie était de montrer à la mouche comment sortir de la bouteille à mouches, c'est-à-dire de clarifier les problèmes conceptuels causés par le langage.
Outlines
📚 La Communication et la Philosophie de Wittgenstein
Le premier paragraphe explore les difficultés de la communication humaine à travers la vie et la pensée de Ludwig Wittgenstein, un philosophe autrichien. Wittgenstein, né en 1889 à Vienne, était le plus jeune fils d'un magnat de l'acier. Il a hérité d'une grande fortune mais l'a donnée à ses proches riches et a choisi une vie solitaire en Norvège. Son ouvrage 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus', publié en 1921, aborde la question de la manière dont les êtres humains communiquent des idées. Il soutient que le langage fonctionne en déclenchant des images dans notre esprit, comme un modèle réduit qui permet de visualiser et de comprendre une situation. Cependant, il note que la communication échoue souvent car les gens ne parviennent pas à créer de bonnes images mentales ou lisent une signification erronée dans les mots des autres. Wittgenstein encourage à parler avec plus de précision et moins d'impulsion, illustré par sa célèbre citation 'On ne peut parler de ce qu'on ne peut pas parler, il faut se taire'. Après avoir pensé que le 'Tractatus' était le dernier ouvrage de philosophie nécessaire, il s'est tourné vers l'architecture avant de revenir à la philosophie en 1929 avec de nouvelles idées sur le langage.
🔨 Wittgenstein et les Jeux Linguistiques
Le second paragraphe se concentre sur la deuxième phase de la pensée de Wittgenstein, présentée dans ses 'Recherches Philosophiques' publiées après sa mort. Il y développe l'idée que le langage est un outil utilisé pour jouer à différents 'jeux', où 'jeux' fait référence à des modèles d'intentions. Wittgenstein souligne que de nombreuses malentendus surviennent lorsque nous ne reconnaissons pas le type de jeu linguistique dans lequel quelqu'un est impliqué. Il met en évidence l'importance de comprendre le contexte dans lequel les mots sont utilisés pour éviter les malentendus. De plus, il insiste sur la façon dont notre compréhension de soi dépend des mots des autres, développés publiquement et communautairement sur des siècles. Par exemple, le mot 'Angst', formulé par Kierkegaard au 19e siècle, nous aide à nommer des aspects évasifs de notre expérience personnelle. Wittgenstein voit la philosophie comme un moyen d'être utile, décrivant sa tâche comme celle de montrer à la mouche la sortie de la bouteille, une bouteille qui, dans son cas, est le langage. Il a laissé derrière lui une héritage philosophique riche et complexe, mais toujours guidé par le désir d'être utile.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Communication
💡Ludwig Wittgenstein
💡Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
💡Pictures of facts
💡Language games
💡Misunderstandings
💡Self-understanding
💡Philosophical Investigations
💡Angst
💡Fly bottle
Highlights
Ludwig Wittgenstein was a philosopher known for his contributions to the study of communication problems.
Wittgenstein's background, including his reclusive nature and personal challenges, influenced his focus on communication issues.
Wittgenstein was born in Vienna in 1889, into a wealthy but troubled family, with three of his four brothers taking their own lives.
He initially studied engineering and inherited a large sum of money after his father's death, which he gave away to his relatives.
Wittgenstein lived in solitude in Norway, where he wrote his first book, 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,' published in 1921.
In 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,' Wittgenstein explored how humans communicate ideas, proposing that language triggers pictures in our minds.
Wittgenstein had a Eureka moment when he realized that words enable us to create mental pictures of facts.
Communication often fails because people have different mental pictures of what is meant, leading to misunderstandings.
Wittgenstein emphasized the importance of having a clear and accurate picture of what we mean to improve communication.
He also warned against reading too much into others' words, as it can lead to misinterpretations.
After publishing 'Tractatus,' Wittgenstein briefly turned to architecture, designing a house for his sister in Vienna.
In 1929, Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge and philosophy, developing new ideas about language and communication.
His second major work, 'Philosophical Investigations,' introduced the concept of language as a tool for playing different 'games' or patterns of intentions.
Wittgenstein argued that understanding the 'language game' someone is playing is key to effective communication.
He highlighted the role of public and communal language in enhancing our self-understanding and communication of private experiences.
Wittgenstein believed that philosophy's task is to help us navigate the complexities of language and communication.
Before his death in 1951, Wittgenstein made significant contributions to understanding how language shapes our thoughts and interactions.
Transcripts
A lot of unhappiness comes about in this world
because we can't let other people know
what we mean clearly enough.
One of the philosophers who can help us
with our communication problems
is Ludwig Wittgenstein.
He was a recluse.
He had a stutter, paused for ages in the middle
of his sentences and had a habit of
storming out
if he didn't like what people were saying.
It was weirdly the ideal background
for someone intent on studying how easily
communication between people goes wrong.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
was born Vienna in 1889.
The youngest child of a wealthy,
highly cultured
but domineering steel magnate.
Three of Ludwig's four brothers took their own lives,
and Ludwig himself was frequently
troubled by suicidal thoughts.
When he was young, he was interested in engineering.
After studying at Cambridge,
his father died and he inherited a lot
of money.
He gave it all away,
mainly to his already very rich relatives
and went to live in spartan solitude
in Norway.
Then he started writing a book published in 1921
called Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
It was a short, beautiful
and baffling work.
The big question that Wittgenstein
asks in it is:
How do human beings
manage to communicate ideas to one another?
And his answer,
which felt revolutionary,
is that language works by triggering
within us
pictures of how things are in the world.
Wittgenstein thought of this
while reading a newspaper article about
a Paris court case in which,
in order to explain with greater efficacy, the details of
an accident that had taken place a road junction,
the court had arranged for the accident
to be reproduced visually
using model cars and pedestrians.
It was a Eureka moment.
In Wittgenstein's view words enables us to
make pictures of facts.
To say: The palm tree is by the shore,
paints a rapid sketch
that like the model lets another person see
the situation in their mind and understand.
We're constantly
swapping pictures between us.
But the Paris court needed to resort to an actual model
for a very important reason.
Because on the whole,
we're very bad at managing to
make good pictures in the minds of others.
Communication typically goes wrong
because other people have, as we put it,
the wrong picture of what we're meaning.
It can take an age for two people to
realize divergences over quite basic things.
Problems of communication typically start because
we don't have a clear and accurate enough picture
of what we mean in our own heads.
We say quite meaningless or modeled
or unelaborated things
which therefore can go nowhere in the minds of others.
There's another danger:
That we read more meaning into the words of others
than they ever intended or than is warranted.
You tell your partner you had a conversation with
an interesting person at the hotel reception.
The picture in your mind
is an innocent one.
But your partner swiftly forms
a very different impression.
The Tractatus is a plea
by a very taciturn, silent and precise
Austrian philosopher
to speak more carefully and less impulsively.
As he famously put it:
"Wovon man nicht sprechen kann,
darüber muss man schweigen."
When he published it,
Wittgenstein thought somewhat grandly
that the Tractatus was the last work of philosophy
that would ever need to be written.
So he looked around for how to fill the rest of his life.
He turned to architecture and spent a couple of years
designing a house for his sister in Vienna.
He spent ages getting the
door handles and radiotors right.
Very late on in the project, he got increasingly
bothered about the ceiling in one of the rooms
and came to the conclusion
that is was too low.
At immense inconvenience to everyone,
he insisted on having it raised
by three centimeters.
It made all the difference, he thought.
Then, in 1929
Wittgenstein suddenly returned to Cambridge
and to philosophy
because he realized he had some new things
to say about language and communication.
And so he began to write a second book
published posthumously,
and that we know know as
Philosophical Investigations.
Instead of thinking that
language is only just about pictures,
he developed the idea
that language is like a kind of tool
that we use to play different games,
which doesn't literally mean
games, more patterns of intentions.
So if a parent says
to a frightened child:
"Don't worry - everything's gonna to be fine",
they can't know it really will be fine.
They aren't playing
the Rational Prediction From Available Facts Game.
They're playing another game:
The Words as an Instrument of Comfort and Security Game
Wittgenstein's point is that
all kinds of misunderstandings arise
when we don't see
which kind of game someone is involved in.
If one's partner says:
"You never help me. You're so unreliable."
The natural inclination might be
to hear this as a part of
a Stating the Facts Game;
like saying:
The battle of Waterloo was in 1815.
So one might respond by citing facts about
how actually you got the car insurance yesterday,
and you bought some vegetables at lunch time, too.
But actually,
this person is involved in a different language game.
They're using words
not to capture facts.
They're playing The Help and Reassurance Game.
So in the language game, they're involved in,
"You never help" means
"I want you to be more nurturing."
Working out the game in question,
is, Wittgenstein realized,
key to good communication.
In the Philosophical Investigations
Wittgenstein also wanted to draw attention
to how much of our self-understanding
depends on the words of others,
on languages that have
developed publicly and communally
over many centuries
long before we're born.
For example, on Sunday afternoon
I might fall prey to a worried, confused mood
as I think about the week ahead
and everything I've got to do.
My ability to know this very private side of myself
and to help others know me
will be hugely enhanced if I have to hand a word
that's been around a while:
Angst.
A word which was helpfully formulated
by the philosopher
Kierkegaard in 19th century, Copenhagen.
Words like angst or also
nostalgia,
melancholy or
ambivalent
and many others
help us to name elusive areas of our own experience.
Language is a public tool
for the understanding of private life.
The richness of the language we're exposed to
is therefore really important to our self-knowledge.
Reading many books
gives us tools with which to help to know
who we are.
Though a lot of Wittgenstein's philosophy
is deeply complicated,
it's underpinned by a desire always to be helpful.
The task of philosophy, said Wittgenstein,
is to show the fly the way out of the fly bottle.
The particular fly bottle, he was interested in,
was language.
And before his death from cancer in 1951,
he managed to let out for us
a lot of word flies
usefully for us all.
Посмотреть больше похожих видео
Querer o que Deus quer | A Imitação de Cristo | #172
Ce cours de philo d’une durée de 5 min est un véritable bijou....
It's About Time to Stop Wasting Your Time! | Bob Proctor
become ARTICULATE and SPEAK SMARTLY - effective communication 101
Le TEMPS existe-t-il vraiment ? | Philippe Guillemant
Qu'est-ce qui nous est arrivé ?
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)