Dr Fred Below Improving Nitrogen Use of Corn
Summary
TLDRDr. Fred Belo, a renowned crop physiology professor at the University of Illinois, discusses his research on optimizing nitrogen use in corn cultivation. He emphasizes the critical role nitrogen plays in corn productivity and explores innovative approaches, including the potential of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as a third source. The talk delves into the importance of nitrogen placement and timing for peak uptake, aiming to enhance yield while minimizing fertilizer loss. Dr. Belo's findings from various trials across Illinois highlight the significance of banded fertilizer application and the right balance between upfront and side-dress nitrogen application to maximize corn yield.
Takeaways
- 🌽 Dr. Fred Belo is a professor of crop physiology at the University of Illinois, specializing in agronomy and factors affecting corn and soybean production.
- 🏆 Dr. Belo has received numerous awards for his work in teaching, extension, and research excellence and is a fellow of the American Society of Agronomy.
- 📚 He has developed educational tools like the 'Seven Wonders of Corn Yield World' and 'Six Secrets of Soybean Success' to help farmers and professionals with crop management decisions.
- 🌱 Nitrogen is the most impactful factor on corn productivity, and Dr. Belo's research aims to improve nitrogen use efficiency to increase yields and reduce economic costs for growers.
- 🔬 The research involves understanding how corn absorbs and utilizes nitrogen, with a focus on the critical period of vegetative growth for peak nitrogen uptake.
- 📉 The study found that corn takes up nitrogen most rapidly during vegetative growth, with 75% of the nitrogen accumulated by the time of flowering.
- 📈 The research emphasizes the importance of nitrogen placement for optimal uptake, showing that banded fertilizer application tends to yield better results than broadcast application.
- 🌟 The study suggests that having a third source of nitrogen, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, could supplement soil and fertilizer sources and potentially reduce fertilizer loss.
- 📊 The research data indicates that the ratio of upfront to side-dress nitrogen application is crucial, especially when broadcast application is used.
- 🌿 The horizontal spread of corn roots is only 6 to 8 inches, highlighting the need for precise fertilizer placement to ensure availability during peak uptake.
- 💧 Nitrogen predominantly moves vertically in the soil, which is another reason why proper placement of nitrogen is essential for corn plants to access it effectively.
Q & A
Who is Dr. Fred Belo and what is his area of expertise?
-Dr. Fred Belo is a professor of crop physiology in the Department of Crop Sciences at the University of Illinois. He is an expert in agronomy and factors limiting corn and soybean production.
What are the 'Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World' and the 'Six Secrets of Soybean Success'?
-The 'Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World' and the 'Six Secrets of Soybean Success' are tools developed by Dr. Belo based on his research to teach farmers and professionals about the value of their crop management decisions.
What is the main focus of Dr. Belo's research on nitrogen use in corn?
-Dr. Belo's research focuses on improving nitrogen use efficiency in corn to increase yield. He is particularly interested in how nitrogen impacts corn productivity and the economic costs associated with under-fertilization.
What is the significance of the research project conducted by Dr. Eric Winens?
-Dr. Eric Winens, a former PhD student of Dr. Belo, conducted a project that was a chapter of his PhD thesis. This project is significant as it contributes to the understanding of nitrogen use in corn and is part of the research efforts to improve crop management.
How does the variation in soil fertility affect the research conducted by Dr. Belo?
-The variation in soil fertility, especially the decline in fertility as one moves from the north to the south in Illinois, provides a range of conditions for Dr. Belo's research. It allows him to study the impact of different soil conditions on nitrogen use and crop yields.
What is the role of the research equipment used by Dr. Belo's team?
-The research equipment used by Dr. Belo's team is crucial for conducting replicated small plot research. It allows them to manage and apply various treatments, such as different nitrogen application methods, accurately and consistently across multiple research sites.
Why is the timing of nitrogen application in corn cultivation important?
-The timing of nitrogen application is important because peak nitrogen uptake by corn is directly related to yield. Ensuring that nitrogen is available during the peak uptake period can significantly influence the plant's growth and final yield.
What is the significance of the horizontal spread of a corn plant's root system in relation to nitrogen placement?
-The horizontal spread of a corn plant's root system, which is only 6 to 8 inches, is significant for nitrogen placement because it indicates that roots do not cross the row. This suggests that side-dressing nitrogen along the row (using methods like Y-drop) can be more effective than broadcasting, as it is placed closer to where the roots can absorb it.
How does nitrogen predominantly move in the soil and why is this relevant to fertilizer placement?
-Nitrogen predominantly moves vertically in the soil, which is relevant to fertilizer placement because it suggests that placing fertilizer deeper in the soil or closer to the row (where roots are likely to be) can improve nitrogen uptake efficiency and reduce loss.
What is the main takeaway from Dr. Belo's research regarding nitrogen use efficiency in corn?
-The main takeaway from Dr. Belo's research is the importance of proper nitrogen management, including the right source, rate, time, and placement of nitrogen application, to maximize yield and minimize loss. This includes understanding the peak uptake period and the role of soil and fertilizer in supplying nitrogen to the crop.
Outlines
🌽 Introduction to Dr. Fred Belo and His Research
Dr. Fred Belo, a professor of crop physiology at the University of Illinois, is introduced as an expert in agronomy, particularly in factors limiting corn and soybean production. He has received multiple awards for his work in teaching, extension, and research, and is a fellow of the American Society of Agronomy. His research has led to the creation of educational tools like 'The Seven Wonders of Corn Yield' and 'The Six Secrets of Soybean Success' aimed at teaching farmers and professionals about crop management. The speaker discusses the importance of nitrogen use efficiency in corn and introduces a research project involving nitrogen application strategies.
🌱 Understanding Corn's Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization
This paragraph delves into the science of how corn absorbs and utilizes nitrogen, a critical nutrient for its growth. It explains that corn gets about half of its nitrogen needs from the soil and the other half from fertilizer, with a suggestion of a third potential source from nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the air. The speaker emphasizes the importance of understanding corn's nitrogen uptake pattern, which peaks during vegetative growth, and how this knowledge can be applied to improve fertilization practices and potentially increase yields.
📊 The Importance of Nitrogen Uptake and Partitioning in Corn
The speaker presents data and graphs to illustrate the uptake and partitioning of nitrogen in corn, highlighting the critical period of vegetative growth when rapid nitrogen uptake occurs. It is explained that by the time corn reaches the flowering stage, it has accumulated about 75% of its nitrogen, with the remainder being taken up post-flowering. The concept of remobilization, where the plant reallocates nitrogen from leaves to the grain, is discussed, emphasizing the need for sufficient nitrogen availability during peak uptake to avoid negative impacts on leaf health and yield.
🌟 The Significance of Peak Nitrogen Uptake for Corn Yield
This section focuses on the direct relationship between peak nitrogen uptake and corn yield. The speaker explains that without sufficient nitrogen during the peak uptake phase, yield cannot be maximized. The importance of nitrogen placement for optimal uptake is discussed, with the speaker arguing that banded nitrogen application near the planter can set the yield potential and later be supplemented with side dressing to match peak uptake demands.
📈 Experiments on Nitrogen Application Methods and Their Impact on Yield
The speaker describes a series of experiments conducted across different sites in Illinois to compare various nitrogen application methods, including broadcast, side dress, and banded applications. The results show that the method and timing of nitrogen application significantly affect yield, especially in relation to the soil's natural nitrogen supply. The data suggests that side dressing, particularly with the Y drop method, can be more effective than broadcast application, especially in fields with high soil nitrogen supply.
🔍 Optimal Nitrogen Application Strategies for Corn Production
The final paragraph summarizes the findings from a three-year research project on nitrogen application strategies. The study varied the ratio of upfront to side-dressed nitrogen applications and found that banded application at planting, followed by side dressing, was most effective in setting yield potential and matching peak uptake demands. The speaker concludes by emphasizing the importance of proper nitrogen management for maximizing corn yields and invites attendees to a field day for further demonstrations and discussions.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Crop Physiology
💡Agronomy
💡Nitrogen Use Efficiency
💡Corn Yield
💡Soybean Success
💡PhD Thesis
💡Nitrogen Fixing
💡Remobilization
💡Peak Uptake
💡Fertilizer Placement
💡Root System
Highlights
Dr. Fred Belo is a professor of crop physiology recognized for his expertise in agronomy and factors limiting corn and soybean production.
Dr. Belo has developed the 'Seven Wonders of the Corn Yield World' and 'Six Secrets of Soybean Success' as educational tools for farmers and professionals.
Nitrogen is identified as the most impactful factor on corn productivity, with economic consequences for growers related to fertilization practices.
The importance of nitrogen use efficiency in maximizing corn yield is emphasized, with a focus on how nitrogen is utilized throughout the growth cycle.
Research findings suggest that corn吸收s nitrogen equally from soil and fertilizer, highlighting the need for balanced fertilization strategies.
The potential of nitrogen-fixing biological products as a third source of nitrogen for corn is discussed, offering a novel approach to supplement traditional soil and fertilizer sources.
Data from various research sites in Illinois demonstrates the variation in soil fertility and its impact on nitrogen requirements across different regions.
The role of graduate students in contributing to research and the development of new agricultural practices is acknowledged.
The significance of peak nitrogen uptake during vegetative growth for corn's yield potential is identified, with implications for fertilization timing.
A model is presented to illustrate the relationship between peak nitrogen uptake and yield, emphasizing the critical nature of this period for fertilizer application.
The importance of proper fertilizer placement to ensure availability during peak uptake is discussed, considering the horizontal spread of corn roots.
Experiments comparing different nitrogen application methods, such as broadcast versus banded, are summarized to determine the most effective strategies.
The impact of initial nitrogen application on setting yield potential is explored, with data suggesting the optimal ratios for upfront and side-dress applications.
The ENRE project's focus on understanding the minimum nitrogen requirements for corn at planting to ensure maximum yield potential is highlighted.
Results from a three-year study varying upfront to side-dress nitrogen ratios are presented, showing the benefits of banded application over broadcast.
The team's research is celebrated for its contribution to improving nitrogen use efficiency and crop management practices.
An invitation to the Crop Sciences Field Day is extended, offering an opportunity for further engagement with the research and team.
Transcripts
to Dr Fred Belo a professor of crop
physiology in the department of crop
Sciences here at the University of
Illinois he of course recognized uh he
is an expert on Agronomy and factors
limiting corn and soybean production he
has received numerous awards for his
teaching extension and research
excellence and he is a fellow of the
American Society of agronomy based on
his research he developed the seven
wonders of the corn yield world and I
don't you think the seven wonders of the
Corn uh World should be a country song
I'm thinking somebody should be writing
that and the six secrets of soybean
success as tools to teach farmers and
add professionals the value of their
crop management decisions let's welcome
Dr Fred
Belo hey uh can you hear me thank you so
much look at my uh look at my long nasty
title there which basically means I'm
going to try and make nitrogen use on
corn better now now why do I care about
that nitrogen is the factor that has the
biggest impact on corn
productivity and I don't have to tell
you that the economic cost for a grower
to under fertilize is pretty high so um
my goal is how are we going to use
nitrogen to get more yield out of it so
uh I'm going to talk about our enre
project and I'm uh actually going to
talk about a project by uh by this Guy
this is now Dr Eric winens he was a PhD
student with me at the time and this is
actually his project he put the proposal
together so what we did was a a chapter
of his PhD thesis kind of happy that
he's not here because he doing a hell of
a lot better job telling you this then
I'm
gonna so uh now the uh Farm manager I
think he's managing the discovery and
Innovation Center at Brandon I just
learned he's on the unre board
representing the retailers as well so
pretty proud of that by the way graduate
students trained graduate students
that's our laboratory's product so uh
thanks to enra funding some of our
students this has helped us train
students that's how we do our research
and so uh if you look here you know by
the way it takes five years to get a PhD
so Dr W was here for for five years you
know I I don't think that's his first
year but there he is there he pops up
over there I think he's somewhere over
here and then he ultimately
graduates so uh I I know I have at least
two of my current students here and I I
know one or two former ones pretty proud
of those that's how we do our research
so I I'm going to show you research that
we do at uh at several places in
Illinois so you know uh the Land of
Lincoln long state north to south 351
miles and all boy is the soil and
inherent soil fertility change as you go
from the north to the South so U this is
where we do our research sites I'm going
to show you data that comes from these
these sites um and and you know I'm
showing you a general average here all
right um you know sometimes uh sometimes
it changes we we sample so on every and
on every trial but but what I'm trying
to show you is in general in the North
in Yorkville we have a higher percent
organic matter a higher CC and a higher
level of Base soil fertility
then we do in champagne and then we do
in the South other words the fertility
declines as you go south now I got I got
to I got to acknowledge my farm
collaborators I have fantastic Farm
collaborators that we work with in the
South and the north thanks to Danny
bartand and the Stewart Farms in the in
the north couldn't do the work without
them so you know when we're doing our
nitrogen work we want this kind of
variation variation in salt to start
with what we don't want is variation due
to equipment so we run the same research
equipment at all Sites we got some
pretty sweet research equipment all
right so there's my research equipment
we're getting ready to go to one of the
sites I mean boy you don't want to be
stuck behind us on a two-lane road when
we're going to a research site 78 tires
have to actually work that's not
including the spares to get this
equipment to the site and to do the
research I mean we're bringing
everything with us I'll show you our our
liquid toolbar there's our banding
fertilizer I mean we got we got
everything we're bringing seed
fertilizer we bring everything we even
bring this important piece of equipment
I mean the the equipment's powered by
diesel students powered by
caffeine and we learned the hard way
that if you plug that uh coffee maker
into the 12volt outlet of your 450 truck
it might smoke and Spark and you might
end up with a new 450 truck so now now
we bring that
generator so um I told you w with this
equipment we do what I'm going to call
replicated small plot research and we're
pretty good at it so I'll show you our
uh our Southern site here this is
Nashville Illinois and in that 20 acres
with this equipment we put in 11
different trials and we can be pretty
good at it us look at right to the row
I'm sure that's a nitrogen trial in fact
I think it's the unra trial and we can
do it right right right to the row so
this is our Southern site and honest to
God that that's uh the soil down there I
mean it's not a park it's not a gravel
parking lot that's that's soil I mean if
you're in Southern Illinois you know
you're two weeks away from a drought so
this is where we do our research now now
before I get to the enre project I I
feel compelled to try and teach you a
little something about how corn uses
nitrogen I mean how are we going to make
it better right if we don't sort of know
how it uses it right so I'm going to do
a little
education um that leads up to the trial
that we did with enra and I'm going to
try and Eng gaug you a little bit my
first question is where does corn get
its nitrogen
from all right two two you have two
choices so the nitrogen the corn uses
can come from the soil you know
mineralization or the
fertilizer now now I know it it it
there's a debate on how much One Source
provides over another but I'm going to
tell you roughly equal so roughly it's
50/50 I get half my end from the soil I
get the other half from the
fertilizer now I want to POS another
question to you I uh how about a third
Source do you think a third a third
Source would be nice what if I could get
a little bit of it from the air sort of
like what soybean does you know these
are these new nitrogen fixing biological
products that are on the market and I'm
posing this question to you would would
they be a
help I will guarantee you there is a
place in every field where the soil lets
me down in other words it doesn't Supply
its half or the fertilizer lets me down
doesn't Supply its half and if I just
had a third Source a little bit from the
air that it go a long way that's what
these new nitrogen fixing bacterial
products do now I know I know you know
it's easy to say they don't work but we
need these products as a third source
and so I you know I think we need to be
working on how to make these fit into a
fertilizer practice and then maybe we
could reduce fertilizer loss well I'm
not going to talk about that but uh you
can see I'm passionate about it I got
another question for you and this is you
know in my education of how corn uses
nitrogen so my my question is you know
when in the life cycle of of corn is
nitrogen is absorbed and and then how
does it use it I mean what does it do
with it that that's called partitioning
now I'm happy to say I know this because
this is a probably my best cited paper
uh we publish this over 10 years now um
you know the uptake and partitioning of
corn I I know you're sick to death of
seeing this but I'm I'm contractually
bound to show it to you
so and now we looked at all nutrients
right not just nitrogen and guess what
they're not all used in the same time or
the same way I'm just going to focus on
nitrogen here and let me do a little
closeup here and with this graph I'm
going to show you some important aspects
about how corn uses nitrogen and what's
the target for improvement so if you
look at this if you look at this graph
right here what I see this is for 230
bush corn you know it's averaged over a
bunch of hybrids and locations 230
bushel corn and I see that 230 bushel
corn crop has to accumulate 260 lbs of
an over the course of the season now
remember I told you half of that comes
from the soil so I did the math you know
the other half is the 130 from the
fertilizer right now now I know that
that that this work was done with
unlimited end so you know 200 pounds of
end put on just to make sure so if we
put 200 lb of an on and got 130 of it in
from the fertilizer that represents
efficiency of about 65% and that is
about right when it comes to nitrogen
fertilizer you get about 2/3 of what you
put down in the plant in that year so
you know this is some basic knowledge
right now I want to tell you hey when's
The Sweet Spot when is it really going
to crank up well it's right there you
know right there vegetative growth so
that that's when the rapid uptake
occurs no notice why that's so important
I mean we're making the business end of
the plant leaf the stem so if I look at
this graph here you know um and I
separate it into vegetative and
reproductive right that's R1 this side's
vegetative this side's
reproductive what I can see is when the
crop flowers it's got 75% of its
nitrogen in it I mean this varies of
course by hybrid and year but this is
what we generally see 3/4 of the end
vegetatively so 200 lb vegetatively 60
lb during grain fill still got to have
some
25% and that 25% I need gra during grain
fill that's for the air right that's for
the grain that's this blue part see I
modeled this right with lines and I'm
showing you that this postflowering and
uptake 60 lbs that is not enough to meet
the needs of the
grain so where is the End come from the
leaves it's called
remobilization and this this is curs
with lots of them see see how now since
I got to meet the grain needs I'm taking
it out of the leaf at the expense of
leaf Health now now by the way if it's
deficient in that this is even
worse all right so uh let me let me
summarize a few things here and I've
already alluded to this but I know that
this uh I know that this 230 bushel crop
has to take up 60 pounds of an over the
course of the season so this allows me
to calculate a production
coefficient pounds per of nitrogen
uptake per bushel 1.1 pounds I mean
that's what the plant has to
accumulate now I can also calculate how
much is removed with the gray and that's
that blue part I remove 64 lbs per
bushel I want you to notice that the
amount that it takes up and the amount
it removes there's a big difference
there where's that leftover and in the
Stover right if you're going to if
you're going to use nitrogen use
efficiency as the amount removed you're
never going to improve that I mean
you're you're lucky to just get it in
the plant have it in the Stover
afterwards all right so back to this
graph here all right this is sheer
Genius I wish I had thought of this it's
not me it's actually one of my PhD
students he's here so he looked at this
graph and he said hey uh what what if we
integrate the area under this curve
that's called calculus remember calculus
I can never think of any useful reason
to do it but here it is what what if I
take this area under the curve and I
integrate that and that would allow me
to calculate the daily rate of uptake
all right Marcus lman did that with the
original data and that's what it looks
like and not only do can we tell you the
daily rate of uptake but we can do it by
gross stage and we drew some nice
pictures you know to show you what's
what the plant looks like in each of
those
stages if you look at this like all
growth ploted over time you can divide
this into three areas right initial
growth Peak uptake late season notice
they're all characterized by a
difference in the rate of uptake so I'm
I'm going to show you how important this
is and I'm going to start at the
beginning and I'm going to say well
let's go to this initial part here and
it doesn't look like we need very much
you know
that would be
wrong by the way the corn plant senses
its nitrogen from a very early age and
it sets the
potential if you don't have another
enough nitrogen at the beginning you
will not set the
potential so this is an opportunity I
mean who knows maybe may maybe I could
get some soil test to tell me what's
available maybe I could get a biological
that Supply some man and trick the plant
into thinking more was available or
maybe I could put some with the
planter maybe if I put it with a planner
planning a little goes a long way that's
the focus of our inre project all right
but um you know the question is how much
how much nitrogen do I need there to set
the maximum yield
potential I will tell you if you
broadcast the nitrogen I'm not going to
have time to show this to you if you
broadcast the nitrogen you need about
half of it up front to set the potential
so pretty important time even though
it's slow rate of uptake where's the
real important time right there Peak
uptake you know why because I'm making
the business end of the plant the leaves
in the developing air I mean look at
that rate of uptake there I mean over 7
pounds of in per
day that's not the time to be short of
end that is the most important period in
nitrogen uptake by corn
why why is this the most important time
well you're making the business end of
the plant the leaveing the the leaves
but the real reason is Peak uptake is
directly related to
yield you cannot increase yield without
increasing the peak uptake what we done
here is we model different yields Peak
uptake for different yields notice ug
difference in yield almost twice it
doesn't really matter at the beginning
or the end it's the peak uptake that
matters and guess what if that anend is
not available to me Peak uptake yield
drops this is the most important time
now I told you that corn got its end
from fertilizer and the soil so I model
what the soil might Supply from
mineralizations you suppli is quite a
bit but into going to supply enough to
grow really high yields this Gap has to
come from
fertilizer that's pretty challenging and
the question is you know what are we
going to do to make sure we use
fertilizer better right so it's not lost
how but by having those nutrients
available and by gosh it comes down to
the right Source rate time and place I
mean this is so blasé it sort of sounds
like the four
RS well actually is before ours genius
if you think about it all of these are
important I'm going to FOC focus on
placement because that's the most
important of all so let me let me I just
showed you this peak uptake thing what
if I could place the end there right to
make sure it's available for Peak uptake
that would be a good deal wouldn't it
not only might I not have enough for PE
up Peak uptake but I also might have
enough leftover to slow that
remobilization on the back end
placement why is fertilizer placement so
important
it has to do with the horizontal spread
of each corn plant's root system the
horizontal spread of each corn plants
root system is
only 6 to 8
in I know cuz my students have dug up
lots of roots God they love it there's
nothing they'd rather do than dig up
Roots this is the horizontal spread of a
corn plants root system near the end of
the season standard density and see this
thing right here this is an expensive
scientific instrument called a ruler
ometer and we can quantify that spread
notice 68 in so I Got Roots 4 in on one
side 4 in on the other side here's the
biggest misnomer of all time Roots do
not cross the row I mean maybe they used
to 50 years ago but they don't now just
dig them up ask my students I I know
you've seen pictures of corn Roots
they're two foot wide three foot deep
that's called a tree it's not a corn
plant they they only expand about 6 Ines
huh think this isn't why I need to place
fertilizer better let me ask you another
question this is related to nitrogen
when nitrogen moves in the soil H how
does it predominantly move does it
predominantly move
vertically that that's the scientific
term for
down or does it move to the
side by the way Nitro moves
predominantly down I know it can move
sideways but the great movement is
down now look and I can show you this I
can show you an example of this so this
is a field 80 180 pounds of pre of
pre-plan n and then I got seven inches
of rain in late May and early June you
know bye by n downward movement you can
sort of see it there but see this row
right here this row had an extra
inseason side dress 80 lbs put right
there along the row with a Y drop that's
where I'm pretty sure the rout is notice
how it's
Greener now now let me ask you this this
is the summary here if the root only
expands 6 to8 in horizontally and if
nitrogen moves down and not
sideways where would the better place be
to put a side dress application would it
be better to put it here or
there I we've tested that happily we got
the research rig to test that with this
equipment we can test whether it would
be be better to culter it down the
middle or to Wi drop it along the side
so I'm I'm going to I'm going to briefly
show you this experiment this leads into
our enre experiment this is with Brad
burnhard and what we did um again across
the site of Illinois two years uh we
used 180 pounds of nitrogen your
broadcast all up
front or we broadcast half of the r
front and then we did different ways to
side dress the other half so half up
front or all UPF front different ways to
side dress the other half this is sort
of what it looks like you know there's
the top dress there's down the middle
there's the uh there's the Y drop and we
also had a no nitrogen control that's
called the check plot and the check plot
tells us what the soil
supplied so what I'm going to do is I'm
going to show you these six site years
with check plot first
what did the soil supply no nitrogen and
man there some pretty good yields so
look at this check plot no end at all
raised from 97 buels to
224 and here's something interesting the
site with the highest and the lowest
check plot was the same and it's that
southern Illinois site man is this a
challenge because one year the weather
can release lots of that and the next
year not much and this is what makes
this so
difficult now now being scientists what
we want to do is you know characterize
stuff right divide things put them in
groups so we put these into two groups
what we call the low check plot and the
high check plot using a li orange and
blue and so what I'm going to do is I'm
going to show you the yield I I already
shown you the check plot yield but now I
will show you what the yield was I'm
going to going to average it over the
locations I'll show you what the yield
was uh uh from putting 180 lbs on up
front so there again there's the check
plot I got in parenthesis there's the
yield from 180 lbs broadcast um and man
you can see there there's there's some
cases where it's all 100
bushels but mostly it's you know 40 to
70 bushel that we get from nitrogen so
they're all responsed then even with a
high check plot now I'm going to show
you what the yield was from the
different side dress and I'll compare it
to The Upfront broadcast so I'm going to
show you you know how much what the
bushs is when when I only put half it on
up front and I side dressed the other
half and we side dressed it different
ways and I know this is a lot of data um
and I'm showing it as a difference from
The Upfront youra so again um negative
means uh side Dr decrease yeld by the
way so what notice notice any Trends
here look at the blue ones look at the
ones with the low check plot yield if I
had a low check plot yield and I only
put half in on up front side dress the
other half I lost
yield and I lost even more yield if I
put it right down the center I'm pretty
sure there's no root there you know it's
moving down not
sideways but look at the sites that have
the high check plot yield if I had a
high check plot yield then I actually
responded positively to the side dress
and the yde drop was the best like the Y
drop being the best doesn't surprise me
but this is really
counterintuitive this tells you that
that plant must see a certain amount of
nitrogen right from the very beginning
and if I got a low check plot it doesn't
see it from the very beginning unless I
broadcast 180 pounds of
end it's the you know it's got to see
some from the very
beginning now here's the question how
much does it need to see from the very
beginning that is our enre project so
that's what Dr wi did so what I'm going
to show you is uh a three years three
locations so the the standard years and
at each of these sites what we did is we
varied the ratio of upfront to side
dress so uh either we put a quarter of
it up front the rest side dress 3/4 or
we did it half half 3/4 or we did it all
up front none side dress and that up
front was either broadcast or
banded the side dress was always done
with the Y drop so we used the best side
dress and in all of these treatments
total 180 lbs of an and I will show you
we did have a a fertilizer check plot
and I know you're thinking well how on
Earth did you do this this is you know
with using liquid this is pretty
challenging so here's how we did the
broadcast we got an RTV that's got rtk
and we put a student in the back we're
telling them on off pretty accurate
you'd be shocked and this is how we did
the 2 by
two so what we're doing is we're we're
putting the fertilizer 2 inches down two
inches aside it's got rtk we're going to
come back with the pl plant 2 in off to
the off to the side so we had if if it
work perfectly three locations three
years should have been nine sight years
okay but Mother Nature you know how she
is she pretty finicky so I lost two of
the SES through the weather events in
case you don't recognize I learned a new
term dear
Rachel I'd rather I didn't learn that
term but so I'm going to show you six
site years upd dat and and I I told you
there was a no end
control so I'll show you that first of
the of what we'll be seven site years
and I've listed them here again
according to their check clocks
[Music]
65 three times that's the variable soil
supply that's already a challenge then
then what I'm going to do is I'm going
to show you the U the the difference
between broadcast and band and I'm going
to average it over all the ratios just
to make it easier so I I put the uh the
the broadcast there there's the banded
um now now you'll notice you know some
cases there 100 IAL increase in other
cases it's more like 60 now if you look
at these numbers I hope you can see that
the Bandit is generally higher than the
broadcast so I did the Delta for you and
I use the green is good you know red is
bad right Christmas colors stop light
and they're all positive and some of
them are statistically significant
banding that fertilizer right off the
front on average increase yield seven
bushes same amount same amount of an now
the other question this is the last
question the other question is you know
how much of that needs to be available
on FR so you know again I I what we did
is we either banded banded or broadcast
this amount that planting and then we
side dress the other amount so I'm going
to show you what the impact of the of
The Upfront side dress ratio meant oh
boy this is a lot of numbers I mean talk
about ugly so I will summarize this for
you and I will tell you you know if you
look closely at the B ones by the
pre-plant to nitrogen Ratio or the
broadcast I I'll just have to take my
word for it that the pre-plant to sidess
ratio was way more important for
broadcast and
Bandit if I broadcast it you know I
generally needed to have a ratio
somewhere here right so I had enough
available but it wasn't all subject to
loss way more important than bandage so
again I want you to look at these and I
want you to say well let me compare the
bandid to the to the side dress that's a
lot of numbers so I'll just do the Delta
for
you and that's what it looks
like that's this is the difference
between the Bandit and the broadcast at
the various ratios so remember Green's
good Red's bad lot of
green here's the cool part here's the
good news look here all
green some of those green numbers are
pretty big this means if I could just b
a little bit at planing I could set the
yield
potential then back later with the side
and I can time that exactly right with
Peak uptick all right so I'm pretty sure
this is going to minimize loss give me
higher yield now I don't have time to
show it all to you but these are also
associated with more nitrogen
accumulation in the plant so the good
news is I only got a banded corner right
set the potential now I got versatility
to come back later all right well I'm
done now but I have to thank my team so
I got some of my students here right by
the way this my current team there's my
assistant coach Dr Conor said you know
how what assistants do they always want
to get their own head coach job he's
being interviewed for the Illinois Sol
fertility extension position best of
luck to him there's Darby danzel Darby
has a poster and and together those two
got me to plan a car you can believe it
so stay tuned for that let me thank the
enre and all the people that is support
in my research couldn't do it without it
and since uh you're a glutton for
punishment and has shown the propensity
to go to a field day I'm going to in
invite you to crop his day our
laboratory Field Day October 1 out in
the field all of my students present
I'll have demos swag refrigerated
restrooms you know I hope you are there
so thank you so
much
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