O que foi a REPÚBLICA OLIGÁRQUICA - Resumo de História

Summary

The Oligarchic Republic period in Brazil (1894-1930) was marked by political dominance from the São Paulo and Minas Gerais elites, known for the 'coffee with milk' politics. This era saw the manipulation of elections through fraudulent practices like 'voto de cabresto' and the 'coronelismo' system, where local leaders used their influence to secure votes. Despite this, widespread protests, including the Revolta da Vacina and Revolta da Chibata, highlighted growing unrest. The period ended with the 1930 Revolution led by Getúlio Vargas, who, alongside other regional parties, overthrew Júlio Prestes, marking the beginning of Vargas' Era.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Oligarchic Republic in Brazil lasted from 1894 to 1930 and was characterized by the alternation of power between the São Paulo and Minas Gerais oligarchies.
• 😀 An oligarchy refers to a political system controlled by a small group of people, with most presidents being from the Paulista or Mineiro Republican Parties.
• 😀 The period was also known as the 'coffee with milk' politics, referencing the two main commodities—coffee and milk—produced in São Paulo and Minas Gerais.
• 😀 Rural elites dominated Brazilian politics, using their influence to benefit coffee growers and maintain their hold on power.
• 😀 The 'Politica dos Governadores' (Governors' Politics) involved agreements between local oligarchies and the federal government to manipulate electoral results.
• 😀 Voter fraud was common through practices like the 'voto de cabresto' (vote by leash), where local leaders imposed candidates on voters and manipulated elections.
• 😀 Local political bosses, called 'coronéis', used both force and patronage systems to secure votes, leading to the term 'coronelismo'.
• 😀 Clientelism was a key method for securing votes, where favors and rewards were exchanged for electoral support.
• 😀 The Oligarchic Republic was not peaceful, with protests from urban groups and labor movements, including the Revolt of the Vaccine, the Contestado War, and the Revolt of the Whip.
• 😀 As industrialization grew, workers demanded more rights and political space, leading to strikes and increased tensions between business and labor interests.
• 😀 The Oligarchic Republic ended with the 1930 Revolution, when Getúlio Vargas, defeated in the elections, teamed up with other political factions to prevent the inauguration of Júlio Prestes, marking the beginning of the Vargas Era.

Q & A

What was the República Oligárquica period in Brazil?

The República Oligárquica was a period in Brazilian history from 1894 to 1930, characterized by the alternation of political power between the agrarian elites of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, specifically through the dominance of the coffee and milk industries.

What does the term 'política do café com leite' refer to?

'Política do café com leite' refers to the political arrangement during the República Oligárquica where the presidents were mainly elected from the Republican parties of São Paulo (café) and Minas Gerais (leite), symbolizing the economic dominance of the coffee and milk industries in these states.

How did local elites, or 'coronéis,' influence elections during this period?

Local elites, known as 'coronéis,' influenced elections through coercive methods such as 'voto de cabresto' (electoral fraud), where they forced voters to support specific candidates. These practices were part of a larger system of political manipulation.

What was 'voto de cabresto' and how did it work?

'Voto de cabresto' was a form of electoral fraud during the República Oligárquica where voters were forced to cast their ballots for candidates chosen by local political bosses, known as coronéis. This manipulation was possible due to the weak electoral system at the time.

What role did the political system of 'clientelismo' play in the República Oligárquica?

Clientelismo, or clientelism, was a practice where politicians exchanged favors or resources with voters in exchange for their support. This system helped maintain the power of the local elites and ensured loyalty from voters in rural areas.

What social unrest occurred during the República Oligárquica?

During the República Oligárquica, various protests and uprisings took place, including the Revolta da Vacina, Guerra do Contestado, Revolta da Chibata, and the Revolta do Forte de Copacabana. These uprisings were driven by dissatisfaction with the government and social conditions.

How did industrialization affect the social and political landscape during this period?

The increasing industrialization during the República Oligárquica led to rising demands for workers' rights and political influence from industrialists. Both workers and business owners sought greater representation in politics, contributing to tensions with the existing political system.

What was the significance of the 1930 Revolution in the context of the República Oligárquica?

The 1930 Revolution marked the end of the República Oligárquica. The failed election of Júlio Prestes and the subsequent revolt led by Getúlio Vargas and other political factions disrupted the traditional alternation of power between São Paulo and Minas Gerais, bringing about the rise of Vargas and the beginning of his era.

Why was the political control between São Paulo and Minas Gerais considered fragile towards the end of the República Oligárquica?

The political control between São Paulo and Minas Gerais was considered fragile towards the end of the República Oligárquica due to increasing public discontent, industrialization, and social unrest. The break in the alternating political power structure, along with the failure to address the growing demands of workers and urban populations, led to its collapse.

Who was Getúlio Vargas, and what role did he play in the fall of the República Oligárquica?

Getúlio Vargas was a political figure who, after being defeated in the 1930 presidential election, allied with other regional parties to prevent the inauguration of Júlio Prestes. This led to the 1930 Revolution, which resulted in the fall of the República Oligárquica and the start of Vargas' rule, known as the Era Vargas.