BAB 3 BIOLOGI KELAS X KURIKULUM MERDEKA

Summary

In this biology lesson for grade 10 under the Merdeka Curriculum, the topic of biotechnology is explored. It covers the definition of biotechnology, both conventional and modern types, the role of microorganisms, and their applications in industries such as food production, medicine, and waste management. The script also discusses genetic engineering, fermentation processes, and the use of microorganisms in the production of essential products like antibiotics, vaccines, and biofuels. Additionally, the video highlights advancements in genetic modifications for agricultural and environmental benefits, demonstrating the significance of biotechnology in improving human life.

Takeaways

• 😀 Biotechnology is the application of scientific principles and engineering for processing raw materials with the help of living organisms like microorganisms, animal, and plant cells.
• 😀 Biotechnology can be divided into conventional and modern types, with conventional biotechnology using simple tools and methods, while modern biotechnology involves genetic engineering and advanced technology.
• 😀 The use of microorganisms in biotechnology includes applications such as food and beverage production, protein production, and chemical compound synthesis.
• 😀 Fermentation, a traditional method used in food processing, has evolved into an advanced, scientific process, leading to the production of higher quality and more diverse products like cheese and yogurt.
• 😀 Single-cell proteins (SCP) are produced by microorganisms and are a rich source of protein for human consumption, offering an alternative to meat.
• 😀 Enzymes produced by microorganisms play a significant role in industries like food, soap, and detergent production, as well as in medical applications like drug synthesis.
• 😀 Microorganisms are also essential for producing vitamins and antibiotics, such as Vitamin B12, Penicillin, and Streptomycin, which help treat various diseases.
• 😀 Biofuels, like ethanol and methane, can be produced by microorganisms through fermentation, offering alternative energy sources with less environmental impact.
• 😀 Biopesticides, made from microorganisms, provide eco-friendly ways to manage pests and protect crops, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
• 😀 Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms to clean up environmental pollutants, converting toxic substances into non-toxic or less harmful compounds.

Q & A

What is the definition of biotechnology according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)?

Biotechnology is the application of scientific principles and engineering to process materials with the help of biological agents to provide goods and services.

What are the main differences between conventional and modern biotechnology?

Conventional biotechnology has been used since the beginning of human civilization and involves direct use of microorganisms, while modern biotechnology, developed after the discovery of DNA structure and function, involves genetic engineering and the use of engineered organisms for more advanced applications.

Why are microorganisms often used in biotechnology?

Microorganisms are used in biotechnology because they are readily available in nature, can be cultivated easily, possess stable traits from generation to generation, and their properties can be altered through genetic engineering.

What is an example of a product of conventional biotechnology?

Examples of products from conventional biotechnology include tempeh, yogurt, cheese, and Nata de Coco.

What is the role of microorganisms in food production, such as in the production of cheese and tempeh?

Microorganisms play a crucial role in food production by fermenting raw materials to produce various foods with improved taste, nutrition, and preservation. For example, bacteria are used in cheese-making to ferment milk and create curds, while fungi like Rhizopus are used in making tempeh from soybeans.

What are some examples of microorganisms used to produce organic compounds like vitamins and enzymes?

Examples include bacteria like Corynebacterium glutamicum, which produces glutamate (used in MSG), and fungi like Aspergillus niger, which produces citric acid and enzymes such as amylase and cellulase.

What is the significance of using genetic engineering in modern biotechnology?

Genetic engineering allows for the modification of microorganisms, plants, and animals to enhance their productivity, improve the quality of products, and make the production processes more efficient.

How is biotechnology used in the pharmaceutical industry?

Biotechnology is used to produce antibiotics, vaccines, interferons, and other medicines by harnessing microorganisms or their components. Examples include the production of penicillin from Penicillium mold and vaccines such as hepatitis and polio vaccines.

What is bioremediation and how does it use microorganisms?

Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms to degrade or detoxify pollutants, such as industrial waste, into less harmful substances. Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi are employed to break down hazardous compounds in contaminated environments.

What is the potential of microorganisms in the energy sector, specifically in biofuels?

Microorganisms are pivotal in the production of biofuels like ethanol and methane, which can serve as renewable energy sources. For example, ethanol can be produced through fermentation of sugars by yeast, and methane is generated by microorganisms like methanogens during the breakdown of organic matter.