ORDE BARU - KEBIJAKAN POLITIK DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI INDONESIA - Materi Sejarah Wajib Kelas XII MA/SMA

Summary

This video explores Indonesia's New Order (Orde Baru) era under President Suharto, focusing on the political chaos following the 1965 G30S coup attempt, the rise of Suharto to power, and the policies that defined his rule. The New Order saw the suppression of communism, a controlled political environment with limited opposition, and significant military influence through the Dwifungsi policy. While the era brought economic stability, it also faced criticism for authoritarianism, corruption, and the suppression of dissent. The video offers insights into the domestic and international shifts during Suharto's long reign and the impacts of his governance on Indonesian society.

Takeaways

• 😀 The video introduces a history-focused channel that discusses significant historical events, sites, and figures in Indonesia, with a special focus on the New Order government era under President Soeharto.
• 😀 The New Order era in Indonesia is associated with President Haji Muhammad Soeharto, who played a key role in the formation of this period, starting from the aftermath of the 1965 G30S incident.
• 😀 The G30S event in 1965 caused widespread political and economic chaos in Indonesia, leading to the rise of student protests demanding action, known as the Tritura movement.
• 😀 The political instability led to the issuance of the Supersemar (March 11 Order) in 1966, granting General Soeharto power to restore order and security, which ultimately paved the way for his ascendancy to power.
• 😀 Following the Supersemar, Soeharto began implementing major reforms, including the ban on the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and its associated organizations, as well as purging the government of PKI-linked members.
• 😀 Soeharto's rise to power was further solidified when President Soekarno resigned on February 20, 1967, officially transferring presidential authority to Soeharto, thus marking the start of the New Order government.
• 😀 The New Order government oversaw the establishment of strict policies, including banning Marxism and Communism, simplification of political parties, and the dominance of Golkar as a pro-government party.
• 😀 The New Order era was marked by regular elections, with Golkar consistently emerging victorious, and the implementation of the 'Dwifungsi ABRI' policy, which gave the military a dual function as both a national security force and a key player in political life.
• 😀 The government also heavily promoted the dissemination of Pancasila (the official state ideology) through the P4 program to counter Marxist ideas and promote national unity.
• 😀 Internationally, Indonesia rejoined the United Nations in 1967 and began restoring diplomatic relations with neighboring countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore, while freezing ties with China due to the latter's alleged involvement in the G30S incident.
• 😀 Despite positive achievements, the New Order government faced criticism for its authoritarian nature, fostering corruption, and engaging in practices of nepotism and cronyism. The government utilized Pancasila to legitimize policies, which stifled political opposition and led to the marginalization of those who opposed the regime.

Q & A

What event triggered the birth of the New Order (Orde Baru) in Indonesia?

The birth of the New Order was triggered by the political and economic chaos following the 1965 G30S incident, which caused widespread instability in Indonesia. The ensuing political turmoil led to the Tritura movement and the issuance of the Supersemar (March 11th Order) in 1966.

What role did General Soeharto play in the early stages of the New Order?

General Soeharto played a crucial role as the executor of the March 11th Order, which empowered him to restore order and security following the G30S incident. He also led actions to disband the PKI, restructure the government, and initiate reforms in line with the demands of the Tritura movement.

How did Soeharto secure his position as President of Indonesia?

Soeharto secured his position as President after President Soekarno's resignation on February 20, 1967. This followed growing political instability and a weakening of Soekarno's charisma. Soeharto was appointed by the MPRS (People's Consultative Assembly) in March 1967, officially replacing Soekarno.

What were the main policies implemented during the New Order regime?

Key policies during the New Order included the banning of the PKI and communist ideologies, simplification of political parties into three main parties, the implementation of the 'Dwifungsi ABRI' (dual function of the military), and the promotion of Pancasila as the national ideology.

What was the significance of the Supersemar (March 11th Order)?

The Supersemar was a pivotal document that authorized General Soeharto to restore order and take control of the government following the 1965 G30S incident. It was the legal foundation for his rise to power and the eventual establishment of the New Order regime.

What were the key features of the political system during the New Order?

The New Order political system was characterized by centralized power, where Soeharto maintained tight control over political life. The system suppressed communist ideology, simplified political parties, and integrated the military into both defense and civil governance.

How did the New Order regime affect Indonesia's foreign relations?

The New Order improved Indonesia's foreign relations by rejoining the United Nations in 1967, re-establishing diplomatic ties with Singapore and Malaysia, and freezing relations with Communist China. Indonesia also became active in regional and international cooperation, including in ASEAN and the Non-Aligned Movement.

What were the economic impacts of Soeharto's policies during the New Order?

Under Soeharto, Indonesia saw significant economic growth through the implementation of pro-business policies, foreign investment, and development of infrastructure. However, the regime also relied heavily on loans from Western countries, leading to substantial foreign debt.

What were the negative consequences of the New Order's governance?

The negative consequences included a highly centralized and authoritarian government, the widespread practice of corruption, collusion, and nepotism (KKN), and the suppression of political freedoms. These factors contributed to the erosion of democratic institutions and human rights abuses.

How did Soeharto's use of Pancasila as a political tool impact Indonesia?

Soeharto used Pancasila to legitimize his rule, ensuring that all political activities aligned with its values. While Pancasila was intended as a unifying national ideology, it was often manipulated to suppress dissent and justify authoritarian measures, limiting political freedoms and diversity of thought.