Evolusi Kebijakan Pendidikan Nasional Dari Zaman Kolonialisme Menuju Era Merdeka Belajar

Summary

This video explores the evolution of Indonesia's education policies, tracing their development from the colonial era to the present 'Merdeka Belajar' (Independent Learning) framework. It highlights the historical shifts in educational governance, from centralized and segregated systems under Dutch rule to post-independence reforms aimed at fostering national unity. The video also examines the bureaucratic education system during Soeharto's regime and the decentralization of education in the Reformasi era. The current Merdeka Belajar policy emphasizes local autonomy, student-centered learning, and quality improvement to build a competitive workforce in response to global challenges.

Takeaways

• 😀 The evolution of Indonesia's education policy spans from the colonial era to the current 'Merdeka Belajar' (Independent Learning) system.
• 😀 Education during colonial times was highly segregated, with only aristocratic native families being allowed to attend schools.
• 😀 The Dutch colonial government controlled all aspects of education, aiming to maintain power and provide cheap labor for the colonial economy.
• 😀 In the 1920s, educated native Indonesians, such as Muhammadiyah and Ki Hajar Dewantara, established schools outside the colonial system.
• 😀 The founding of Indonesia's independence in 1945 marked the beginning of a new education system with the introduction of Law No. 4 of 1950, which emphasized Pancasila values.
• 😀 The government, during the Old Order (Orde Lama) era, centralized control of education but aimed to provide access to education for more students.
• 😀 The New Order (Orde Baru) under President Soeharto focused on socio-political stability and a bureaucratic education system to foster national unity and economic growth.
• 😀 The 1970s saw a significant expansion of elementary schools (SD Inpres), with notable increases in enrollment, especially in rural areas.
• 😀 Despite growth in access to education, challenges remained in the quality of education, including teacher qualifications and infrastructure.
• 😀 The Reform Era (since 1998) introduced decentralization of education, giving local governments more authority to manage education while the central government set national standards.
• 😀 The Merdeka Belajar policy (2020-2030) empowers local governments and schools to innovate and tailor education programs to local contexts while focusing on improving student learning outcomes.

Q & A

What were the primary characteristics of Indonesia's education policy during the colonial era?

During the colonial era, Indonesia's education system was centrally controlled and segregated. The Dutch colonial government had full authority over education, limiting access to schooling for native Indonesians, particularly those not from aristocratic or priyayi families. Education aimed to maintain Dutch power and exploit local labor for agricultural products like spices.

How did Ki Hajar Dewantara influence Indonesia's education policy?

Ki Hajar Dewantara laid the foundation for modern Indonesian education with his principles of national education. His ideas helped inspire the 'Merdeka Belajar' policy, emphasizing the importance of freedom and inclusivity in the educational system.

What was the impact of the 1945 Indonesian independence on education?

After Indonesia's independence in 1945, education became a crucial tool for building a sovereign nation. The first education law, Law No. 4 of 1950, focused on instilling Pancasila values, including belief in God, justice, unity, democracy, and social justice. The government centralized educational authority to establish nationwide access to education.

How did the education system change during the Old Order (Orde Lama)?

During the Old Order (1945-1960), the education system was centralized under the national government, with provinces responsible for primary education management. The focus was on expanding access to education, including the establishment of more schools from elementary to university levels. However, education became more ideologically focused, with less emphasis on critical thinking.

What was the role of education under the New Order (Orde Baru)?

Under the New Order, education was heavily centralized and bureaucratic, with a strong focus on maintaining socio-political stability. The government implemented strict controls over educational content, teacher training, and the recruitment of school staff. The objective was to ensure unity and national growth, which led to a rapid expansion of schools, especially during the 1970s.

How did the economy impact education in Indonesia during the New Order?

The economic boom during the New Order, fueled by the oil industry, contributed to significant expansion in education, especially primary schools. Between 1974 and 1978, over 61,000 new primary schools were built. However, the rapid expansion led to challenges in ensuring the quality of education and teacher training.

What were the challenges in Indonesia's education system in the 1990s?

Despite the rapid expansion of schools and an increase in teacher recruitment, challenges in the 1990s included issues such as unequal distribution of teachers, inadequate teacher qualifications, and substandard school infrastructure. These factors hampered the overall quality of education in the country.

How did the Asian financial crisis of 1997 affect Indonesia's education system?

The Asian financial crisis in 1997 led to significant political and economic upheaval in Indonesia. President Soeharto's resignation marked the beginning of the Reform Era, during which decentralization of education was introduced. This aimed to provide greater autonomy to regional governments and schools to meet their unique needs.

What was the focus of education reforms during Indonesia's Reform Era (1998-2019)?

During the Reform Era, education reforms focused on decentralization and improving the quality of education. The introduction of the 2003 National Education System Law emphasized allocating 20% of national and regional budgets to education. Efforts included management reforms, curriculum development, and the expansion of access to education, but quality remained a key challenge.

What is the 'Merdeka Belajar' policy, and what are its goals?

The 'Merdeka Belajar' policy, introduced in 2020, seeks to address the challenges of education in the 21st century, particularly by improving the quality of human resources. The policy emphasizes flexibility, innovation, and local autonomy in education, allowing schools and regional governments to tailor programs to their needs. The central government's role is to provide facilitation and advocacy, aiming to create a more student-centered, character-driven curriculum.