Networking For Hackers! (Common Network Protocols)

Summary

This video script offers an insightful overview of essential network protocols, crucial for understanding digital communication. It covers IP addresses, the backbone of the internet, and delves into public and private IP address distinctions. The script explains protocols like DHCP, TCP, UDP, ARP, DNS, FTP, SMB, SMTP, SNMP, and HTTP, highlighting their roles in data transmission, network management, and modern internet usage. It also touches on security implications, emphasizing the importance of these protocols in both networking and cybersecurity.

Takeaways

• 🌐 Understanding Network Protocols is fundamental for effective use of tools like Wireshark and for success in the hacking world.
• 🏠 IP addresses are essential for digital communication, functioning like house addresses to enable devices to connect and communicate.
• 🔄 The scarcity of IPv4 addresses led to the development of private IP addresses, which are reused within local networks and translated to public IP addresses for internet access.
• 📦 NAT (Network Address Translation) devices translate private IP addresses to a shared public IP address, allowing multiple devices to access the internet.
• 🔄 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices within a local network, optimizing the use of available IP addresses.
• 🛣️ IP (Internet Protocol) acts as a travel guide for data packets on the internet, defining the source and destination of data transmission.
• 🔑 Each IP packet header contains crucial information for network analysis, including version, length, type of service, and identification.
• 🔗 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ensures reliable data transmission with features like sequence numbers, acknowledgements, and a three-way handshake.
• 🏃‍♂️ UDP (User Datagram Protocol) prioritizes speed over reliability, making it suitable for applications where occasional packet loss is acceptable.
• 🔍 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) matches IP addresses to MAC addresses, facilitating communication within an Ethernet network.
• 🌐 DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses, simplifying internet navigation.
• 📬 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the backbone of email delivery on the internet, ensuring that emails reach their intended recipients.
• 🔄 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) allows network devices to communicate and share information, crucial for network management but also a potential security risk.
• 🔗 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a client-server protocol for transferring files over a network, still used for secure file sharing despite the rise of HTTP.
• 📚 SMB (Server Message Block) enables file and printer sharing over a local network, but has been a source of critical vulnerabilities.
• 🔒 Telnet, once a primary remote communication protocol, has been largely replaced by SSH due to security concerns.

Q & A

What is the primary purpose of IP addresses in the digital world?

IP addresses serve as the backbone of the digital world, enabling devices to communicate and connect with each other, facilitating activities such as email, video chat, social media, and web browsing.

Why are public and private IP addresses important in the context of network communication?

Public IP addresses are necessary for internet communication, while private IP addresses are used within local area networks (LANs) and are not directly accessible over the internet. NAT devices translate private IP addresses into public ones, allowing multiple devices within a LAN to share a single public IP address for internet access.

What is the role of DHCP in a local area network?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices within a LAN, optimizing the use of available IP addresses by providing devices with different IP addresses each time they connect to the network.

How does the IP protocol guide data packets on the internet?

IP protocol acts as a travel guide for data packets, providing information about the destination and source, helping packets know where to go and where they are coming from.

What is the significance of the TCP three-way handshake in establishing a connection?

The TCP three-way handshake ensures a smooth and reliable connection before data transfer begins. It involves the client sending a SYN packet to initiate a connection, the server responding with a SYN-ACK packet to acknowledge the request, and the client sending an ACK packet to confirm readiness to proceed.

How does UDP differ from TCP in terms of data transmission?

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) does not establish a formal connection like TCP and does not guarantee packet delivery. It is faster and lighter, making it suitable for applications where speed is more important than ensuring every packet arrives intact, such as streaming services.

What is the function of ARP in a network?

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) matches IP addresses, which are logical, with MAC addresses, which are physical. It translates IP addresses to MAC addresses, allowing network devices to correctly route traffic to the intended destination.

Why is DNS crucial for navigating the internet?

DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses that the internet understands, making it easier for users to access websites without having to remember complex IP addresses.

What are some common vulnerabilities associated with SMB protocol?

SMB (Server Message Block) has been a source of critical vulnerabilities, allowing attackers to exploit weaknesses in the protocol to execute remote code with system privileges on the target system, potentially taking control of the system and accessing all its data.

How does SNMP contribute to network management?

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) allows network devices to communicate and share information, enabling administrators to manage and monitor network devices effectively. However, if compromised, it can lead to unauthorized access to network information and control.

Why has the use of Telnet declined in favor of more secure protocols?

Telnet's declining usage is due to its lack of robust security features, as it transmits data, including login credentials, in plaintext, making it susceptible to interception. Secure protocols like SSH have replaced Telnet for remote access due to their encryption and stronger authentication mechanisms.

What is the primary function of HTTP in web applications?

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the primary communication protocol for web applications, enabling the transfer of web pages, data, and multimedia content across the internet through a message-based model where clients send requests and servers respond with corresponding responses.

Outlines

00:00

🔍 Introduction to Network Protocols and IP Addresses

The video begins by introducing the importance of understanding network protocols before diving into tools like Wireshark, essential for hacking. IP addresses are highlighted as the backbone of the digital world, enabling communication and connectivity between devices. The concept of public and private IP addresses is explained, noting the limitations of IPv4 and the use of NAT devices to translate private IPs for internet communication.

05:00

📦 Inside an IP Packet Header

The second paragraph dives into the details of an IP packet header, explaining its various components such as version, internet header length, type of service, and total length. It further elaborates on fields like identification, IP flags, fragment offset, source, and destination addresses, and options. Understanding these fields is crucial for network traffic analysis, security measures, and forensic investigations.

10:01

📶 Understanding TCP and UDP Protocols

This paragraph contrasts TCP and UDP protocols. TCP is described with its reliable, connection-oriented approach, ensuring data integrity and order through mechanisms like the three-way handshake. In contrast, UDP is presented as a faster, connectionless protocol suitable for applications where speed is prioritized over reliability. The paragraph also touches on the types of applications that benefit from each protocol.

15:01

🌐 Role of ARP and DNS in Networking

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) and DNS (Domain Name System) are discussed in this section. ARP's role in linking IP addresses with MAC addresses within a local network is explained, including the process of broadcasting messages to find MAC addresses. DNS is described as a critical system for translating human-friendly domain names into IP addresses, essential for navigating the internet. The vulnerabilities and potential attacks related to both protocols are also highlighted.

20:03

📤 FTP and SMB Protocols for File Transfer

The paragraph covers FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and SMB (Server Message Block). FTP's client-server architecture and its usage for transferring files over networks are explained, along with its current relevance compared to HTTP. SMB is described as a method for sharing files, printers, and resources over a local network. The vulnerabilities associated with SMB, particularly in Windows systems, and their exploitation by attackers are also discussed.

📧 SMTP and SNMP for Email and Network Management

This section delves into SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). SMTP's role in email transmission, its historical significance, and modern upgrades are described. SNMP is explained as a protocol for managing network devices, allowing communication and information sharing between computers and devices. The potential security risks associated with SNMP access are also mentioned.

🔐 Telnet and HTTP Protocols

Telnet and HTTP protocols are discussed here. Telnet's purpose for remote connectivity and its historical significance are noted, along with its decline due to security vulnerabilities and replacement by SSH. HTTP's foundational role in web communication, its message-based model, and evolution to support complex web applications are explained. The section highlights HTTP's reliance on TCP for reliable data transmission.

🎥 Conclusion and Invitation for Feedback

The video concludes with a summary of the discussed network protocols and their importance. The creator invites viewers to leave comments for further video requests, particularly about specific protocols they want to learn more about. A mention is made of an upcoming video on Wireshark, encouraging viewers to stay tuned for more informative content on network protocols and tools.

Keywords

💡Network protocols

Network protocols are the set of rules governing the format and transmission of data across a network. They are essential for communication between devices and are the backbone of the digital world. In the video, network protocols are described as crucial for hacking and using tools like Wireshark, as they enable the understanding of how data travels across the internet.

💡IP addresses

IP addresses, or Internet Protocol addresses, are numerical labels assigned to devices to enable them to communicate over a network. They are likened to a house address, allowing for the identification and location of devices. The script explains the importance of IP addresses in enabling activities like email, video chat, and web browsing, and also discusses the difference between public and private IP addresses.

💡NAT (Network Address Translation)

NAT is a method used to remap one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. The video describes how NAT allows multiple devices within a local network to share a single public IP address for internet communication, translating private IP addresses to a public one.

💡DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DHCP is a network management protocol used to dynamically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network. The script explains how DHCP helps manage the limited number of IP addresses by assigning new addresses to devices each time they connect to a network, optimizing the use of available IP addresses.

💡TCP/IP

TCP/IP, or Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is the fundamental communication protocol used to facilitate reliable and ordered delivery of data across the internet. The video mentions TCP/IP as a pair of protocols that work together, with TCP ensuring data integrity and IP guiding the data packets to their destination.

💡IP Packet Header

The IP packet header is the part of an IP packet that contains the routing and control information necessary for delivering the packet to its destination. The video script delves into the various fields of the IP packet header, such as version, internet header length, type of service, and flags, which are important for understanding how data is routed and for hacking or forensic investigations.

💡TCP Header

The TCP header is part of the TCP protocol and contains fields that are essential for establishing connections and ensuring data integrity. The script explains key fields in the TCP header, such as source and destination ports, sequence and acknowledgement numbers, and flags, which are crucial for understanding network communication and security.

💡Three-way handshake

The three-way handshake is the process of establishing a TCP connection between a client and a server. The video uses the analogy of ordering a pizza over the phone to explain this process, which involves SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK packets to ensure both parties are ready to communicate before data transfer begins.

💡UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

UDP is a communication protocol that offers a limited service for sending messages without establishing a connection between the communication partners. Unlike TCP, UDP does not guarantee reliable delivery, ordering, or data integrity of the packets. The script describes UDP as faster and more suitable for applications where speed is more important than ensuring every packet arrives.

💡ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP is a protocol used to map an IP address to a physical MAC address on a local network. The script explains how ARP works by broadcasting a message to all devices on a network to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, which is essential for routing traffic to the correct destination.

💡DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS is the system that translates human-friendly domain names (like www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers use to access websites. The video script highlights the importance of DNS in making the internet navigable and user-friendly, and also touches on security concerns related to DNS, such as DNS spoofing and reconnaissance.

💡FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

FTP is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network. The script mentions FTP as a client-server protocol that allows for various file operations, but notes its decline in popularity due to the rise of HTTP for public file sharing.

💡SMB (Server Message Block)

SMB is a network file sharing protocol that allows applications to read and write to files and to request services from server programs in a computer network. The video describes SMB as a method for computers to share files, printers, and other resources, but also as a protocol with a history of critical vulnerabilities.

💡SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

SMTP is the protocol used for sending and receiving emails. The video script positions SMTP as the fundamental protocol for email communication, despite being first standardized in 1983, and still in use today with modern upgrades and improvements.

💡SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

SNMP is used for network monitoring and management. It allows network administrators to manage and monitor network devices for efficient operation. The script explains SNMP as a crucial part of network management but also as a potential target for attackers if not secured properly.

💡Telnet

Telnet is a network protocol used to provide a command-line interface to a remote device or server. The video script describes Telnet as one of the earliest versions of remote communication protocols, but notes its decline due to its lack of security features, which have been replaced by more secure protocols like SSH.

💡HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web, and it is the protocol used by web browsers and servers to transfer data. The script explains HTTP as a message-based model that operates on a connectionless basis, using TCP for reliable data transmission, and is essential for the transfer of web pages and multimedia content.

Highlights

Understanding network protocols is essential for effective use of tools like Wireshark and for success in hacking.

IP addresses are the backbone of the digital world, enabling communication and connectivity among devices.

Public and private IP addresses serve different purposes, with private addresses being reused within local networks.

Network Address Translation (NAT) allows local network devices to access the internet using a shared public IP address.

DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices within a local network, optimizing the use of available IP addresses.

The IP protocol acts as a travel guide for data packets on the internet, defining the source and destination.

TCP/IP is a commonly paired protocol suite that ensures reliable data transmission across networks.

TCP header fields are crucial for analyzing network traffic and identifying potential security threats.

The three-way handshake in TCP establishes a reliable connection before data transfer.

UDP is a faster, less reliable protocol than TCP, suitable for applications where speed is more important than data integrity.

ARP matches IP addresses with MAC addresses, facilitating communication within an Ethernet network.

DNS translates domain names into IP addresses, making internet navigation easier and more user-friendly.

FTP is a client-server protocol for transferring files over a network, now often replaced by more secure alternatives.

SMB allows sharing of files, printers, and other resources over a local network, but has been a source of vulnerabilities.

SMTP is the fundamental protocol for sending emails, despite being over 30 years old.

SNMP is crucial for managing and monitoring network devices but can be a target for attackers if compromised.

Telnet is an early remote communication protocol that has been largely replaced by more secure protocols like SSH.

HTTP is the primary communication protocol for web applications, evolving to support complex interactions.

Transcripts

hey everyone today we're talking about

common Network protocols some of you

asked for a full guide on wire shark but

I realized that to use wi shark well you

need to understand Network protocols

first in the hacking World knowing about

Network protocols is essential because

you can't do much without them that's

why I'm making this video to help you

grasp the basics of network protocols

which will set you up for Success when

using tools like wire shark and hacking

let's begin with IP addresses internet

protocol addresses are like the backbone

of the digital world there would allow

us to do things like email video chat on

Zoom watch YouTube send tweets and

browse the web you could say they're

almost as important as the world itself

spinning in fact you're able to watch

this video on YouTube because of IP

addresses every digital device we use

whether it's a computer laptop phone or

tablet gets assigned an IP address this

address enables devices to communicate

and connect with each other think an IP

address as similar to your house address

without it no one would be able to find

you and send you mail now let's discuss

public and private IP addresses our IP

address system has a limitation there

aren't enough IP addresses to cover all

devices that need to connect to the

internet the current ipv4 system has

only 4.3 billion IP addresses which

isn't sufficient considering there are

over 8 billion people on the planet each

with multiple devices to address this

scarcity a system was developed to reuse

a group of IP addresses within a local

area network or Lan which are not

accessible over the Internet these

addresses can be used repeatedly within

each local network helping conserve The

Limited number of IP addresses available

these private addresses typically start

with numbers like

192 168 10 point or

17216 you might have noticed these

private IP addresses such as

192 16 8 or 10 point something when

checking your network configuration for

example using IF config on a collie

system these addresses are only usable

within your local area network and

cannot be used to communicate over the

Internet directly for internet

communication your private IP address

needs to be translated into a public IP

address by a network address translation

ornat device this translation process

allows devices within your local network

to access the internet using a shared

public IP

address this is necessary because

private IP addresses within a local area

network cannot be directly used on the

internet since they are not unique many

lands use the same private IP addresses

internally when a machine inside the

land wants to communicate over the

Internet it sends a request to the natat

device the natat device then records the

internal IP address of the machine in a

table and converts it to the external IP

address of the router when the response

packet returns from its destination on

the the internet the natat device checks

its table and forwards the packet to the

internal IP address of the original

machine within the Lan this whole

process happens seamlessly and

individual systems or users within the

Lan typically don't realize that their

private IP addresses are being

translated to a public IP address by the

natat device to enable internet

communication the next protocol is DHCP

Dynamic host configuration protocol or

DHCP is a protocol that dynamically

assigns IP address add es this means

that instead of having a fixed IP

address all the time your device gets a

new IP address each time it connects to

a network DHCP is commonly used on local

area networks or lands where private IP

addresses are used when a device joins a

lan it sends a request to the DHCP

server asking for an IP address the DHCP

server then assigns an IP address to

that device for a specific period known

as a lease this lease defines how long

the device can use that particular IP

address the interesting part is that

each time you connect to the Lan you're

likely to receive a different Dynamic IP

address although usually within the same

range this Dynamic allocation of IP

addresses by DHCP helps manage and

optimize the use of available IP

addresses within the network all right

let's talk about the next protocol IP or

Internet Protocol in an easy to

understand way IP is like a travel guide

for data packets on the internet it

helps these packets know where to go the

destination and where they're coming

from the source it's often paired up

with other protocols like TCP to form

what's commonly known as TCP IP now

let's take a peek at what's inside an IP

packet header this header is like the

packets ID card carrying information

that can be super useful for someone

exploring hacking or doing forensic

investigations in the first row of this

ID card version it tells us which

version of Ip is being used either V4 or

V6 internet header length this is all

about the length of the header moving on

to the second row type of service or to

this part describes the packet service

type like if it's focused on speed

reliability or cost Effectiveness total

length this tells us the overall size of

the packet including its data in the

third row identification each packet

gets a unique ID helpful for putting

together fragmented packets IP Flags

this field helps us know if the packet

is split into smaller parts or not which

can be sneaky for bypassing security

measures fragment offset if a packet is

split this field tells us where it

starts in the sequence now on to row

four and five Source or destination

these are super important because they

show where the packet is coming from and

where it's headed finally in row six

options this is a flexible part of the

header and it's optional to use padding

if needed this part fills in any extra

space in the header understanding these

details helps in figuring out how data

travels across the internet and can even

give clues about the systems sending and

receiving the data the next protocol is

TCP in the TCP header there are several

important fields that are crucial for

both aspiring hackers and forensic

investigators to grasp starting with row

One Source Port destination Port these

fields are vital as they determine the

source and destination port showing

where the communication is coming from

and where it's headed moving on to row

two sequence number this number is

generated by the sender's TCP stack and

ensures that packets are arranged in the

correct order when they arrive it's also

crucial in preventing man in the middle

attacks next in row three

acknowledgement number this Echoes back

the sequence number confirming that the

packet has been received if no

acknowledgement is received within a set

time the sender resends the packet to

ensure successful delivery this

reliability distinguishes TCP from UDP

which doesn't guarantee packet delivery

skipping ahead to the flags in row four

sin initiates a new connection Finn

signals the normal closing of a

connection a acknowledges receipt of a

packet crucial after the three-way

handshake RSD indicates a hard close of

a connection often used to communicate

errors urg marks urgent data in the

packet PS sh directs the data past the

buffer to the application understanding

these flags is essential especially for

those familiar with Recon tools like

nmap or hping 3 as they're used to

create packets for specific purposes

such as evading detection or eliciting

responses from secure systems in row

four the window siiz field manages

packet buffering aiding in flow control

it's also useful for OS identification

as different operating systems have

varying window sizes allowing for OS

prediction with about 80% accuracy the

cheim in row five ensures data Integrity

while the urg pointer indicates urgent

data if the urg flag is set lastly row

six contains options and padding

allowing for additional information and

aligning the TCP header to a multiple of

32 bits understanding these TCP header

Fields is crucial for analyzing Network

traffic identifying potential security

threats and gaining insights into the

systems communicating over the Network

every TCP connection starts with a

three-way handshake imagine you're

trying to start a conversation with

someone let's say ordering a pizza over

the phone you dial the pizza place and

say hey I'd like to order a pizza this

is like the sin packet where you're

initiating the connection and saying

hello I want to talk to you the pizza

place responds sure we're ready to take

your order this is like the sin act

packet where the server acknowledges

your request and says hi I'm here and

ready to chat let's get started you then

confirm great I'd like a large pepperoni

pizza please this is like the ACT packet

where you acknowledge the server's

response confirming that you're ready to

proceed with the conversation or in this

case the pizza order after this

three-way handshake the pizza place

knows you're ready to place your order

just like in TCP both the client and

server know they're ready to start

exchanging data it's a way of ensuring a

smooth and reliable connection before

diving into the main conversation or

data

transfer let's dive into UDP or user

datagram protocol UDP is a different

kind of Beast compared to TCP while TCP

is all about establishing a solid

connection like a handshake and ensuring

every piece of data gets delivered UDP

takes a more Carefree approach it's like

the difference between sending a formal

letter with tracking TCP versus tossing

a postcard in the male UDP here's what

makes UDP unique unlike TCP which

requires a Formal Connection setup like

the three-way handshake we talked about

earlier UDP doesn't bother with all that

it just sends packets out into the world

without worrying about getting a

confirmation of delivery because UDP

skips the whole connection Assurance

process it's lighter and faster than TCP

this makes it perfect for applications

where speed matters more than ensuring

every single packet gets through

perfectly UDP shines in scenarios where

efficiency is key and losing an

occasional packet isn't a big deal think

of streaming music or video missing a

few seconds here or there won't ruin

your experience but lagging behind

because of a slow connection would

definitely be a problem some of the key

protocols that use UDP include DNS SNMP

or ntp we'll dive deeper into these

protocols later on now let's talk about

the next protocol a RP or address

resolution protocol ARP is like a

translator for devices on an Ethernet

Network

its job is to match up IP addresses

which are logical with Mac addresses

which are physical this way when a new

device joins the network ARP assigns it

an IP address within the Network's range

and links it to its unique Mac address

this information is crucial for network

devices like routers gateways and

switches to correctly Route traffic to

the intended destination now here's how

the RP Works in simple terms imagine you

have two computers on the same ethernet

Network let's call them computer 1 and

computer 2 computer 1 wants to send a

message to computer 2 but it needs to

know computer 2's Mac address like a

home address computer one first checks

its ARP table which is a list of known

Mac addresses and their corresponding IP

addresses if it finds computer 2's Mac

address in the table great it can send

the message directly if computer 1

doesn't have computer 2's Mac address in

its ARP table it sends out a broadcast

message to all devices on the network

nwor asking hey who has IP address of

this computer 2 sees the broadcast

message and responds directly to

computer 1 saying I have IP address of

this and my Mac address is this now that

computer 1 knows computer 2's Mac

address it can send the message directly

to computer 2's Mac address and the

communication is successful ARP is

essential for smooth communication

within a network but it's also a

potential Target for attackers who might

try to manipulate Ark messages to

intercept or redirect Network traffic a

tactic known as a man in the- Middle

attack it's important to note that a RP

lacks authentication making it

vulnerable to exploitation by hackers

this feature can be used to discover all

the systems on a network easily this

becomes particularly useful when

attempting to hack into another system

within the local area network or when a

hacker compromises a single user on the

network and wants to Pivot to a more

valuable Target such as a database

server there are various tools available

to hackers for discovering systems on a

network these tools operate by sending

out gratuitous ARP requests prompting

systems on the network to respond with

their IP addresses and Mac addresses for

example in our Collie system we have a

tool called net discover that can be

used for this

purpose

now the next protocol is denas the

domain name system or DNS is a

fundamental protocol that plays a

crucial role in how we navigate the

internet imagine a world without DNS we

would have to remember countless IP

addresses just to access our favorite

websites picture having to memorize the

lengthy ipv4 32-bit addresses for Google

Facebook YouTube and other essential

sites let alone dealing with even longer

IPv6 128bit addresses it would be quite

a daunting task thankfully DNS comes to

the Rescue by translating domain names

something humans are good at remembering

into IP addresses the language of

internet routing in simpler terms DNS is

like a translation service that converts

a domain name like wwwg googlec into the

computer friendly IP address that the

internet understands and uses to Route

data so when you type a domain name into

your browser such as www googlec DNS

steps in behind the scenes to quickly

translate it into the corresponding IP

address allowing your device to connect

to the desired website seamlessly DNS is

what makes navigating the internet so

much easier and userfriendly for all of

us the domain name system has come a

long way in terms of security but it

used to be quite fragile and susceptible

to attacks while improvements have been

made over the years attacks on DNS still

occur albeit less frequently one common

type of attack involves harvesting

information from DNS servers on the

target Network a technique known as DNS

scanning and DNS reconnaissance

attackers can gather valuable data from

DN servers such as domain names and

Associated IP addresses which can be

used for further

exploitation on local area networks

attackers May exploit DNS

vulnerabilities by spoofing DNS

responses using tools like DNS spoof

this allows them to redirect client

traffic to a malicious local system

controlled by the attacker for example

an attacker could redirect banking

traffic to their own fraudulent website

capturing sensitive credentials and

financial

information the next protocol is FTP or

file transfer protocol the FTP is a

client server protocol used for

transferring files over a network here's

an overview of how FTP works and its

current usage FTP follows a client

server architecture where a client such

as a computer or device requests files

from a server and the server provides

the requested files FTP operates over

the TC pip Suite of protocols ensuring

reliable data transmission across

networks FTP uses two channels for

communication command Channel used by

the client to send commands to the

server such as requesting files or

directories data Channel used for actual

file transfers when a client requests a

file the server opens a data channel to

transfer the file to the client clients

can perform various actions on files

using FTP including downloading

uploading editing copying and deleting

files on the server while FTP was widely

used in the past for file sharing and

management its popularity has decreased

with the rise of HTTP for file transfers

especially for public file sharing on

the web however FTP remains a common

protocol for private and secure file

sharing such as in banking system or

other environments where data security

and privacy are

Paramount the next protocol we'll talk

about is SMB which stands for Server

message Block it's a communication

method that computers use to share files

printers and other resources over a

local network think of it as a way for

computers to talk to each other and

share stuff when you use SMB one

computer acts as the server that has the

files or printers others want to access

while the other computers are the

clients that want to get those files or

use the printers here's how it works in

simple steps clients computers connect

to servers other computers using tcpip

or

netbios which are just ways for

computers to talk to each other over a

network once connected clients can send

commands to the server to access shared

folders where files are stored read or

write files or even use shared printers

basically SMB lets you do on your

computer what you normally do like

access ing files or printing but over

the network so you can share things with

others on the same network SMB in

Windows and Samba in Linux Unix systems

have historically been significant

sources of critical vulnerabilities and

this trend is likely to continue in the

future over the past decade there have

been several critical vulnerabilities

related to SMB and windows these

vulnerabilities have allowed attackers

to send specially crafted packets to SMB

Services exploiting weaknesses in the

protocol by exploiting these

vulnerabilities attackers could execute

remote code with system privileges on

the target system in simpler terms

attackers could take control of

vulnerable systems and have full access

to everything on them the next protocol

we'll discuss is the simple male

transport protocol commonly abbreviated

as SMTP SMTP is a crucial protocol in

the digital world especially for

handling emails snp's main job is to

move emails from one user to another

even though SMTP was first standardized

back in 1983 it's still the fundamental

protocol used for sending emails today

albeit with some Modern upgrades and

improvements in simple terms SMTP acts

as the Postal Service of the internet

ensuring that your emails get delivered

the next protocol we'll look at is SNMP

which stands for simple Network

management protocol SNMP is a crucial

part of the Internet Protocol Suite

designed specifically for managing

computers and Network devices in simpler

terms SNMP allows computers and network

devices to communicate and share

information with each other it's like a

system of Administrators managers

keeping an eye on a group of computers

or devices agents to ensure everything

runs smoothly indeed the simple Network

management protocol SNMP is often

overlooked but plays a crucial role in

maintaining a smoothly functioning

Network however its importance also

makes it a prime target for attackers if

an attacker manages to breach SNMP they

gain access to a wealth of information

about your network they can potentially

decrypt encrypted VPN Communications

allowing them to eases drop on sensitive

data being transmitted additionally they

can view and potentially manipulate

every device connected to your network

SNMP operates on UDP ports 161 and 162

enabling network devices to communicate

with each other and allowing

administrators to manage and monitor

these devices however in the wrong hands

SNMP access can lead to disastrous

consequences attackers could Harvest

sensitive information disrupt network

operations or even take control of

critical devices like routers and

switches causing widespread Havoc the

next protocol is telnet telnet is a

protocol designed for remote

connectivity allowing a user to

establish connections between a remote

endpoint and a host machine to initiate

a remote session when a connection is

established tnet Pro prompts the user at

the remote endpoint to log in once

authenticated telnet grants the endpoint

access to network resources and data

located on the host computer originating

from the 1960s telnet can be considered

one of the earliest versions of remote

communication protocols used in the

development of the modern internet

however due to its lack of robust

security features suitable for

contemporary technology and

Communications telnet is no longer

widely used the main reason for Tel

Net's declining usage is its

vulnerability to security threats talet

transmits data including login

credentials in plain text making it

susceptible to interception by malicious

actors consequently modern secure

protocols such as SSH or secure shell

have largely replace telnet for remote

access due to their enhanced security

features such as encryption and stronger

authentication

mechanisms the next is HTTP protocol the

hypertext transfer protocol or http p is

a foundational technology of the

internet serving as the primary

communication protocol for web

applications originally designed for

retrieving static web pages HTTP has

evolved over time to support complex web

applications that we commonly use today

HTTP operates on a message-based Model

where a client sends a request to a

server and the server responds with a

corresponding response it's important to

note that HTTP is connectionless meaning

that a connection is established and

closed for each request response cycle

however it uses TCP transmission control

protocol as its underlying transport

mechanism for Reliable data transmission

in essence HTTP is the backbone that

enables seamless communication between

clients such as web browsers and servers

facilitating the transfer of web pages

data and multimedia content across the

internet hey everyone in this video we

covered some of the most used and

essential Network protocols while we

didn't dive deep into each protocol I

hope this overview helped you understand

their significance in networking if

you're interested in learning more about

any specific protocol feel free to drop

a comment below I'll consider your

requests for future videos and create

content that addresses your specific

interests and I am making video on wi

shark until then make sure to watch this

video and stay tuned for more

informative content on network protocols

and tools thanks for watching and I'll

see you in the next video

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deal