Ch 7 Feedback, Reinforcement, and Intrinsic Motivation
Summary
TLDRThis script explores reinforcement and intrinsic motivation, emphasizing the impact of rewards and punishments on behavior. It discusses BF Skinner's theories on operant conditioning and how reinforcement can vary in effectiveness. The script contrasts positive and negative reinforcement methods, using examples from 'The Simpsons' and sports coaching. It advocates a predominantly positive approach, highlighting potential negative side effects of punishment. The importance of intrinsic motivation and creating a conducive environment for it is also discussed, along with strategies to facilitate flow and enhance performance.
Takeaways
- 😊 Reinforcement involves using rewards and punishments to increase or decrease the likelihood of specific behaviors.
- 💪 Motivation is enhanced by creating environments that foster pleasure, growth, and mastery through positive techniques.
- 📚 BF Skinner emphasized the role of reinforcement in learning, stating that students can learn faster with structured reinforcement.
- 😇 Positive reinforcement encourages repeating desirable behaviors by rewarding them, while negative reinforcement discourages unwanted behaviors through punishment.
- 🧠 Different individuals may react differently to the same reinforcements, highlighting the complexity of human behavior.
- 🏈 Athletes, like students, benefit from positive reinforcement, but recreating peak performances is often difficult under pressure.
- 👍 Sports psychologists recommend a 5:1 ratio of positive to negative feedback, fostering better relationships and enjoyment in sports.
- 🎁 Extrinsic rewards come from external sources like teachers, while intrinsic rewards are internal, driven by personal growth and self-motivation.
- 🔄 Reinforcement should be frequent and timely during the early stages of learning to ensure that correct behaviors are reinforced.
- 🌊 The flow state, a high-performance zone, is achieved when skills and challenges are high, fostering optimal focus and performance.
Q & A
What is reinforcement in the context of motivation?
-Reinforcement is the use of rewards and punishments to increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future, enhancing motivation through motivational techniques that create an environment fostering pleasure, growth, and mastery.
Who is BF Skinner and what is his contribution to reinforcement theories?
-BF Skinner is a widely known behavioral theorist who suggested that teaching or coaching rests on the principles of reinforcement. He believed that students learn based on an arrangement of reinforcement, which can expedite learning and ensure the appearance of desired behaviors.
What are the two basic underlying principles of reinforcement?
-The two basic underlying principles of reinforcement are: 1) If someone experiences success or reward, they will try to repeat that behavior to receive additional positive experiences. 2) If someone experiences punishment or something unpleasant, they will try not to repeat that behavior.
How can reinforcement principles affect two people differently?
-Reinforcement principles can affect two people differently because individuals react differently to the same reinforcement. Some may take an action as punishment while others may view it as attention or recognition.
What is the positive approach to teaching and coaching?
-The positive approach to teaching and coaching involves strengthening behaviors by motivating and rewarding appropriate behaviors, which increases the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future.
What is the negative approach to teaching and coaching?
-The negative approach to teaching and coaching attempts to eliminate unwanted behaviors through punishment or criticism by focusing on punishing undesirable behaviors, which should reduce inappropriate behaviors.
How does the Simpsons TV show illustrate negative and positive reinforcement?
-In the Simpsons, negative reinforcement is shown when Marge, Bart, and Lisa criticize Homer's cooking, prompting him to throw away the food and rejoin the family. Positive reinforcement is illustrated when Bart receives a good grade and is rewarded with a gift for his positive behavior.
Why is a predominantly positive approach recommended in coaching?
-A predominantly positive approach is recommended in coaching because it avoids the potential negative side effects of using punishment as the primary approach. Research indicates that individuals who play for positive-oriented coaches enjoy their athletic experience more and have better team cohesion.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards?
-Extrinsic rewards come from an external source, such as a course or a teacher. Intrinsic rewards reside within the participant and are motivated by internal factors like personal satisfaction or a sense of achievement.
What is the importance of intrinsic motivation in learning?
-Intrinsic motivation is important because it drives individuals from an inward factor to become more competent and self-determined. It is considered the ideal motivational resource as it promotes learning, effort, and improvement without reliance on external rewards.
How can flow be facilitated in physical activity or sports?
-Flow can be facilitated by maximizing preparation for the event, increasing skills, and having high challenges. It is a state of complete absorption where the individual is fully involved in the activity, has clear goals, and experiences a loss of self-consciousness.
Outlines
🧠 Introduction to Reinforcement and Motivation in Coaching
This paragraph introduces the concept of reinforcement and its role in motivation. Reinforcement, which includes rewards and punishments, influences the likelihood of certain behaviors reoccurring. The theories of reinforcement, grounded in behavior modification and operant conditioning, are discussed through the lens of B.F. Skinner’s work. Skinner believed that reinforcement expedites learning, making behaviors appear more quickly or ensuring their occurrence. The paragraph highlights the complexity of reinforcement and how individuals react differently to rewards or punishments.
🌟 Positive and Negative Reinforcement in Coaching
The second paragraph delves into the two main approaches to reinforcement—positive and negative. Positive reinforcement focuses on encouraging desired behaviors through rewards, while negative reinforcement seeks to eliminate unwanted behaviors through punishment. The benefits of positive reinforcement, particularly in sports and coaching, are emphasized, with examples from the TV show 'The Simpsons' illustrating how each approach works. A recommendation is made for a predominantly positive feedback approach to enhance motivation and minimize the negative effects of punishment.
👍 Positive Feedback and Intrinsic Motivation in Sports
This paragraph discusses the importance of a 5:1 ratio of positive to negative feedback in coaching. Studies show that athletes respond better to positive reinforcement, leading to better team cohesion and enjoyment of the sport. Positive reinforcement should focus on rewarding individual progress and improving performance. The paragraph explains how both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards can influence motivation, stressing the importance of reinforcing small improvements (shaping) during skill development. While negative reinforcement can control behavior, its side effects can sometimes hinder the desired outcome.
📊 Balancing Positive and Negative Reinforcement in Coaching
Here, the focus is on the success of coaches who employ negative reinforcement strategies while balancing this with technical expertise and care for their teams. The importance of intrinsic motivation is highlighted, as it resides within individuals and cannot be externally provided by coaches. The cognitive evaluation theory, a sub-theory of self-determination theory, is introduced, explaining how athletes perceive rewards. Coaches are encouraged to create environments that foster mastery, autonomy, and positive reinforcement to promote intrinsic motivation and optimal performance.
🏆 The Role of 'Flow' in Sports Performance
Flow, the state in which athletes are fully absorbed in their performance, is described in this paragraph. The concept of flow is important for achieving optimal performance, and it occurs when skills and challenges are balanced. The flow model explains how varying skill levels and challenges affect athletes’ experiences, from anxiety to boredom. Essential elements of flow, such as clear goals, concentration, and a loss of self-consciousness, are detailed. While flow cannot be directly controlled, athletes and coaches can increase the likelihood of achieving flow by enhancing skills and preparation.
🚀 Facilitating Flow and Reinforcement in Sports and Education
The final paragraph provides strategies for fostering flow in sports and education settings. These include promoting positive mental attitudes, readiness, and a sense of unity among team members. Coaches can facilitate flow by providing rewards based on performance, varying practice drills, and encouraging involvement in decision-making. Effective reinforcement and consistent positive feedback are crucial for sustaining motivation. The paragraph also stresses the importance of punishing behaviors, not individuals, and ensuring that athletes or students understand the reasons behind any form of feedback.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Reinforcement
💡Intrinsic Motivation
💡Operant Conditioning
💡Positive Reinforcement
💡Negative Reinforcement
💡Flow State
💡Cognitive Evaluation Theory
💡Self-Determination Theory
💡Shaping
💡Mastery-Oriented Climate
Highlights
Reinforcement involves the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
Motivation techniques aim to foster pleasure, growth, and mastery.
B.F. Skinner's theories emphasize the role of reinforcement in learning.
Reinforcement principles suggest that success leads to repetition of behavior.
Punishment or unpleasant experiences discourage the repetition of behavior.
Reinforcement effects can vary between individuals.
Positive reinforcement strengthens behaviors by rewarding appropriate actions.
Negative reinforcement aims to eliminate unwanted behaviors through punishment.
The Simpsons TV show provides practical examples of negative and positive reinforcement.
Coaches and instructors often combine positive and negative reinforcement.
A predominantly positive feedback approach is recommended in physical education and sports.
Positive coaching can lead to better team cohesion and enjoyment of the athletic experience.
Reinforcement can take various forms, including approval, positive comments, and rewards.
Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual and is linked to self-determination.
Cognitive evaluation theory focuses on how rewards are perceived and their impact on motivation.
Self-determination theory emphasizes the importance of competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
The TARGET acronym can be used to remember factors that can facilitate mastery-oriented climates.
Flow is a state of optimal performance where individuals are fully absorbed in an activity.
Flow can be facilitated by a balance of challenge and skills, clear goals, and a loss of self-consciousness.
Factors that can disrupt flow include physical problems, inability to maintain focus, and negative attitudes.
Providing feedback, reinforcement, and intrinsic motivation involves being consistent and focusing on positive reinforcement.
Transcripts
feedback reinforcement and intrinsic
motivation reinforcement is the use of
rewards and punishments that increases
or decreases the likelihood of a similar
response occurring in the future
motivation is enhanced with motivational
techniques to create an environment
fostering pleasure growth and mastery
the theories of reinforcement are
heavily rooted in the theories of
behavioural modification and operant
conditioning BF Skinner is one of the
most widely known and prominent
behavioral theorists he suggested
teaching or in our context coaching
rests on the principles of reinforcement
Skinner suggested that students learn
based on an arrangement of reinforcement
he said students learn without teaching
in their natural environment but
teachers arrange special reinforcement
the expedite learning hastening the
appearance of behavior that would
otherwise be acquired slowly or making
sure of the appearance of behavior that
might otherwise never occur there are
two basic underlying principles of
reinforcement first if someone
experiences success or reward they will
try to mimic and repeat that behavior to
receive additional good positive
experiences secondly if someone
experiences punishment or something
unpleasant they will try not to repeat
that behavior reinforcement principles
are extremely complex often the same
reinforcement will affect two people
differently people react differently to
the same reinforcement some people may
take an action such as decreased grade
for late work as punishment while others
would look at this as attention and even
recognition for others individuals may
not be able to repeat a desired behavior
especially when the event is unusual for
example a quarterback
throws six touchdowns in a game he may
receive a lot of positive attention for
his achievements however when he tries
to recreate that behavior he may throw
ill-advised passes resulting in
interceptions which then hurt his team
and lastly individuals receive different
reinforcers in different situations we
need to consider the reinforcements that
are available to the individual some of
these reinforcements may be competing
and dependent upon the source one may
outweigh the other in affecting a person
there are positive and negative ways to
teach and even to coach the positive
approach which are designed to
strengthen behaviors by motivating us by
rewarding appropriate behaviors which
increases the likelihood of desirable
responses occurring in the future the
negative approach attempts to eliminate
unwanted behaviors through punishment in
or criticism by focusing on punishing
undesirable behaviors which should
reduce the inappropriate behaviors the
negative approach focuses on errors and
attempts to eliminate unwanted behaviors
through punishment in criticism here are
some practical applications for negative
and positive reinforcement from the
beloved Simpsons TV show the negative
reinforcement occurs to punish unwanted
behavior on the top left Marge Bart and
Lisa see smoke coming from the kitchen
they provide criticism and point out
homers airs in his cooking prompting him
to throw all the food resulting in him
rejoining the family the positive
reinforcement focuses on rewarding
appropriate behavior in the top right
Bart is seen study he receives a
positive grade on his math test and then
is rewarded with a gift for the holidays
based on his positive behavior in the
world of sports an exercise some coaches
instructors and teachers still
use threats of punishment as their
primary motivation tool however a
positive approach is recommended when
working with athletes and exercisers so
which approach to reinforcement should
we choose it is common for coaches and
instructors to combine both positive and
negative reinforcement and feedback
exercise and sports psychologists agree
that the dominant approach for physical
education in sports should be
predominantly positive feedback the
positive coaching Alliance which trains
youth sport coaches recommends a five to
one ratio concerning positive to
negative feedback sports psychologists
highly recommend a positive approach to
motivation to avoid the potential
negative side effects of using
punishment as the primary approach
research has indicated the individuals
who play for positive oriented coaches
like their teammates better enjoy their
athletic experience more like their
coaches more and have a greater team
cohesion reinforcement can take multiple
forms such as approval positive comments
media press and rewards just to name a
few rewards should meet the needs of
those that are receiving the reward
positive reinforcement should focus on
emphasizing the positive aspects of the
individuals and improving rather than on
screwing up positive reinforcement
serves as a reward for the desirable
behavior but it also provides the
individual with performance feedback
positive feedback is motivated by
correcting misconceptions about
performance we can do this by looking at
game performance statistics or students
grades in a course for example to
determine how well people are performing
positive feedback is also motivated by
creating internal consequences for
example how well did the individual
perform in a relation to others or even
to a standard this also
allows individuals or even a coach to
put player performance in perspective in
relation to set goals rewards can either
be intrinsic or extrinsic rewards are
extrinsic if they come from an external
outside of the individual source such as
a course or from the course or the
teacher other rewards are called
intrinsic because they reside within the
participant if an environment is rich in
learning effort and improvement as
opposed to competition outcome and
social comparison then the participants
tend to be more intrinsically motivated
the appropriateness of reinforcement
timing and frequency can ensure the
rewards are effective during the initial
stages of training or skill development
desirable responses should be reinforced
often perhaps on an almost continual
schedule once someone has mastered a
skill it is less critical to reinforce
positive performance immediately
although it is still essential that the
correct behaviors are reinforced at some
point in time choosing the appropriate
behaviors to reward is critical when the
individual is learning a new skill
they're going to make mistakes while the
individual is learning it is important
to reinforce successful approximations
to difficult behaviors this means that
we will need to reward small
improvements as the skill is learned
this is called shaping and allows people
to continue to improve as they get
closer and closer to a desired response
we need to reward performance as it is
happening for the chances of that
behavior being repeated or a new level
of skill being reached
positive reinforcement should again be
the predominant way to influence
behavior although of many professionals
argue against the use of punishment or
negative reinforcement it can actually
control and change negative behavior as
well
negative reinforcement or punishment can
have certain undesirable side effects
that interfere with the intended
outcomes for example individuals may
misinterpret the information as a reward
or even as a tension for the individual
some coaches think that punishment will
eliminate an athlete's errors the
thought is if the athletes fear of
making mistakes then they will try
harder not to make them when coaching if
you are going to use negative
reinforcement be careful to avoid
berating or embarrassing athletes while
they're performing skills we also need
to make sure not to punish athletes
while they are participating you can use
negative reinforcement sparingly but we
need to make sure the punishment is
enforced when it is employed otherwise
it loses effectiveness the potential
drawback of punishment in criticism
include arousing fear of failure
reinforcing the unwanted behavior
producing shame and hindering the
learning of new skills so how come some
people use lots of negative
reinforcement and they're still
successful coaches that succeed through
the use of consistent negative
reinforcement our masters of strategy
teaching and technical analysis likely
negative reinforcement is not the only
strategy that makes them successful
these coaches typically also communicate
caring for their team any negative
actions or comments are not taken
personally by either the coach or the
team there is a professional respect if
you will that understands that these
behaviors only happen in the context of
practice or games coaches who employ
negative reinforcement strategies
successfully frequently have very
talented athletes and employ strategies
which allow their professional abilities
to overshadow their negative approach
intrinsic motivation is important
because they reside within the
outside sources such as coaches and
teachers cannot directly offer intrinsic
rewards but they can structure the
environment to promote intrinsic
motivation individuals strive from an
inward factor to become more competent
and self determined achieving intrinsic
motivation is thought to be the idea
motivation resource
however reaching it varies within the
individual and among situations there
are several popular motivation theories
which we should know one of which is the
cognitive evaluation theory this theory
focuses on how rewards are perceived
determining how rewards are perceived is
critical in determining motivation
outcomes for individuals cognitive
evaluation theory is a sub theory of the
more general self-determination theory
self-determination theory focuses on
three basic psychological needs
effectiveness relatedness and autonomy
under this theory intrinsic motivation
performance and cognitive development
are maximized in social context
providing the individual opportunities
to satisfy these basic needs cognitive
evaluation Theory helps to explain the
variability and intrinsic motivation
common athlete perception problems
include controlling the aspects like
their career informational aspects such
as their self success a failure of the
individual and function and significance
of the activity we can create a mastery
oriented climate by manipulating the
following environmental conditions we
can use the acronym target to help us
remember the factors that can be
manipulated t is for tasks we can
accomplish this by designing learning
activities and assignments to support
mastery goals it is important to include
a variety of tasks making the tasks
challenging but they also need to have a
purpose a is for authority we can
provide opportunities to develop a sense
of personal control and independence
this helps to foster active
participation and a sense of ownership
RS for recognition this is the formal
and informal incentives and praise for
completion of tasks this helps to focus
on individual progress and improvement
towards mastery of skills G is for
groupings we can help facilitate mastery
by utilizing groupings which are
arrangements utilized in a learning
environment allowing students to master
content or skills we can use individual
and cooperative learning experiences is
for evaluation we can use methods to
assess and monitor learning we can give
opportunities to improve work using
constructive criticism and positive
reinforcement and lastly T is for timing
the time includes the workload or the
pace of the instruction this allows the
learner to participate in scheduled
activities that are appropriate for
their level of nursery Flo is a
relatively new area of research in Sport
and Exercise psychology Flo is
essentially our normal steady state or
autopilot state which includes our
intrinsic motivation levels researchers
have tried to determine what makes a
task intrinsically motivating this is
the flow model this chart can be located
in your textbook if an individual knew
how to achieve flow then they would be
able to perform optimally
with regular frequency flow is obtained
when both capabilities or skills and
challenges are high if an athlete with
less ability is matched against a strong
opponent such as a high challenge
anxiety with results combining low skill
and low challenge results in apathy or
relaxation
whereas combining high skills and low
challenge results in boredom elements
have flow have been identified in a
variety of performance settings but have
several common factors the essential
elements of the flow state include that
there is a balance of challenge and
skills for flow to occur an individual
must believe that they have the skills
necessary to successfully meet the
physical technical and mental challenges
that are faced they are completely
absorbed in the activity the participate
is so involved with the activity that
nothing else seems to matter
there are clear goals goals are clearly
stated so everyone knows exactly what to
do this clarity of intention facilitates
concentration and attention there's a
merging of action and awareness the
individual is aware of their actions but
not of the awareness itself there's a
total concentration of the task at hand
the focus of the attention is clearly on
what the individual is doing at that
moment in time there's a loss of
self-consciousness the ego is completely
lost in the activity a sense of control
the individual is not actively aware of
control rather they are simply not
worried by the possibility of a lack of
control no goals are rewards external to
the activity the individual participates
purely because of the activity itself
without seeking any other reward there
is a transformation of time individuals
in flow will typically report that time
seems to speed up or slow down
dramatically and lastly movement is
effortless the individual is performing
well but does not spend a lot of time
thinking about it or appears to be
trying very hard
flow is often called an autotelic
experience and autotelic activity is one
that we do for its own sake because to
experience it is the main goal so can we
control flow unfortunately the answer is
no however we can increase the
probability of flow occurring by
maximizing the preparation for the event
increasing this skills and having high
challenge will facilitate the presence
of flow in elite athletes flow can be
disrupted easily and non elite athletes
participating in physical activity
programs internal reinforcement and
motivation have a significant impact on
flow in some individuals competition may
inhibit the presence of a flow State for
example organize physical education
courses there are some individuals who
are not motivated to compete with others
and therefore they withdraw from the
activity we can also see this in the
presence of others such as parents it is
extremely important to understand the
factors that can disrupt or prevent a
flow state in individuals the factors
cited most often is preventing flow were
less than optimal physical preparation
readiness and environmental or
situational conditions the factors cited
most often for disrupting a flow state
or environmental and situational factors
some of the most common flow factors for
athletes include physical problems and
mistakes the inability to maintain focus
a negative attitude and a lack of
audience or coach response you may even
find that some of these factors affect
you as a student especially in the
online environment how many of these
factors detract from your flow state in
a course such as this some ways that we
can increase the facilitation of flow we
can develop positive mental attitudes we
can have a positive pre competitive
effect a positive competitive effect
appropriate attentional focus physical
readiness and unity with the team in the
coach or in our case the instructor of
this course some additional factors to
increase the facilitation of flow
include providing successful experiences
giving our rewards based on performance
the use of verbal and nonverbal praise
we want to vary the content in sequence
of practice drills involving the
participants in decisions and setting
realistic performance goals so how can
you help provide feedback reinforcement
in intrinsic motivation to others we
want to be consistent in our actions
remember to be successful the majority
of your feedback should be in the form
of positive reinforcement if you are
going to incorporate punishment punish
the behavior and not the person and if
possible allow input on punishment
sometimes this is not possible nor
practical but when available include the
individual to encourage a sense of
ownership of actions we can all make
this work for us we want to choose
effective reinforcers for the individual
make sure you are reinforcing the right
behaviors make reinforcements dependent
on the performance of desired behavior
and lastly make sure that the person
understands why they are receiving
feedback punishment or other judgments
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