Developmental Psychology from Various Perspectives-Behavioral Perspective

Summary

The script delves into the behavioral perspective of developmental psychology, highlighting how rewards and punishments shape behavior through stimulus-response relationships. Key concepts like operant conditioning, Thorndike's law of effect, and Pavlov's classical conditioning are discussed, illustrating how these principles apply to human development across the lifespan. The script also touches on intrinsic motivation and its role in behavior, suggesting a shift from material rewards to personal fulfillment as we age.

Takeaways

• 🎉 The behavioral perspective in developmental psychology focuses on the stimulus-response relationship and how behaviors are modified due to their consequences.
• 🎈 Key to behavioral perspective is the idea that behaviors are shaped by environmental influences and the outcomes of those behaviors.
• 🔑 There are four main assumptions of the behavioral perspective: environment influences behavior, learning is described through observable stimuli and responses, learning is time-sensitive, and animals and humans learn in similar ways.
• 👨‍🔬 B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning is a significant theory under this perspective, emphasizing the role of consequences in modifying behavior.
• 🐀 Skinner's box experiment demonstrated that animals' behaviors can be influenced by positive and negative reinforcements, leading to an increase or decrease in behavior frequency.
• 🐱 Thorndike's research with cats in puzzle boxes led to the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishments are less likely.
• 🐕 Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs showed how new involuntary responses can be learned through the association of stimuli.
• 👶 Watson's Little Albert experiment illustrated how emotions can be conditioned through the transfer from one object or event to another.
• 🧠 Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory introduced the concept of intrinsic motivation, suggesting that individuals are motivated by rewards that come from within, such as self-acceptance.
• 🌟 As individuals develop and age, the types of reinforcements that influence their behaviors shift from material rewards to more intrinsic values like peace of mind and mental health.

Q & A

What is the behavioral perspective in developmental psychology?

The behavioral perspective in developmental psychology focuses on the stimulus-response relationship and how our behavior is modified due to the consequences of that behavior. It emphasizes observable events and the influence of the environment on behavior.

How does the environment influence behavior according to the behavioral perspective?

According to the behavioral perspective, the environment influences behavior as it is a result of our interaction with it. For example, being stuck in traffic can lead to various behavioral responses such as patience or irritation.

What are the four assumptions of the behavioral perspective?

The four assumptions of the behavioral perspective are: 1) Environment influences behavior, 2) Learning is described through stimuli and responses, 3) Learning must result when stimulus and response occur close together in time, and 4) Animals and humans learn in similar ways.

What is operant conditioning and how is it related to the behavioral perspective?

Operant conditioning is a theory by B.F. Skinner that deals with reinforcement and the strengthening of behaviors. It is related to the behavioral perspective as it demonstrates how consequences for behavior play a large role in an individual's response and subsequent behavior.

What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by adding a reward after the behavior occurs, while negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus. Both aim to increase the likelihood of a behavior happening again.

Can you explain the Law of Effect as described by Thorndike?

The Law of Effect, as described by Thorndike, states that if a particular behavior is followed by a desirable consequence or reward, that behavior is more likely to happen again. Conversely, if a behavior is followed by an undesirable consequence or punishment, it is less likely to occur in the future.

What is classical conditioning and how did Pavlov demonstrate it?

Classical conditioning is a form of learning where a new involuntary response is acquired as a result of stimuli being presented at the same time. Pavlov demonstrated this by conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was initially neutral but became associated with food.

Who was Little Albert and what was the significance of the experiment involving him?

Little Albert was a baby who was the subject of an experiment by Watson. The significance of the experiment was that it demonstrated how emotions could be transferred from an object or event to another person under the right circumstances, showing the power of classical conditioning.

What is the Premack Principle and how does it relate to intrinsic motivation?

The Premack Principle, introduced by David Premack, suggests that more probable behaviors can be used as reinforcement for less probable behaviors. It relates to intrinsic motivation as it deals with the internal rewards that drive behavior, such as self-acceptance or self-care.

How do the behavioral theories and researches apply to our development across the lifespan?

Behavioral theories and researches apply to our development by showing how our responses to environmental stimuli change as we age. As we grow older, we may still be influenced by the same stimuli, but our responses may be more nuanced and influenced by a deeper understanding of intrinsic rewards and motivations.

Outlines

00:00

🎉 Introduction to Behavioral Perspective

The script begins by introducing the behavioral perspective in developmental psychology. It uses the analogy of buying a lottery ticket to explain how behavior can be influenced by its consequences, such as winning or losing money. The behavioral perspective emphasizes the stimulus-response relationship and how it shapes our actions based on the outcomes we experience. The script outlines four assumptions of this perspective: the environment influences behavior, learning is described through observable stimuli and responses, learning occurs when stimulus and response are closely timed, and animals and humans learn in similar ways, despite humans' ability to rationalize. The application of these concepts to human development is discussed, highlighting how our responses to environmental stimuli change as we age.

05:05

🔬 Theories and Research in Behavioral Perspective

This section delves into specific theories and research associated with the behavioral perspective. It starts with operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner, who used the 'Skinner Box' experiment to demonstrate how consequences influence behavior. The concept of reinforcement, both positive and negative, is explained, showing how they can strengthen behaviors. The script contrasts reinforcement with punishment, which is meant to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. It also mentions Thorndike's research, which introduced the 'Law of Effect,' stating that behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by punishment are less likely. The script provides examples of how these principles apply to everyday life, such as avoiding late penalties in class or a child's behavior modification.

10:13

🐾 Thorndike's Law of Effect and its Applications

The script continues with a detailed look at Thorndike's Law of Effect, which is illustrated through the experiment of cats in puzzle boxes. Thorndike observed that cats learned to escape the boxes by adapting their behavior to achieve positive outcomes, such as receiving food. The script explains the two parts of the Law of Effect: behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated, and those followed by punishment are less likely. It provides everyday examples, such as students avoiding late penalties or a child learning not to touch a hot stove, to demonstrate the practical application of these principles.

15:13

🐕 Pavlov's Classical Conditioning and its Impact

This part of the script discusses Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, where the dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was previously associated with food. The script explains how classical conditioning involves learning a new response to a stimulus that is repeatedly paired with another stimulus. It also touches on Watson's experiment with 'Little Albert,' which showed how emotions can be conditioned through association. The script concludes with a mention of David Premack's principle, which focuses on intrinsic motivation and how it influences behavior based on personal preferences and needs.

20:16

🌟 Integration of Behavioral Theories in Personal Development

The final paragraph connects the theories and research discussed to personal development. It suggests that as individuals grow and age, the types of reinforcements that influence their behavior shift from material rewards to more intrinsic values like peace of mind and mental health. The script implies that understanding these behavioral principles can help individuals make more conscious choices about their actions and development throughout their lives.

Keywords

💡Behavioral Perspective

The behavioral perspective in developmental psychology focuses on observable behaviors and how they are influenced by environmental stimuli. It emphasizes the stimulus-response relationship and the modification of behavior based on consequences. In the video, this perspective is exemplified through the lottery ticket scenario, where winning or losing money influences future behavior regarding purchasing tickets. This concept is central to understanding how experiences shape behavior throughout an individual's development.

💡Stimulus-Response Relationship

A stimulus-response relationship is a foundational concept in behavioral psychology, which posits that an individual's behavior is a response to a specific stimulus in the environment. The video uses the example of touching a hot pan and the subsequent withdrawal of the hand as a clear demonstration of this relationship. This concept is key to understanding how behaviors are learned and adapted in response to environmental cues.

💡Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, as discussed in the video, is a learning process where the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by its consequences. The video references B.F. Skinner's experiments, particularly the 'Skinner Box,' to illustrate how reinforcement (positive or negative) can strengthen behaviors. This concept is integral to understanding how behaviors are shaped over time through their consequences.

💡Reinforcement

Reinforcement, as mentioned in the video, is a key mechanism in operant conditioning that strengthens a behavior. Positive reinforcement, such as receiving a reward, increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior. The video explains that reinforcers can be used to encourage desired behaviors, which is a crucial concept in behavioral psychology and its applications.

💡Punishment

Punishment, in the context of the video, is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring. It is differentiated from negative reinforcement, which involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. The video advises using punishment sparingly, as it can lead to the suppression of behavior but not necessarily the learning of new, more adaptive behaviors.

💡Law of Effect

The Law of Effect, as introduced by Edward Thorndike, is a principle stating that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. The video uses the example of a cat learning to escape a puzzle box to illustrate this concept, showing how it applies to learning and behavior adaptation.

💡Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs, is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a response through repeated pairing with another stimulus. In the video, the famous example of a dog salivating at the sound of a bell, previously neutral, after it is repeatedly paired with food, illustrates how new responses can be learned.

💡Little Albert Experiment

The Little Albert experiment, conducted by John B. Watson, is a famous study in behavioral psychology that demonstrated how emotional responses can be conditioned. In the video, it is mentioned as an example of how an infant can be conditioned to fear a previously neutral stimulus, such as a white rat, through repeated pairing with a loud noise. This experiment is significant for understanding the development of emotional responses.

💡Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation, as discussed by David Premack, refers to the internal drive to perform an action for its own sake, rather than for external rewards. The video explains how intrinsic motivation can lead to behaviors that are self-rewarding, such as engaging in activities for personal satisfaction or enjoyment. This concept is important for understanding how individuals may develop behaviors based on personal values and interests.

💡Extrinsic Rewards

Extrinsic rewards are incentives that come from outside the individual, such as money, praise, or grades. The video contrasts these with intrinsic rewards, suggesting that as individuals develop, they may place more value on intrinsic rewards like self-care and mental health. Understanding the role of extrinsic rewards is crucial for examining how external factors influence behavior.

Highlights

Behavioral perspective in developmental psychology focuses on stimulus-response relationships.

Behavior is modified due to the consequences it receives, forming the basis of the behavioral perspective.

Four assumptions of the behavioral perspective: environmental influence, learning through stimuli and responses, timing of stimulus and response, and similar learning methods in animals and humans.

Operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner involves learning through consequences and is a key concept in behavioral perspective.

Skinner's box experiment demonstrated how consequences influence animal behavior.

Reinforcers, both positive and negative, strengthen behaviors, while punishment decreases them.

Thorndike's research on intelligence and multiple types of intelligence led to his experiments with cats in puzzle boxes.

Law of Effect by Thorndike states that behaviors followed by rewards are more likely to be repeated.

Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs demonstrated learning through associated stimuli.

Watson's Little Albert experiment showed that emotions can be transferred through conditioning.

Premack Principle by David Premack focuses on intrinsic motivation and rewards.

Behavioral perspective applies to development across the lifespan, with environmental influences remaining constant but our responses to them changing.

As we age, our motivations shift from material rewards to intrinsic values like peace of mind and self-care.

Behavioral theories have practical applications in everyday life, such as understanding how habits form and change.

Transcripts

okay hello now let's talk about

the different perspectives under

developmental psychology

the first perspective is behavioral

perspective so imagine it's your

birthday

and you're finally old enough to buy a

lottery ticket

you go to the local convenience store

purchase your first ticket

and scratch it off to see if you want

any money

if this happened to you and you won

you would probably be like to buy more

lottery tickets in the future

because your behavior was

rewarded however if this happened

to you and you lost you would probably

be less likely to buy more lottery

tickets

in the future because your behavior

was punished by losing money so how does

that behavior works

so behavioral perspective talks about

stimulus response relationship

so this is the tendency to modify

our own behavior due to the consequences

of that behavior is the basic foundation

of this perspective so

like our example earlier

so you buy a lottery ticket and then you

won

there is a chance that you will buy

again a lottery ticket and try again

to win or to want the job park and then

if you lost what will happen you will

not

try it again okay or

you you will have to buy again

a ticket and brace yourself

for another win or lost situation

okay so it's like touching a hat

right so the stimulus there is touching

and then your response will be

swaying your arm away from the hot

pan so that is your behavior you are

hurt because the pad is hot

okay so there are four assumptions about

behavioral

perspective the first one is the

environment

influences behavior meaning

behaviors are a result of our

interaction

with the environment um

for example you are stuck in the traffic

so that is an environmental influence

stopped in the traffic

so what will be your behavior then are

you gonna be patient

are you gonna get irritated are you

gonna get mad

okay number two learning is described

through stimuli and responses

so observable events rather than

events that occur inside a person's

head so like for example don you is in

heart pan and your

hand okay similar stimuli and

responses number three

learning must result when stimulus and

response

occur close together in time

so the hot pan in your hand you learn

number four animals and humans

learn in similar ways of course we are

very different

in terms of animals because

as humans can rationalize

but for animals

until they get the food in the hot

pan right so these are the four

assumptions

under behavioral perspective

so how will we apply this one in terms

of

our development our changes

across the lifespan

so as we age as we grow as we develop

our environmental influences don't

develop

because it is what it is

our response to the hot environment as

we grow older

okay

but as we grow older we respond to the

hot environment in terms of amalily goho

ah i will feel na malame

situations now let's talk about

different theories and researches

that corresponds behavioral perspective

okay so we have the next which is

operant conditioning by bf skinner

so many behaviors then um

[Music]

experiment which is operant conditioning

edward foreign died not introducing law

effect

by observing the behavior of animal

trying to escape

the puzzle boxes and then

we have the father of operant

conditioning which is

bf skinner based on

law of foreign so his famous experiment

is called

skinner's box or conditioning

chamber so through this experiment

skinner found that consequences for the

animals

played a large role in their response

behavior

on behavior depends on consequences

so the skinner box is when a rat put a

lever

it would receive food so subsequently

the rat made frequent pulls on the lever

of course

so it is a form of learning described by

many behaviorists

in which a response increases in

frequency as a result

of its being followed by reinforcement

so as the mouse or as the rat pulls its

lever

and your body which is the food so

positive reinforcement so

reinforcers can be positive or negative

and both

to strengthen behaviors and responses

which is which if you have given a

reward through positive

reinforcement chapter must strengthen

your behavior you to do it again

if negative reinforcement numbers

so on the other hand punishment differs

from negative reinforcement because it

acts

to decrease a response but remember use

punishment sparingly

okay so in summary operant conditioning

deals with reinforcement

and the strengthening of behaviors

and also remember reinforcers can be

positive or negative and both

act to strengthen behaviors and

responses

and on the other hand punishment

with response to decreasing or less

likeliness

right so psychology says that this type

of behavior so the first one is

thorndike's research

he started due to his interest in

intelligent

and different types of intelligence do

you know

multiple um multiple types of

intelligence like visual

kinesthetic

and so on and so forth so

such as we are capable of

doing multiple tasks simultaneously so

do you agree multiple tasks

like watching movies while eating

reading a book while drinking our coffee

um chatting with our friends while

listening to music

and so on and so forth so

he started his research with a series of

famous experiments which he used

cats in puzzle breakfast that could

adopt their behavior

in order to achieve positive

consequences and avoid

negative consequences so what is this

research about cats in

puzzle boxes so he created puzzle boxes

and then

he put the cat inside that box

should or would have to figure out a

series of behaviors

to escape the bat

so to simply escaping the box

this behaviors the cats were further

rewarded

with a dish of food the cats were put

inside the same puzzle box several times

and each time

and miniature

on how to escape the boxes and he tried

so what is this called you giving of

reward and not giving

of reward in terms of the behavior or

in terms of the action of the path

so thorndike find the term

law of effect so number one

if a particular behavior is followed by

a desirable consequence or a reward

that behavior is more likely to happen

again

in the

so that is the first law of effect

the second one is an undesirable

consequence or punishment

that behavior is less likely

to happen again in the future

like for example um what if you

don't experiment foreign

is

okay so let's slightly to happen again

so like for example you are late in the

class

and then the minus five go

the next class say you don't want

to have that minus point again

okay so another situational example

is for a child

and

like for example for toddlers

which is rising

um

number two um example of law of effect

number one

for adults

less likely

no like for us for you students

if you have done your modules before the

deadline

the of effect my reward comes

before the deadline law of effect

deduction of points so in our everyday

life

wedding is applied to law of effect

having entered a picture

what goes around comes around

okay next study about

behavioral perspective is the most

famous

pablo pavlov's dog under

classical conditioning so classical

conditioning is defined as a form of

learning in which a new

involuntary response is acquired as a

result of

stimuli being presented at the same

time so like

for pavlov's he used his dog

to condition itself in terms of

hungriness the dogs were conditioned to

salivate

when food arrived at the sound of the

bell

so let's try to see the first picture in

the

the presentation

so the dog salivates when he

when he was presented by food okay

then the next one the dog did not

salivate

at the sound of the bill

then the third one he tried to associate

the food in the bell

okay sonic salivating though and then

trials and trials of doing

the picture number three until

he associated the sound of the bell into

m

elementary high school and then

uh

okay next one

watson's little advert so in this kind

of

research or experiment watson maintained

that emotions

may be transferred from an object or an

event

to another person if the circumstances

are right so this is the famous

experiment about little albert or baby

albert

okay so princess and channel white pratt

and for our last research about

behavioral perspective so we have

pre-map principle

so this was started by david prima

a psychologist in the 1950s and 60s who

became interested

in studying the internal motivation for

particular behaviors because according

to psychologists

this type of behavior is done because of

intrinsic rewards so

is it from money food

and appreciation from others and so on

and so forth

so for prima principle intrinsic which

is

inside of you which is your

self-acceptance

or self-care it's the part of your

reward so it argued that when you

consider all of the possible behaviors

you might do

such as when you are presented with free

time you can drop order your preference

for each behavior

depending on your personality and needs

at the time

there are sometimes

so forth so that is through your

intrinsic

reinforcement so how will we inline this

different theories or researches to our

development

so according to wording or

rather that according or as we

as we grow or as we age

those rewards those that are informed

those reinforcements are

material things but we care for

what we really want in our life like

peace of mind self-care

stable mental health and so on and so

forth so

so there you go our behavioral

perspective

and stay tuned for our next

perspective thank you very much