Sejarah Kota dan Perencanaan Kota di Indonesia

Summary

This script discusses the urban history and city planning in Indonesia, divided into four historical periods: ancient temples like Borobudur (3rd-9th centuries), the rise of coastal cities during the fall of Majapahit (15th-17th centuries), European influence from the 19th to 20th centuries, and post-independence urbanization. It also covers different periodizations by experts like Sujarto and Alisjahbana, highlighting the evolution from traditional considerations to modern, structured planning aimed at achieving urban welfare and environmental control.

Takeaways

• 🏛️ The script discusses the history and urban planning of cities in Indonesia, divided into different historical periods.
• 🗓️ The first period covers from the 3rd to the 9th century, marked by the presence of monumental temples like Borobudur and Prambanan, indicating a high culture and complex social structure.
• 🏰 The second period spans from the 9th to the 15th century, featuring the rise of kingdoms like Kediri, Singosari, and Majapahit, with more substantial evidence of urban development.
• 🌊 The third period, from the 15th to the 17th century, saw the emergence of coastal cities like Gresik and Demak due to the decline of Majapahit, facilitating trade and urban growth.
• 🏞️ The fourth period covers the 19th to the 20th century, where Indonesian cities began to be influenced by European powers, including the impact of the Suez Canal opening.
• 📚 According to Sujarto, there are four historical periods of city development in Indonesia: pre-VOC, colonial, transition (post-independence and decolonization), and the New Order era.
• 🏗️ Alisjahbana's perspective divides the urban planning period into five: VOC era planning focused on forts, Dutch colonial urbanization to address urban issues, improvement of indigenous villages, revolutionary era legislation for comprehensive city planning, and post-independence development with structured planning laws.
• 🎓 The 1960s-70s saw the establishment of urban planning studies at ITB to support city planning.
• 📋 The 1970s-85s introduced regulations for city planning, such as the Mendagri No. 4 of 1980 and the introduction of the 'Kotabaru' plan inspired by British town and country planning.
• 🗂️ Post the 1992 spatial planning law, urban planning became more hierarchical with national, provincial, and regional spatial plans to ensure consistency with national strategies and regional coherence.
• 🌐 The ultimate goal of urban planning in Indonesia is to organize cities for the welfare of urban communities and to control the environment.

Q & A

What is the first period of Indonesian city history mentioned in the script?

The first period mentioned in the script is from the 3rd to the 9th century, which includes the construction of monumental temples like Borobudur and Prambanan, indicating a high culture and complex social structure.

Which kingdoms are associated with the first period of Indonesian city history?

The kingdoms associated with the first period are Sriwijaya and Medang, which are indicative of a sophisticated culture and complex social structure.

What is the second period of Indonesian city history as described in the script?

The second period spans from the 9th to the 15th century and includes the rule of kingdoms such as Kediri, Singosari, and Majapahit. This period is characterized by more substantial evidence of urban development.

What is the significance of the Majapahit kingdom in Indonesian city history?

The Majapahit kingdom is significant as it left tangible remains of cities and was a traditional center of governance located near rivers, protected by forts.

What changes occurred in Indonesian city locations during the third period?

During the third period, from the 15th to the 17th century, cities began to emerge along the coasts, such as Gresik, Demak, and Jakarta-Banten, due to the ease of navigation and trade in shallow seas.

How did inland cities develop during the third period of Indonesian city history?

Inland cities like Jogjakarta, Surakarta, and Surabaya also began to grow during this period, influenced by European presence and the spread of Islam.

What are the key features of the fourth period of Indonesian city history?

The fourth period, from the 19th to the 20th century, is marked by European influence on Indonesian cities, including the impact of the Suez Canal opening.

According to Sutarto, how many periods of Indonesian city development are there?

According to Sutarto, there are four periods of Indonesian city development, which are pre-VOC, colonial, post-independence transition, and the New Order era.

What is the focus of Alisjahbana's city planning periods in Indonesia?

Alisjahbana's periods of city planning focus on the development from the VOC era, through urbanization efforts by the Dutch government, to the establishment of comprehensive city planning during the revolution and development periods.

What was the role of the Department of Public Works in Indonesian city planning during the 1980s?

In the 1980s, the Department of Public Works introduced the Kotabaru plan, which was inspired by British town and country planning concepts, aiming to maintain consistency between city development and national strategies.

How has Indonesian city planning evolved from Dutch colonial times to the post-1992 era?

Indonesian city planning has evolved from being limited during Dutch colonial times to a more structured and hierarchical approach post-1992, with the introduction of the Spatial Planning Law (No. 24 of 1992), leading to the creation of national, provincial, and regional spatial plans.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Indonesian Urban History and Planning

The script discusses the historical periods of city and urban planning in Indonesia. It starts with the first period from the 3rd to the 9th century, highlighting the monumental temples like Borobudur and Prambanan, indicating a high culture and complex social structure. The second period spans from the 9th to the 15th century, marked by the rise and fall of kingdoms like Kediri, Singosari, and Majapahit, with tangible urban remains and traditional governance centers near rivers. The third period, from the 15th to the 17th century, witnesses the emergence of coastal cities due to the decline of Majapahit, with trade facilitated through deep-sea ports. The fourth period covers the 19th to the 20th century, influenced by European presence, including the opening of the Suez Canal. The script then shifts to discuss different periodizations by experts like Sujarto and Sutarto, emphasizing the development of cities before and during the Dutch colonial era, the transmigration program, and the urbanization that followed Indonesia's independence.

05:02

🏗️ Evolution of Urban Planning in Indonesia

The script continues with the evolution of urban planning in Indonesia, focusing on the Dutch colonial period's urbanization efforts to address city problems and establish building regulations. It mentions the initial planning for VOC (Dutch East India Company) and the later expansion to improve the living conditions of indigenous people. The script then discusses the revolutionary period's comprehensive city planning requirements and the development phases post-independence. It outlines the growth of urban planning from limited Dutch influence to a more structured approach, including the establishment of urban planning as an academic discipline at ITB and the introduction of national spatial planning guidelines. The summary concludes with the hierarchical approach to spatial planning post the 1992 spatial planning law, emphasizing the aim to ensure urban development aligns with national strategies and regional coherence for the welfare of city dwellers and environmental sustainability.

Keywords

💡Urban Planning

Urban planning refers to the process of designing and shaping the physical and social characteristics of urban areas. It involves land use, transportation, infrastructure, and community facilities. In the video, urban planning is discussed in the context of Indonesia's historical city development, emphasizing the evolution from traditional settlements to modern cities influenced by European ideas.

💡Periodization

Periodization is the division of history into distinct time periods characterized by similar cultural, social, or political developments. The video uses periodization to categorize the history of Indonesian cities into four distinct periods, each marked by significant changes in urban development and governance.

💡Candi

Candi refers to ancient Hindu or Buddhist temples in Indonesia, often characterized by their monumental architecture. In the script, Candi Borobudur and Candi Prambanan are mentioned as examples of monumental structures from the first period of Indonesian city history, indicating a high level of culture and complex social structure.

💡Sriwijaya and Medang Kingdoms

These were ancient Indonesian kingdoms that played significant roles in the early history of Indonesian cities. The Sriwijaya Kingdom was a maritime power, while Medang was a land-based kingdom. They are mentioned in the video as examples of early complex societies that had an impact on the development of cities.

💡Kediri, Singosari, and Majapahit Kingdoms

These kingdoms represent the second period of Indonesian city history. The video mentions that during this time, there was more substantial evidence of urban development, such as the remains of the Majapahit city, which was strategically located near rivers and protected by forts.

💡Coastal Cities

With the decline of the Majapahit Kingdom, the video describes the rise of coastal cities such as Gresik, Demak, and Jakarta-Banten. These cities were strategically located along the coast, facilitating trade and marking a shift from riverine to maritime urban centers.

💡Inland Cities

Inland cities like Yogyakarta and Surakarta began to grow during the third period, as mentioned in the video. These cities were not located on rivers or coasts but developed due to cultural and political factors, such as the influence of European powers and the spread of Islam.

💡European Influence

The video discusses the impact of European powers on Indonesian cities during the 19th to 20th centuries. This influence is part of the fourth period of Indonesian city history, where urban development began to reflect European ideas and the opening of the Suez Canal.

💡Transmigration

Transmigration refers to the government-sponsored movement of people from one region to another to promote economic development and relieve population pressures. The video mentions transmigration as a factor in the growth of Indonesian cities during the colonial period.

💡Alisjahbana

Alisjahbana was an influential Indonesian architect and urban planner who contributed to the development of urban planning in Indonesia. The video discusses his periodization of urban planning into five distinct periods, each characterized by different approaches to city development and planning.

💡Rencana Kotabaru

Rencana Kotabaru, or New City Plan, was introduced by the Indonesian Department of Public Works in the 1980s, inspired by British town and country planning. The video mentions it as part of the evolution of urban planning in Indonesia, aiming to create comprehensive city plans that align with national strategies and regional coherence.

💡Urbanization

Urbanization is the process by which towns and cities become more significant as populations and industries shift from rural to urban areas. The video discusses urbanization in the context of the Dutch colonial period, where it was addressed through urban planning regulations to manage city growth and improve living conditions.

Highlights

Discussion on urban history and city planning in Indonesia

Periodization of Indonesian city history into four periods by Ridho

First period includes monumental candi buildings like Borobudur and Prambanan

Existence of Sriwijaya and Medang kingdoms indicating complex social structures

Minimal evidence of urban development in the first period

Second period from 9th to 15th century with kingdoms like Kediri, Singosari, and Majapahit

Remnants of Majapahit city found near traditional governance centers along rivers

Third period from 15th to 17th century marked by the rise of coastal cities like Gresik and Demak

Inland cities like Jogjakarta and Surakarta began to grow outside riverbanks

Fourth period from 19th to 20th century influenced by European presence and Islamic culture

Sujarto's periodization of Indonesian urban development into four historical periods

Pre-VOC period with cities built before Dutch colonialism like Majapahit and Mataram

Colonial period with institutional development and transmigration programs

1950s marked by urban transition, population growth, and urbanization in major cities

New Order era saw high urban issues and development outside Java

Alisjahbana's periodization of city planning into five periods

VOC period with city planning focused within forts and limited to non-indigenous areas

Urbanization period to address urban issues and government regulations on city development

Improvement of indigenous living conditions through government programs

Revolution period with Dutch government issuing comprehensive city planning laws

Post-law period with structured hierarchical city planning and national spatial plans

Emphasis on the continuous development of Indonesian city planning from Dutch era to present

Aim of city planning to achieve urban welfare and control the environment

Transcripts

Hai selamat pagi selamat siang selamat

sore selamat malam semuanya masih

berjumpa dengan channel oleh-oleh

ekonomi Sekarang kita akan membahas

salah satu materi perkotaan kita akan

membahas tentang sejarah kota dan

perencanaan kota yang ada di Indonesia

Oke kita mulai pertama kita akan

mendasarkan pembahasan kita itu pada

periodesasi itu menurut lompat-lompat

itu membagi periode sejarah kota di

Indonesia menjadi 4 periode Ridho

pertama itu adalah periode di abad ke-3

sampai dengan abad ke-9 kiri di periode

ini adalah sudah terdapat bangunan candi

yang monumental seperti candi Borobudur

Candi Prambanan dan yang lain-lain Serta

adanya kerajaan Sriwijaya dan kerajaan

Medang nah hal ini sebenarnya telah

menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat

mempunyai kebudayaan yang tinggi dengan

struktur sosial yang kompleks karena

sosial yang kompleks itu kemudian

kebudayaannya itu tinggi susunan

perkotaan dan aglomerasi itu pasti juga

Kompleks namun Sayangnya kita mempunyai

bukti yang minim terhadap hal ini Ria

itu di periode pertama berada kedua itu

adalah periode ke abad 9 sampai dengan

abad ke-15 ide-ide ini merupakan periode

pemerintahan kerajaan-kerajaan seperti

Kediri Singosari dan Majapahit nah

berbeda dengan periode sebelumnya yang

minim bukti kalau periode ini

peninggalan kota Majapahit itu ada dan

ditemukan bekasnya irya di produk ini

pusat pemerintahan tradisional di masa

kini itu berada di tepian sungai

kemudian pusat pemerintahan itu

dilindungi dengan benteng Ini ya itu di

produk kedua kemudian di produk ketiga

dibilang

tiga ini merupakan abad 15 sampai dengan

abad ke-17 seiring runtuhnya Majapahit

mulai berdiri kota-kota di tepi laut

kalau tadi kan di tepi sungai sekarang

di tepi laut seperti Gresik Demak

jakarta-banten nah letak kotanya itu di

Laut dangkal yang bisa dilayari sehingga

perdagangan juga dapat dilakukan melalui

kota ini tiap kemudian kota pedalaman

juga mulai tumbuh tidak di tepian sungai

dan juga tidak ditemukan laut contohnya

adalah Jogjakarta Surah dan Surakarta

dipilih ini orang-orang Eropa juga mulai

masuk termasuk kebudayaan Islam juga

mulai ada itu diberi ketiga di produk ke

empat ini merupakan abad ke-19 sampai

dengan abad 20 di abad ini kota-kota di

Indonesia mulai dipengaruhi oleh Eropa

dimana Mungkin salah satunya merupakan

hasil atau dampak dari telah dibukanya

Terusan Suez sekarang kita beralih ke

periodisasi kota atau daerah perkotaan

di Indonesia menurut ahli yang lain

yaitu menurut sujarto menurut sutarto

itu ada empat periode sejarah

perkembangan kota di Indonesia yang

pertama adalah pra VOC di perampok ini

berarti kota-kota itu eh dibangun

sebelum kedatangan kolonial Belanda Iya

contohnya adalah kota di masa Majapahit

Mataram Lama dan sebagainya yang cirinya

adalah dibangun berdasarkan pertimbangan

tradisional Oke kemudian di masa

kolonial di masa kolonial ini ada

perkembangan perangkat institusi dan

konstitusi juga kemudian kita juga

mengenal misalnya politik etika di pada

perbaikan Kampung pribumi dan ada

program transmigrasi di sini ya kemudian

tahun 50-an tahun 50-an ini adalah

transisi kemerdekaan

dan penjajahan dan ada lonjakan penduduk

di sini terutama di kota-kota Besar Kota

Jakarta Semarang Surabaya Bandung dan

Makasar akibat adanya urbanisasi Ilya

itu di tahun 50-an kalau di masa remitta

masa Orde Baru masalah perkotaan kepada

Tentu juga tinggi masih tinggi tetapi

kota-kota lain di luar Jawa juga

berkembang ini akibat eksploitasi sumber

daya alam akibat transmigrasi dan juga

perkembangan administrasi pemerintahan

Hai sekarang kita beralih ke

perkembangan perencanaan kota menurut

Alisjahbana it perkembangan kota di

Indonesia Alisjahbana membagi periode

perkembangan perencanaan kota ini

menjadi lima periode ya Yang pertama

adalah di masa VOC di masa VOC ini ada

perencanaan kota Tetapi lebih

dikhususkan kepada di dalam benteng

artinya ke area VOC itu sendiri bukan di

pribumi kemudian dewasa urbanisasi masa

urbanisasi ini dilakukan untuk mengatasi

masalah perkotaan pemerintah Belanda

kemudian mengeluarkan peraturan tentang

pembangunan kota terutama untuk

mendirikan bangunan yaitu masa

urbanisasi kemudian masa perbaikan

lingkungan nah di awal disampaikan bahwa

di awalnya perencanaan kota itu hanya

untuk VOC Tetapi keadaan pribumi yang

sangat mengenaskan pemerintah Belanda

juga meluncurkan program untuk perbaikan

Kampung lihat itu masa perbaikan

lingkungan kemudian ada masa revolusi

Hai di masa ini pemerintah Belanda

mengeluarkan undang-undang pembentukan

kota dalam undang-undang ini dalam

membangun kota itu diperlukan

perencanaan yang menyeluruh itu dimasa

revolusi kemudian di masa pembangunan

berencana dibagi menjadi empat masa ada

dekade 60-70 kemudian 70-85 80-90 dan

pasca adanya undang-undang penataan

ruang tahun 92 ini mungkin kita hanya

membahas sekilas tentang perkembangan

perencanaan kota ini tapi yang

ditekankan disini adalah bahwa

perencanaan kota Indonesia itu terus

berkembang dari masa Belanda yang

terbatas kemudian terus berkembang terus

berkembang semuanya itu dilakukan dalam

rangka untuk mengatur kota sehingga

kesejahteraan masyarakat kota itu

terwujud dan juga lingkungannya itu bisa

dikendalikan itu ya itu tujuan dari

perencanaan kota Nah tadi kita sudah

membahas bahwa

Hai Ali Sabana ada masa pembangunan

perencanaan dan rinciannya adalah bahwa

pada dekade 60-70 itu mulai dibentuk

jurusan Planologi ITB ini dalam rangka

untuk mendukung perencanaan kota

Kemudian pada tahun 70 sampai dengan 85

itu ada peraturan Mendagri nomor 4 tahun

80 tentang pedoman penyusunan rencana

kota kemudian tahun 85 sampai 90 itu

Departemen Pekerjaan Umum mengenalkan

rencana Kotabaru yang mengambil ide dari

British tahun dan country planning at

dengan produk ada berbagai rencana umum

tata ruang salah satu rencana tata ruang

tersebut adalah disebut nyeruput Rp

berencana umum tata ruang perkotaan ini

digunakan untuk menjaga konsistensi

perkembangan pembangunan suatu kota

dengan strategi nasional dan keserasian

wilayah sekitarnya kemudian di masa

pasca undang-undang penataan ruang yaitu

undang-undang nomor 24 tahun 92

perencanaan tata ruang

dilakukan secara hirarki ini lebih

terstruktur dilakukan secara hirarki

dengan produk berupa rencana tata ruang

wilayah nasional rtrw provinsi dan rtrw

kabupaten atau kota mungkin secara

singkat gambaran sejarah perkembangan

perencanaan kota di Indonesia seperti

itu ya