Lesson 2: Gender & Sexuality Across Time

Summary

In this educational lesson, Sean Savialita explores the historical understanding of gender and sexuality, highlighting the evolution from egalitarian societies to patriarchy. The lecture defines key terms like patriarchy and feminism, discusses how gender roles shifted with the discovery of paternity and the advent of agriculture, and outlines the feminist movement's progress in challenging oppressive structures. It also addresses contemporary issues like the gender pay gap and women's rights, emphasizing the ongoing struggle for equality.

Takeaways

• 📚 The lesson aims to discuss the historical evolution of gender and sexuality, and how these concepts have shaped human societies.
• 👥 Patriarchy is defined as a social system where men hold primary power in political and private spheres, leading to the oppression of women.
• 🌐 Feminism is a series of social movements challenging patriarchy and advocating for women's rights and gender equality.
• 🌟 Historically, societies had a high regard for women, treating them equally due to the concept of divine feminine and their role in childbearing.
• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 The discovery of paternity during the agricultural era led to a shift in societal views, favoring men in productive roles and relegating women to domestic tasks.
• 🏭 The industrial era intensified gender disparity, with men being preferred for labor due to their perceived physical strength and the fact they do not bear children.
• 🏛️ Patriarchy is considered a social construct rather than a biological phenomenon, as prehistoric societies showed more egalitarian structures.
• 📜 Historical views on gender varied, with Greek philosophers viewing women as inferior, while Egyptian women enjoyed higher status and rights.
• 🚫 Gender biases in ancient patriarchal societies were strict and often violent, severely limiting women's rights and opportunities.
• 💪 Feminism has led to significant progress in women's rights, including suffrage, reproductive rights, and equal opportunities in education and employment.
• 🌍 The United Nations reports highlight the ongoing struggle for gender equality, with women performing more work but receiving less income and owning less property.

Q & A

What is the main objective of the lesson on gender and sexuality across time and history?

The main objective is to enable students to discuss the historical roots of our understanding of gender and sexuality and to appreciate how this understanding has evolved over time, affecting various aspects of social and human life.

What is the definition of 'patriarchy' as discussed in the script?

Patriarchy is defined as a social system where men primarily hold power in the political and private spheres.

How does the script describe the role of women in early civilizations?

In early civilizations, women were highly regarded due to the concept of divine feminine, and they were treated equally with men, leading to egalitarian societies where men and women had equitable power and roles.

What significant change occurred in societal views of gender with the discovery of paternity?

With the discovery of paternity, societies began to privilege men over other genders, mainly due to their preferential role in the productive sphere, while women were viewed as solely capable of reproductive affairs and home-related tasks.

How did the industrial era impact gender disparity according to the script?

The industrial era intensified gender disparity by favoring men in the workforce because they did not have to bear children for nine months and were perceived to have greater physical strength.

What is the origin of the term 'patriarchy' as mentioned in the script?

The term 'patriarchy' comes from the Greek word 'patriarchas', which means the rule of the father.

How does the script explain the historical view of gender in ancient Greece?

In ancient Greece, philosophers like Plato and Aristotle viewed women as inferior and as properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear children, and take care of the household.

What role did Confucianism play in shaping gender norms in China according to the script?

Confucianism in China had stringent written rules dictating how women should conduct themselves, emphasizing obedience to father, husband, and son, and restricting their roles to the household.

What is the script's description of the feminist movement's aim?

The feminist movement aims to challenge the patriarchal society and the oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women.

What are the key demands of feminism as outlined in the script?

The key demands of feminism include women's suffrage, equality in politics and society, reproductive rights, addressing domestic violence and sexual harassment, and equitable wages and equal employment opportunities.

How does the script summarize the progress of women's rights from ancient times to the present?

The script summarizes that women have come a long way since ancient times through the feminist movement, but patriarchy still exists in subtle forms of oppression such as sexism and gender pay gap.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Introduction to Gender and Sexuality

Sean Savialita introduces the topic of gender and sexuality across different historical periods. The lesson aims to discuss the historical roots of our understanding of these concepts and how they have evolved over time, affecting various aspects of social and human life. The instructor defines key terms such as 'patriarchy' and 'feminism,' explaining how societies have shifted from egalitarian to patriarchal systems. Historical accounts and archaeological findings suggest that early human societies valued women highly, but the discovery of paternity and the agricultural era led to a shift in gender roles, favoring men in the productive sphere.

05:00

🏛️ Patriarchy: Definition and Historical Roots

The second paragraph delves into the concept of patriarchy, tracing its origins to the Greek word 'patriarchas,' meaning the rule of the father. It describes how patriarchy is a social system where men hold power in political and private spheres, leading to an expectation for women to obey and be relegated to domestic roles. The paragraph also discusses the historical progression from egalitarian societies to patrilineal ones, where men inherit property and family names, excluding women from such rights. The influence of Greek philosophers and the spread of Greek culture, as well as Confucian teachings in China, are highlighted as examples of how women were historically viewed as inferior and confined to服从 roles.

10:01

🚫 Gender Biases and Patriarchal Society

Paragraph three addresses the strict enforcement of gender biases in ancient patriarchal societies, where women faced severe limitations, such as being denied education and the right to express opinions. It provides examples from the Spanish period in the Philippines, where women were voiceless and treated as second-class citizens. The paragraph also discusses the subtle forms of oppression that persist today, such as sexism, the gender pay gap, underrepresentation in politics, and societal expectations that limit women's roles. The feminist movement is presented as a series of social movements aiming to challenge patriarchy and promote women's rights.

15:02

🌱 Women's Empowerment and Feminism

The fourth paragraph focuses on women's empowerment and the feminist movement, which seeks to challenge patriarchal structures and promote equality. It outlines the historical progression of feminism, from the first wave demanding voting rights and property ownership to later waves addressing issues like reproductive rights, domestic violence, and wage inequality. The paragraph also highlights the United Nations' reports on the unequal distribution of work and income between men and women. It concludes by listing the key demands of feminism, such as women's suffrage, equal representation in politics and society, reproductive rights, and the right to be free from sexual harassment and violence.

20:04

🔄 Recap of Gender and Sexuality's Evolution

The final paragraph reiterates the lesson's objectives, emphasizing the importance of understanding the historical roots of gender and sexuality. It recaps the definition of key terms like 'patriarchy' and 'feminism' and summarizes the shift from societies that revered women to those that privileged men, particularly in the productive sphere. The paragraph also touches on the industrial era's impact on gender roles, reinforcing the need for a continued examination of social and political conditions to promote a more equitable understanding of gender and sexuality.

Keywords

💡Patriarchy

Patriarchy is defined as a social system where men primarily hold power in the political and private spheres. It is a structure that upholds male supremacy in law, tone, in the workplace, and in society. The video discusses how patriarchy has historically disadvantaged women, relegating them to roles within the household and denying them opportunities in education, politics, and other areas traditionally dominated by men. The concept is directly tied to the video's theme of exploring gender dynamics across time.

💡Feminism

Feminism is described as a continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society and oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women. The video outlines the evolution of feminism through different waves, each addressing various issues such as voting rights, reproductive rights, and wage equality. Feminism is central to the video's narrative, as it represents the countermovement to patriarchy and the push for gender equality.

💡Gender and Sexuality

Gender and sexuality are core to the video's exploration of how societal views and understandings have evolved over time. Gender refers to the roles, behaviors, and expectations assigned to males and females by society, while sexuality pertains to identity, attraction, and behavior. The video discusses how these constructs have been viewed differently across cultures and historical periods, impacting the rights and status of individuals.

💡Divine Feminine

The concept of the divine feminine refers to the sacredness attributed to women, particularly due to their ability to give birth. The video mentions that in the distant past, women were highly regarded and treated equally with men, reflecting a societal structure that valued the feminine. This concept is used to contrast with later historical periods where patriarchal views diminished women's status.

💡Paternity

Paternity, or fatherhood, is discussed in the context of how the discovery of paternity during the agricultural era changed societal views of gender roles. The video suggests that this discovery led to a shift in power dynamics, favoring men in productive roles and relegating women to reproductive roles. This term is crucial for understanding the historical changes in gender roles discussed in the video.

💡Industrial Era

The industrial era is mentioned as a period that intensified gender disparity. During this time, the video explains, men were preferred for labor due to the physical demands of industrial work and the fact that women bore children. This era exemplifies a historical context where gender roles were rigidly defined and reinforced by societal and economic structures.

💡Egalitarian Society

An egalitarian society is one where all members have equal rights and status. The video contrasts this concept with patriarchy, suggesting that in the past, societies were more egalitarian, with men and women sharing equitable power and roles. This term is used to illustrate an ideal that the video argues has been eroded by the rise of patriarchal structures.

💡Feminine Empowerment

Feminine empowerment is discussed as a key goal of feminism, aiming to give women more control over their lives, bodies, and opportunities. The video highlights various aspects of empowerment, such as the right to vote, own property, and make decisions about their bodies. This term encapsulates the broader aspirations of the feminist movement as presented in the video.

💡Intersectionality

Intersectionality is a concept that recognizes the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, which together create overlapping systems of discrimination or disadvantage. The video mentions how the women's liberation movement views intersectionality, particularly in terms of economic status and how it intersects with patriarchy to create complex forms of oppression.

💡Reproductive Rights

Reproductive rights refer to the rights of individuals to have control over their own reproductive health, including family planning, contraception, and abortion. The video discusses how these rights have been a significant focus of feminist movements, as they directly impact women's autonomy and well-being. This term is integral to understanding the video's discussion on women's rights and bodily autonomy.

💡Gender Bias

Gender bias is prejudice or discrimination based on gender, which the video discusses as a historical and ongoing issue. The video provides examples of how gender bias has manifested in different societies, such as limiting women's access to education and political participation. This term is used to highlight systemic inequalities that the video argues need to be addressed for true gender equality.

Highlights

Lesson objective: Understand historical roots of gender and sexuality.

Definition of patriarchy as a social system where men hold power.

Feminism challenges patriarchal society and oppressive structures.

Information availability allows for detailed examination of social conditions.

Early civilizations regarded women with high esteem due to divine feminine concept.

Discovery of paternity shifted societal views, favoring men in productive roles.

Patriarchy is a social construct, not a biological phenomenon.

Friedrich Engels argued patriarchy emerged with private property.

Greek philosophers viewed women as inferior and properties of men.

Egyptian women had higher social status than Greek women.

Confucianism in China dictated strict rules for women's conduct.

Patriarchal society enforced strict gender biases and often violent.

Spanish period in the Philippines suppressed women's voices.

Feminism seeks to challenge and change oppressive patriarchal structures.

First wave of feminism focused on women's right to vote and own property.

Second wave of feminism addressed social and cultural inequalities.

Third and fourth waves of feminism continue to fight for women's rights.

UN reports show women perform more work but earn less and own less property.

Feminism demands equality in voting, politics, society, reproductive rights, and employment.

Transcripts

okay good day too my dear students I'm

Sean savialita and we'll talk about

gender and sexuality across time and

across history

okay so lesson objectives at the end of

this lesson you should be able to

discuss the historical roots of our

understanding of gender and sexuality

and show appreciation of how this

understanding evolved Through Time

affected various aspects of social of

human life

okay so by definition of terms

patriarchy is considered as a social

system where men primarily hold power in

the political and private spheres

feminism is a continuing series of

social movements that aim to challenge

the patriarchal society and creates this

oppressive political structures beliefs

and practices against women

thank you

so introduction

so the society has progressed so much in

a way that information and knowledge is

available to everyone

this gives us an opportunity to examine

our social and political conditions in

more detail than when information was

cursed and limited to only a few

individuals

historical accounts show that across

time humans conception of gender and

sexuality has also changed

archaeological artifacts reveal that in

the distant past during the dawn of

civilizations

human societies have high regard for

women

the concept of divine feminine the

sacredness of the woman due to her

ability to consume children has

prevailed and thus women are treated

equally with men

so this makes societies egalitarian

so men and women have Equitable power

and roles

however humans discovery of paternity

which refers to fatherhood

presumably during the agricultural ERA

with societies began to establish

communities

and tame rear cattle stocks

have also changed how societies have

viewed women and men they're from

for the longest time they're after

Society is a privileged men over other

genders mainly because of the

preferential given to them

in the productive sphere

so women who have been revered due to

their ability to conceive have been

viewed as solely capable only of

reproductive affairs

world of the home and related tasks such

as suckling the young child rearing and

home management

the the gender disparity was intensified

by the industrial era where factors were

built and men were preferred because

they do not have to bear children for

nine months and because of their

perceived physical strength

but how did they really the

conceptualization of gender and

sexuality changed

this lesson tackles the movements in

history which shows how men women and

people of other genders are viewed in

human societies

so patriarchy

a close examination of our society can

lead us to see the invisible layers of

Oppression in our society which is

called a patriarchy a system based on

the control and oppression of women

wherein they perceived to be a weaker

sex

it is a structure that upholds a male

Supremacy in the law

tone

in the workplace in the society

so the word patriarchy comes from the

Greek word patriarchas

which means the rule of the father it is

a social system where men primarily hold

power in the political and private

spheres

this means that in this social system

Society is organized and maintained in a

way that men rule over women and their

children

so in the social legal political and

economic spheres

men are expected to lead while women are

expected to obey and are relegated to

household chores bearing children Child

Care cleaning the house uh

attending the the plants watering the

plants

so a patrilineal society often follows a

patriarchal society

this means that only men can inherit

property

and the family name

women were left with no inheritance and

are expected to marry a man who can

support her economically

in fact women were not allowed to go to

schools or even vote because they are

viewed as a weaker sex and should not

concern themselves in learning science

or politics

women had to fight for the right to vote

and to go to school to go to work and

even participate in politics

patriarchy is viewed by more

sociologists as a social construct and

not a biological phenomenon

this is because history proves that in

the prehistoric

hunter-gatherer tribes and civilization

they prioritized equality of all members

male and female

history suggests an egalitarian system

rather than a patriarchal system

men and women contribute to society and

they enjoy the same social status

so according to Friedrich Engels German

philosopher and sociologist argues that

patriarchy came when the people started

having a private property instead of the

communal living

the development in agriculture

domestication of animals led to creating

product Surplus which allows people to

have a private property

as a way to control the excess wealth

generated by these advancements male

dominance was asserted over women so

only male so only the males can hurt can

inherit the prop the family well

okay so historical views on gender let's

start with the Greeks

Plato Aristotle and other Greek

philosophers viewed women as the

inferior sects and are properties of men

whose only job was only to obey their

husbands bear children

and take care of the household they were

forbidden to learn philosophy politics

and science

so that is according to the Greeks

um

I am Egypt

in the name of Greek historian Herodotus

observed the Egyptian civilization

citing that Egyptian women enjoyed

higher Social Status than Greek women

because they can inherit property and

engage in trade and politics

however Greek influence quickly spread

in Egypt throughout the conquests of

Alexander the Great across Asia and

Africa

for China Confucianism has stringent

written rules that dictate how women

should conduct themselves

written documents titled three

obediences and four virtues

and precepts of women states that women

should obey their father

when marriage is to obey her husband and

when widowed she has to obey her son

so

concerning about gender biases

gender biases in ancient patriarchal

society is very very strict heavily

enforced and often violent

imagine not being able to go to school

just because you're a woman

not being able to express your opinion

on important matters even when it

concerns your future and not being able

to say no to any man the best example

here is during the time of the Spanish

period here in the Philippines wherein

women were not given the voices

throughout the society and and the time

when women became uh was the second

class citizens in the Republic of the

Philippines

that was because of the influence of the

Spanish

Spanish culture the best example that

you can see here is the

um the

um the telesery about the Maria Clara

and Ibarra no we're in that the women

were not uh were not allowed to perform

Medical Practice because medical

practices are just only reserved for men

and not for women

are just only have to stay their homes

cleaning household chores and praying

inside the uh inside their

on their chapels or in or in front of

their the room altar

so women have come a long way since the

ancient times through the feminist

movement however patriarchy has taken in

the subtle forms of Oppression

such as sexism

which means a Prejudice stereotypes and

discrimination based on sex

gender pay Gap so men earn more than

women

under representation in politics

military executive positions

Etc

rape on women and their stigma making

women ashamed to report to crime

very conservative expectations on women

and how they behave

unrealistic depictions of women in

fiction of unfair sexualized

women do more household work and child

care

and boys were trained to be leaders

while women were trained to do the

household chores

okay so we're talking here now about the

women empowerment

women's Liberation movement women's

movement or feminism

is a continuing series of social

movements that aim to challenge the

patriarchal society

that creates these oppressive political

structures beliefs and practices against

women

it started at the different decades in

different countries some are far more

advanced in their struggle While others

are still starting a movement

during the 19th and 20th Century the

first wave of feminism spread across the

Western countries

as women demanded for their right to

vote or participate in elections and to

be able to legally own property

in France a Simone de Beauvoir

wrote the book entitled The Second Sex

in 1949

it outlined how the patriarchal society

disadvantaged women

by slowly raising her into submission

and hindering their productivity and

Happiness by relegating them to house

cleaning

so this inspired many women to write and

speak their truths such as

Betty Friedan so who wrote the Feminine

mistake

uh Kate Millet on sexual politics and

German Greer

so the female eunuch

but was book was instrumental in

Awakening women about their flight as a

wife servant to their husbands in her

famous quote

one is not born but rather becomes a

woman

the movement the liberal Liberation

the farm or women's Liberation movement

was formed in Europe and they sought the

right to education the right to work and

the right to vote in the 1940s

later they also won the the women's

right to decide on their own bodies and

their sexualities

so this Liberation movement views the

intersectionality of economic status or

class to patriarchy

in spider bouvos book the second wave

feminism in 1960s

through the 80s women Drew attention to

variosocial and cultural inequalities

such as a domestic violence

especially marital rape

Reproductive Rights wage inequality in

Etc

the 90s gave birth to the third wave and

2012 started the fourth wave

these movements only show that there is

still much to be done for women's rights

the United Nations reports that women do

more work than men

because even when they work at the

office

they are still expected to do household

tests another report from U.N women

states that women perform 66 percent of

the world were produced 90 percent of

wood but earned 10 of the income and own

percent of the property

this is because in agricultural

countries women participate in making

the produce

but only the father and a male head the

family controls the income

to put simply feminism demands equality

here are the few Salient points on

feminism demands number one the Women's

Suffrage the women were not allowed to

vote

before because they were viewed as

irrational

temperamental and therefore not able to

make rational decisions

this change after the World War One

wherein women were uprooted from the

household

number two the equality in politics and

Society for hundreds of years women

voices were silenced so Society must

make an effort to restore their rights

representation is very important for

women so that their genuine concerns are

heard the politics and in the society

next one is the reproductive rights mean

that a woman is in control of her body

and she can decide for herself and what

she sees is best for her

domestic violence such as marital rape

physical abuse are often dismissed by

society as part of marriage so that's

why we had the Republic Act 92-62

or anti-violence against women and

children

our cultures culture still dismisses

such incidents Asawa

five is sexual harassment and sexual

violence the Center for Women's

resources in the Philippines estimates

that one woman or child is raped every

arm mostly by someone they know

and also in their sexual harassment

it's typically

can be typically exist in the

also in the place especially in the

office

and and also in the churches as well

and that's why that we already have the

new law which is the

the safe spaces Act

the other rights include the right to

divorce their husbands

the right to make decisions on her

pregnancy

Equitable wages and equal

employment opportunity

so I guess that is all for the lesson

too

on

sexuality and gender across the time

so this is chances

thank you very much

[Music]

okay good day too my dear students I'm

Sean silviathleta and we'll talk about

gender and sexuality across time and

across history

okay so lesson objectives at the end of

this lesson you should be able to

discuss the historical roots of our

understanding of gender and sexuality

and show appreciation of how this

understanding evolved Through Time

affected various aspects of social of

human life

okay so by definition of terms

patriarchy is considered as a social

system where men primarily hold power in

the political and private spheres

feminism is a continuing series of

social movements that aim to challenge

the patriarchal society and creates this

oppressive political structures beliefs

and practices against women

so introduction

so the society has progressed so much in

a way that information and knowledge is

available to everyone

this gives us an opportunity to examine

our social and political conditions in

more detail than when information was

cursed and limited to only a few

individuals

historical accounts show that across

time humans conception of gender and

sexuality has also changed

archaeological artifacts reveal that in

the distant past during the dawn of

civilizations

human societies have high regard for

women

the concept of divine feminine the

sacredness of the woman due to her

ability to consume children has

prevailed and thus women are treated

equally with men

so this makes societies egalitarian

so men and women have Equitable power

and roles

however humans discover your paternity

which refers to fatherhood

presumably during the agricultural era

when societies began to establish

communities

and tame rear cattle

stocks

have also changed how societies have

viewed women and men they're from

for the longest time thereafter Society

is a privileged man over other genders

mainly because of the preferential given

to them

in the productive sphere

foreign

men who have been revered due to their

ability to conceive

have been viewed as solely capable only

of reproductive affairs

world of the home and related tasks such

as suckling the young child rearing and

home management

the the gender disparity was intensified

by the industrial era where factors were

built and men were preferred because

they do not have to bear children for

nine months