The Only Time In History That Water Was Safer Than Land
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the Late Permian period, where life in the oceans was less threatening than on land. It highlights the dominance of land predators like gorgonopsids and theoscephalians, while marine life was relatively calm. The script also discusses the extreme climate and the devastating Late Permian Extinction, known as the Great Dying, which wiped out a significant portion of Earth's species, making water a safer haven.
Takeaways
- 🌊 Oceans were historically more dangerous than land, but there was a period, the Lopingian Age, where life in the water was safer.
- 🌛 During the Lopingian Age, the moon was closer to Earth, causing days to be shorter, around 22 hours.
- 🌍 The Earth's geography was drastically different, with most landmasses forming the supercontinent Pangaea.
- 🐋 Despite the vastness of the oceans, marine life was relatively tame with no large predators, unlike the terrifying land creatures.
- 🦈 Sharks were present, but the infamous Helicoprion had already gone extinct, leaving smaller, less threatening species.
- 🦕 The land, however, was dominated by fearsome predators like the gorgonopsids, which were the new rulers after the Dinocephalians' extinction.
- 🔪 The Inostrancevia was the largest terrestrial predator of the Late Permian, with massive saber-like teeth and a body comparable to a large bear.
- 🐉 The Rubidgeinae subfamily of gorgonopsids independently evolved in South Africa, becoming apex predators with robust skulls and serrated teeth.
- 🐊 Other land predators included the therocephalians, which were diverse and included potential venomous species and semi-aquatic hunters.
- 🌵 The climate was extremely hot and arid, with massive deserts and few habitable areas, making life on land challenging.
- 💥 The Late Permian Extinction, also known as the Great Dying, was the most severe extinction event in Earth's history, wiping out a significant portion of marine and terrestrial life.
Q & A
What is the significance of the Linnan stage in Earth's history?
-The Linnan stage represents the last Epoch of the Permian period, playing out between 259 and 252 million years ago. It was a time when Earth was unrecognizable in nearly every sense, including the moon's orbit, which caused days to be shorter at around 22 hours.
How did the geography of Earth differ during the Linnan stage?
-During the Linnan stage, most of Earth's land mass was tied up into the supercontinent Pangaea, leading to Africa, the Americas, Antarctica, India, Australia, and parts of Europe being connected. The largest 'island' consisted of present-day Siberia, Kazakhstan, and North China.
What was the size of the Panthalassa ocean compared to today's oceans?
-The Panthalassa ocean occupied well over 60% of Earth's surface, out-sizing the current Pacific Ocean by two times.
Why were the oceans during the Linnan stage considered fairly tame?
-Despite their grand size, the oceans during the Linnan stage were fairly tame in terms of marine life. There were sharks, but none as large as the helicoprion, and other marine groups were not doing well due to the Capitanian mass extinction event.
What was the impact of the Capitanian extinction event on marine life?
-The Capitanian mass extinction event was more deadly than both the KT Extinction and the Triassic-Jurassic Extinction. It affected marine life severely, leading to a decrease in numbers and sizes of marine groups.
How did terrestrial life fare during the Linnan stage compared to marine life?
-Terrestrial life during the Linnan stage recovered more swiftly from the Capitanian extinction and became arguably more dangerous than before, with the emergence of new predators like the gorgonopsids.
What characteristics defined the gorgonopsids, and why were they so feared?
-Gorgonopsids were characterized by deep-set teeth, parasagittal gates, long narrow skulls, and razor-sharp elongated incisors and canines, making them among the first saber-tooth predators to evolve. Their presence made them look similar to saber-tooth cats.
What was the largest terrestrial predator from the late Permian, and how big was it?
-The largest terrestrial predator from the late Permian was Inostrancevia, which could have been over 11 ft or 3.5 m long and weighed over 1,000 lb or 453 kilos.
How did the climate during the late Permian affect life on land?
-The climate during the late Permian was extremely hot, with average temperatures of 35°C or 95°F, leading to severe aridity and massive deserts. This made large chunks of land borderline uninhabitable.
What was the Late Permian Extinction, and how severe was its impact on life?
-The Late Permian Extinction, also known as the Great Dying, was Earth's worst extinction event. It resulted in 57% of all biological families and 83% of genera going extinct. It was believed to have started from the eruption of the Siberian traps, causing extreme heat, hypoxia events, and significant damage to the ozone layer.
Outlines
🌊 The Ocean's Calmer Past: The Lenaan Epoch
The script discusses a period in Earth's history known as the Lenaan Epoch, which occurred before the dinosaurs and was part of the Permian Period. During this time, life in the oceans was less threatening compared to life on land. The moon orbited closer to Earth, resulting in shorter days of approximately 22 hours. The continents were arranged into a supercontinent called Pangaea, with most landmasses connected. The oceans, particularly the Panthalassa, were vast, covering over 60% of the Earth's surface. Despite the size, the marine life was not as fearsome, with the absence of giant predators like the helicoprion. Instead, smaller sharks and other marine life dominated the seas. On land, however, the situation was different, with the Capitolian mass extinction event leading to a more dangerous environment for terrestrial life.
🐅 Rise of the Land Predators: The Late Permian
The second paragraph delves into the rise of land predators during the late Permian period. With the extinction of the Dinocephalians, new predators like the Gorgonopsids emerged. These were the first saber-tooth predators, evolving from small creatures to formidable hunters like the Inostrancevia, which could grow over 11 feet long and were a significant threat to herbivores. The Gorgonopsids had a widespread presence, with species like the Prosthecioplia and Saurognathus dominating the ecosystems. The paragraph also mentions the Rubidgeinae subfamily, which were robust and had serrated teeth, making them apex predators alongside the Inostrancevia. The late Permian period was characterized by a variety of predatory animals, making land a more dangerous environment than the oceans.
🦈 A Menagerie of Marine and Land Predators
This section highlights the diversity of predators during the late Permian period. While the oceans were relatively calm, the land was filled with a variety of predatory groups. The Therocephalia, distant relatives of mammals, were widespread and diverse, with some potentially being venomous. The Moschops, a therocephalian, was an apex predator with a large head and sharp teeth. Other predators included the Theriosuchia, which had a mix of hunting techniques, and the Protorosaurs, which were crocodile-like reptiles. The section also mentions semi-aquatic and fully aquatic predators, emphasizing the abundance of carnivorous life on land during this time.
🐊 The Harsh Environment of Pangaea
The fourth paragraph describes the harsh environment of Pangaea during the late Permian period. The climate was extremely hot, with average temperatures reaching 35°C, leading to vast deserts and arid conditions. The central Pangaean mountains created areas prone to severe droughts. Despite these conditions, herbivores like the Diictodon and Scutosaurus managed to survive, with the latter developing heavy armor for protection. The paragraph also mentions the lack of dangerous flying creatures and the overall inhospitable nature of the environment.
🔥 The Cataclysmic End: The Late Permian Extinction
The final paragraph discusses the catastrophic end of the late Permian period, marked by the Earth's worst extinction event, known as the Great Dying. Triggered by the eruption of the Siberian Traps, this event caused massive lava flows, increased carbon dioxide and sulfur levels, and led to extreme temperatures and a drastic drop in oxygen levels. The eruptions are believed to have damaged the ozone layer, increasing ultraviolet radiation significantly. This apocalyptic scenario resulted in the extinction of 57% of all biological families and 83% of genera, making it a far more devastating event than the one that killed the dinosaurs.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Peran Period
💡Pangaea
💡Panthalassa
💡Gorgonopsids
💡Therocephalians
💡Capitanian Extinction
💡Sphenacanids
💡Eusthenopteron
💡Thelodonts
💡Trilobites
💡Late Permian Extinction
Highlights
The ocean has historically been a more dangerous habitat than land.
During the Llian Epoch, life in the oceans was less threatening than on land.
The moon orbited closer to Earth during the Llian Epoch, resulting in shorter days of around 22 hours.
Most of Earth's landmass was part of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Llian Epoch.
Panthalassa, a prehistoric ocean, covered over 60% of Earth's surface, larger than the current Pacific Ocean.
Despite its size, Panthalassa was relatively tame in terms of marine life.
Helicoprion, a large shark from the Permian, had a unique and unsettling tooth arrangement.
The largest marine predator during the Llian Epoch was only 2 meters long.
The capitanian mass extinction event affected marine life more severely than the KT and Triassic-Jurassic extinctions.
Terrestrial life recovered more quickly from the capitanian extinction, becoming more dangerous.
Gorgonopsids were the dominant predators on land during the late Permian, evolving into saber-tooth forms.
Inosaurus transavia was the largest terrestrial predator of the late Permian, reaching over 3.5 meters in length.
Rubiginae, a subfamily of gorgonopsids, were apex predators in South Africa with robust skulls and serrated teeth.
The Therocephalia were a diverse group of predators that could have been venomous.
Moschorhinus was a therocephalian predator with a large head and sharp teeth, suggesting a strong bite.
The late Permian had a wide variety of unique and unusual carnivores, including semi-aquatic and flying reptiles.
Herbivores in the late Permian were more diverse and developed various survival strategies.
The late Permian had no dangerous flying predators, unlike the Mesozoic era.
The late Permian ended with the most severe extinction event in Earth's history, known as the Great Dying.
The Siberian Traps volcanic eruptions are believed to have caused the Great Dying, leading to extreme global warming and acidification.
Life in the oceans suffered more during the Great Dying due to increased water temperatures and acidification.
Transcripts
there seems to be an unspoken rule in
nature where life in the ocean and seas
must always be far scarier than life on
land this is largely seen today and is
also seen throughout history with even
the age of dinosaurs having had aquatic
nightmares that would have given you
more heie GBS than the likes of the
T-Rex or dromeosaur for example in fact
it's actually quite hard to find a
moment in Earth's history where your
best chances were in the water rather
than on land however there was a short
window of time a very long time ago as
in before the dinosaurs existed were
your chances at survival were actually
better in the oceans and seas since
nearly everything above water including
Mother Nature seemed to be designed for
maximum neness this was the linan this
name most likely means nothing to you
but it represents the last Epoch of the
peran period and played out between 259
and
this was one of those periods in history
where Earth was unrecognizable in nearly
every sense including when it came to
time itself as during those days the
moon had a closer orbit with Earth
causing the days to be shorter than they
are currently at around 22 hours to add
on to the confusion geography was
nothing like it is today either since
most of Earth's land mass was tied up
into the supercontinent Pangia leading
to Africa the americaas Antarctica India
Australia and parts of Europe all being
connected only to the east East could
you find decently sized land masses that
were free of penia clutches with the
largest quote unquote Island consisting
of present day Siberia Kazakhstan and
North China while to the South you would
have swam into another Island composed
of South China and various regions of
Southeast Asia additionally turkey Iran
and Tibet were also Islands at this
point being surrounded by the teus ocean
on one side and the Paleo teus on the
other combined these two bodies of water
were undeniably large but there were
still nothing compared to the super
ocean that lay just west of Pangia
panthalassa this prehistoric ocean was
unlike anything before it or after it
and it occupied well over 60% of the
Earth's surface out sizing the current
Pacific Ocean by two times just
imagining an ocean that is double the
size of the Pacific is nerve-wracking
and probably meant that you should have
avoided it like the plague but despite
its Grand size panthalassa and the other
oceans for that matter were all actually
fairly tame when it came to what was in
them there were of course sharks who had
evolved 200 million years earlier and if
you're something of a perian Enthusiast
then you might be picturing the
helicoprion an 8 m or 26t long shark
that has become something of the poster
child for the peran marine megap and
possessed one of the strangest and most
unsettling mouths of all time that
consisted of a cluster of large teeth on
the bottom jaw which were arranged into
whls yet while this giant shark was
indeed from the perian it had already
died out by the lenan leaving the oceans
rather empty of giant life that being
said there were still relatives of this
shark swimming about though none that
got that big as the biggest hey cidus
was only 2 m or 6.5 ft long similar to
the length of a leopard shark so
definitely not an immense threat
especially since its teeth were designed
for soft animals like squids not bony
food meanwhile other sharks like the
sphenic canids and hibdons while diverse
were even smaller typically growing no
more than 1 M or 3.3 ft the uids or c
scorpions the group of now extinct
arthropods were also present but were
not doing so well because while they
used to be highly diverse and giant
During the devonian period they were now
on the brink of Extinction having never
fully recovered from the devonian
extinction event with only two jera
being known from this point and neither
were large nor apex predators and for
the most part pretty much every Marine
Group wasn't doing well partly due to
the capitanian mass extinction event
that had taken place 2 million years
prior it's a relatively obscure event
but it was actually more deadly than
both the KT Extinction and the Triassic
Jurassic Extinction its effects have
been bad everywhere yet marine life got
the brunt of it and thus during linan
you could see some trilobites ammonoids
and seapods lurking about but not in any
great numbers or size and things would
only get worse for marine life but we'll
get to that later at this moment the
Waters of the lake peran should sound
quite boring but this is a key fact to
take solison as on land you would have
gotten no breaks like in the water the
capitanian extinction had brought
Devastation to terrestrial life however
life on land recovered more swiftly and
was actually made arguably more
dangerous than before since the
extinction took out the old rulers of
the Earth the dallans and therefore
leaving the door open for new rulers to
arise the dinoop fallans was a group
that consisted of large bodyi therapsids
who were extremely diverse and plentiful
throughout most of the early and mid
peran yet despite their success they
failed to make it to the late perian
this absence allowed multiple groups to
get ahead but there was one group in
particular who benefited the most
unfortunately for others and that was
the
gorgonopsids these prehistoric animals
were first discovered by paleontologists
all the way back in
1876 and their remains were so
horrifying that the researchers decided
that the gorgens from Greek mythology
were the perfect monsters to name them
after while diverse gorgonopsids still
generally shared the same
characteristics which included deep set
teeth parasagittal Gates long narrow
skulls and razor sharp elongated
incizors and canines making them among
the first saber-tooth predators to
evolve this presence of saber teeth made
them look a bit like saber-tooth cats
such as the Smilodon and their bodies
were superficially similar too but these
killers were neither cat nor feline they
weren't even mammals as a matter of fact
fact instead they appear to have been
therapsids like the dinoop fallans
before them who are more closely related
to mammals than reptiles but still were
not mammals and like the dinoop alans
gorgonops had been around during a good
chunk of the perian first appearing 265
million years ago during the middle
stage in those times these saber-tooth
Predators were very small being no
larger than a person's foot making them
one of the smaller creatures of that
time and forcing them to hunt small
thops and reptiles
however as time passed and each new
genus evolved they got bigger and bigger
a trend that exploded during the late
perian after the eradication of the
dinoop alans which ultimately led to the
emergence of the largest gorgonopsid of
all time in oan Saia this Predator
wasn't just the biggest of its kind but
also the largest terrestrial Predator
from the late peran with exceptional
remains suggesting that adults could
have been over 11 ft or 3.5 M long while
weighing over 1,000 lb or 453 kilos equ
to the size of a large bear though on
average individuals are more comparable
to tigers in addition to being much
larger than most gorgonopsids the inos
transavia was also built different as it
possessed extremely sturdy long limbs
which made it both durable and
surprisingly fast allowing it to outpace
a myriad of medium to large-bodied
herbivores which once caught were in for
an absolutely terrible time as the inos
transavia possessed elongated post
canines and super sized upper canines
that were 15 cm or 6 in is long making
them among the largest teeth seen in
non- mamalian therapsids in addition to
being lengthy the weapons were curved
and finally serrated allowing them to
easily slice through flesh incurring
massive blood loss and causing
catastrophic damage to vital organs but
despite clearly being lethal it's not
100% sure how the indran Savia hunted
with the two schools of thought being
that it either used tactics similar to
what is seen in smilodons I.E taking out
the necks hord would do something
similar to a bite and run letting a
accumulated blood loss and shock take a
toll over time regardless neither are
fun ways to go so you definitely do not
want to run into this apex predator
which was also a very hard challenge for
Animals back then as inos transavia
achieved a widespread range that
included now parts of Africa Asia and
European Russia this saber-tooth also
appears to have been very adaptive as it
routinely popped up in a multitude of
very different biomes such as warm flood
plaines in South Africa or cold air
deserts in Russia where relief was only
found in the occasional Shallow Lake and
thin forests which consisted of pelto
perasan the dominant Flora of the late
perian it's because it lived in these
cold deserts that some paleontologists
think that it may have had fur as well
yet this idea is still
unconfirmed now having one giant
gorgonopsid prowling both hemispheres of
the Earth would have been bad enough but
the late peran was home to many more
than just the inos transavia with dozens
of other species of gorgonopsids being
known of many of which lived in the
European part of Russia as well in
including the smaller pros slav levia
and the mediumsized suo Gorgon resulting
in gorgonopsids having complete
dominance over many ecosystems where
herbivores no matter their size had a
gorgonopsid as their main predator and
also making peran Russia one of the last
places you'd want to visit although it
was actually much worse down in South
Africa where a whole subf family of
giant gorgonopsids had independently
evolved alongside the inos transavia and
they were the rubig while the inos
transavia was the largest single
gorgonopsid of all time the rubig were
on average the largest family and were
distinguished by robust skulls the lack
of a parasphenoid bone frequent tooth
replacement and the possession of deeply
serrated teeth that were likely even
better for cutting than those the inran
Savia they were fairly stocky too with
some coming very close in size to the
inran Saia as demonstrated by rubidia
atrox a species of gorgonopsid who
resided within what is today South
Africa and Tanzania where it sometimes
grew to be 10 feet or 3 m long this body
size alone made it an apex predator but
what was really impressive and menacing
was its skull as it took up over 15% of
an individual's total body length and
not to mention that recovered skulls
were also extremely thick and had signs
of skull bossing which are bony
protuberances that indicate that this
Predator was made to bite and grapple
with powerful large prey yet
coincidentally like the smileton 250
million years after it the ridia did not
have a very strong bite with
reconstructions indicating a bite force
of around 715 Newtons only 20% more
powerful than the bite of a wolf which
really just shows how well-designed its
teeth were for piercing effortlessly
through flesh and tough hide like the in
transavia the rubidia would have been
able to alter entire ecosystems by its
Lonesome yet sadly for all it was almost
never alone as indirect evidence
suggests that it routinely coexisted
with other members of its subam it
consisted of nine Genera all ranging in
size from medium to large if this wasn't
bad enough it's now thought that it
coexisted within o transavia too since
both had a presence in late per and
South Africa given their similar size
and fairly similar builds the two most
likely shared the same predatorial Niche
likely leading to frequent conflict and
that all goes to say that this truly was
the planet of the gorgonopsids and their
dominating presence on land made water a
definite safer choice but just to really
prove the point I should also mention
that the late peran was home to many
other Predators too that were
nightmarish within their own right with
the most notable examples being the
Theos sealians in an emerging Trend this
Cade was once again thops and originated
during the middle perian although unlike
the gorgonopsids they had not achieved
such large sizes in this time although
they were equally widespread and
actually more diverse with species being
found across Russia Antarctica Africa
and China a small handful were even
herbivores but the vast majority were
predators who actually could have been
confused for gorgonopsids to the
untrained eye as They too had relatively
large skulls and similar body plants but
there were key differences with
theosyion tending to have broader deep
skulls smaller straight teeth shorter
bodies and more compacted builds and as
mentioned they were more diverse
resulting in many developing hunting
techniques not seen in gorgonopsids and
there were even a chance that a couple
namely the dog-sized Ichi bops and yuk
kersia were venomous which if accurate
would make them the first tetrapods to
have evolved Venom you also had ones
that are often interpreted as being
semi-aquatic creatures like the iido
suids While others were fully
terrestrial hunting large animals using
unusual saber teeth as showcased by the
sky laac of Swords but of all the Theos
fallans the one who stood out the most
was the moscar rinus a Jaguar sized
Predator with a lion sized head that was
equipped with numerous very sharp
conical teeth it disproportionately
large head suggested a fairly strong
bite and paleontologists think that it
hunted prey by pinning them down with
its powerful forelimbs before dealing
out damage with its razor sharp teeth
and powerful jaws and to further its
Legacy fossil records show the moscar
rinus was among the most abundant Theos
falion during the late peran and one of
the only non- gorgonopsids to have
achieved apex predator status perhaps
even replacing gorgonopsids in certain
environments but interestingly enough
while not as successful as moscar rinus
there were bigger Theos alans including
the mega whia a 3M or 9t long distant
relative of the moscar rinus who prowed
European Russia during the first half of
the linjian to date it is the largest
known thefallen and based on copper
lights AKA fossilized feces we know that
it likely fed upon large diodon which it
might have killed by using Venom
specifically some studies on its SK
seems to suggest that in life it had a
Venom gland and possibly multiple Venom
ducts that would have delivered fatal
amounts into prey while biting them
however because remains from its prey
tend to be in poor condition this claim
is not fully accepted by the
paleontology Community by this point the
lay peran should come across as a hectic
place with thalians and gorgonopsids
running about but even they were not the
entire Iceberg since there were still a
bunch of other carnivores all very
distinct and unusual in appearance for
starters you had the superficially Croc
likee protos suids who are slender but
could still be rather large and were
equipped with giant needle-like teeth
unlike the previously mentioned
carnivores this group were reptiles and
were either terrestrial or semi-aquatic
Hunters who were found on every
continent besides Antarctica and North
America then there was the Cronos sukia
who were again superficially cck-like
but had extensive armor along their
backs as well perhaps to help protect
against attacks from large therapsids
members of this group could be quite
different and were sometimes fully
terrestrial and other times semi-aquatic
and while there were usually no larger
than a monitor lizard some Genera like
the Ural Erton could get quite sizable
specifically in European Russia where
specimens grew to be the same size as
female American
alligators amphibians or rather
primitive amphibians were also present
and thriving on Pangia and we're
honestly the biggest reason why an
animal should be wey around fresh water
as many evolved to be specialized Ambush
Hunters that opportunistically fed on
anything they could catch in the water
or anything that ventured too close to
the water's edge of the numerous
families that existed arguably the most
lethal to humanized prey were the Ryan
suced a family of tetrapods from which
living amphibians likely descended from
each species had four limbs a fairly
long tail and body shapes akin to that
of giant salamanders or crocodilians the
largest member you could find in a body
of fresh water was the uran Centon a 13t
or 4 M Behemoth that resided in South
Africa along with our friends the
gorgonopsids and thalians talk about a
bad place to live and then in European
Russia that also had its fair share of
terrestrial Hunters there were the arago
Sor to make up for the missing Aran
Centon this was yet another tetrapodal
family but they were more slender and
narrow than the ryin suids but could
still get pretty big with certain Genera
like the melosa reaching 10 ft or 3 m
from head to tail
with so much going on it's hard to
believe that herbivores even managed to
survive but they sure did and across
large SES of penia you would have
stumbled into an array of D codons
codons capto rids and Par reptiles
compared to the carnivores herbivores
were actually more diverse and had
developed many tools to survive one of
the more famous herbivores was the
listra sorus a badger to Pig sized
diodon that was one of the most abundant
animals around it had a rather odd build
but it was not to be underestimated as
it sported powerful for liims and tusks
that it may have used to dig deep
Burrows that granted much needed
protection and interestingly enough the
art of digging seems to have been
relatively common as totally separate
groups like The cyop phids also learned
to burrow using their broad skulls to
displace large amounts of dirt then on
the opposite side of the spectrum you
had the parasaurs that took a different
route and became armored tanks kind of
similar to an kyos
minus the club tailes specifically
species in this CA often had large bony
scoots that were set into their skin and
had highly aifi dense heavy bones that
provided additional protection they were
also among the largest if not the
largest late perian animals to have
lived with the most famous member
scutosaurus having weighed over 1.2 tons
and being similar in length to large
gorgonopsids at this weight and given
its frame scutosaurus was a slow-moving
animal that relied on its armor to
survive and in its case its defensive
capabilities were further boosted by
spikes that adorned its skull and
muscles that were so dense that they
were basically impenetrable this
specific genus was only found within
European Russia but as a family the
parasaurs had a global distribution
additional herbivorous groups worth
mentioning include the kingor idop bent
Talia and dein day as wild as the L
perian was it did have one silver lining
which was that you didn't really have to
worry about looking up unlike the
Mesozoic which was home to Giant
parasaurs capable of eating literal
Dinosaurs the peran did not really have
any dangerous Giants patrolling the sky
there were the Griffin flies and paleo
dict diopter which could have given you
quite the scare but they were harmless
to large animals and weren't very
abundant nor diverse thanks to the
Carboniferous rainforest collapse of all
the things flying around the largest
animals were probably the velto sord a
family of gliding reptiles that grew no
larger than a big bat and while having
one in your hair would suck these guys
were only dangerous to insects and spent
most of their Days On Solid ground or
rather in the trees as their morphology
was highly developed for a boreal
movement to make up though for the
lackluster Skies the late peran had one
more trick up its sleeve so to speak and
that was Mother Nature itself if you've
been following along you may have
noticed that life seemed to be mostly
concentrated in a handful of places
mainly European Russia and Africa this
was because large chunks of land were
borderline uninhabitable with estimates
suggesting an average temperature of 35
C or 95° F making it twice as hot as the
present this oppressive heat contributed
to severe aridity that plagued the
supercontinent and resulted in
absolutely massive deserts near the
equator where life was fairly devoid to
make matters worse to the north you had
the central penan mountains an extensive
mountain range that span across the
entire horizontal length of the
continent and creating areas that were
prone to severe droughts to put this
into perspective if such conditions
popped up in the present life would take
a serious downturn and the crazy part is
is that this nightmarish climate was
rather tame for the late perian because
if you stick around long enough until
approximately 252 million years ago you
would have witnessed the Earth turned
into an apocalyptic Wasteland thanks to
the late perian Extinction otherwise
known as the great dying which is a
fitting name G considering was Earth's
worst Extinction event of all time it is
commonly believed that this doomday
event started from the eruption of the
Siberian traps or rather was caused by
the eruptions that created the Siberian
traps a large region of volcanic rock in
Siberia that's about the same size as
Western Europe these eruptions are
unlike anything ever seen by humanity
and decimated the entire planet causing
lava flows a kilometer or 0.6 Mi thick
and spewing out enough carbon dioxide
and sulfur to heat up the surface
surface even more in some places it's
thought that the average temperature
year round would have risen to be the
same as the average temperature of Death
Valley during its hottest month and if
you somehow had Supernatural heat
resistance you still likely die from
choking on the constant spewing of
different gases that led to a drastic
drop in oxygen leading to numerous
hypoxia events and just in case you
needed any more evidence that this time
was seriously messed up then also know
that some studies report that these
volcanic eruptions cause significant
damage to the ozone layer which may have
increased ultraviolet radiation by over
5,000% in some parts debates Linger on
how long these effects lasted but we do
know that by the end of them the Earth
was a very different place with 57% of
all biological families and 83% of jera
having gone extinct for comparison while
more abrupt the KT Extinction which
killed the dinosaurs only killed off
about 177% of biological families and
despite how bad things got on land life
in the water actually suffered even more
due to increased water temperatures and
acidification but if you took a dip you
wouldn't have burned to a crisp and you
may have actually enjoyed it considering
the seed temperatures during this event
were likely that of a Jacuzzi giving you
just one more reason why you'd rather be
in the water during this time than on
land thanks for watching and until next
time onx Zoo
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