FILSAFAT DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA

Summary

This video script delves into the philosophy and knowledge in Islam, exploring the etymology of philosophy, its branches—ontology, epistemology, and axiology—and its historical development. It discusses the shift from mythology to rationality in ancient Greek philosophy, key figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and the influence of Islamic scholars on medieval thought. The script also covers the Renaissance's humanism, the separation of philosophy from theology, and the emergence of modern philosophies like positivism, Marxism, existentialism, pragmatism, and phenomenology in the postmodern era.

Takeaways

• 📚 Philosophy is derived from the Greek word 'philosophia', meaning 'love of wisdom' or 'desire for knowledge'.
• 🌐 The scope of philosophy is divided into three branches: ontology (metaphysics), epistemology (theory of knowledge), and axiology (values and judgments).
• 🔮 Ontology deals with the nature of existence and reality, contrasting between supernaturalism and naturalism.
• 🧠 Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and how it can be acquired.
• 📊 Axiology evaluates actions, decisions, and events to determine their value, such as whether something is good or bad, right or wrong.
• 🏛 Pure philosophy focuses on theoretical understanding, while applied philosophy applies philosophical principles to practical aspects of life like education and law.
• 📜 The origins of philosophy date back to ancient Greek times, around the 6th century BCE, shifting from mythos to rationality.
• 🎓 Key figures in philosophy include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle from ancient Greece, and later developments include thinkers from the modern and postmodern eras.
• 🌟 The Renaissance marked a rebirth of humanism, emphasizing human values and the separation of philosophy from theology.
• 🌌 The early modern period saw a decline in church authority and the rise of new philosophical ideas such as rationalism and empiricism.
• 🚀 Postmodern philosophy includes diverse movements like positivism, Marxism, existentialism, pragmatism, and phenomenology, reflecting the current era's philosophical landscape.

Q & A

What is the etymological origin of the word 'philosophy'?

The word 'philosophy' originates from the Greek word 'philosophia', which can be broken down into 'phileo' meaning love or affection, and 'sophia' meaning wisdom or knowledge. Thus, etymologically, it means 'love of wisdom' or 'love of knowledge'.

What are the three main branches of philosophy as discussed in the script?

The three main branches of philosophy are ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontology deals with the nature of existence, epistemology with the nature and acquisition of knowledge, and axiology with the evaluation of actions or decisions.

What is the difference between supernaturalism and naturalism in the context of ontology?

Supernaturalism posits the existence of supernatural beings or entities that are higher and more powerful than natural entities and can influence the world. Naturalism, on the other hand, holds that all occurrences in the world are caused by natural forces within themselves, not by supernatural powers.

What is the focus of epistemology?

Epistemology focuses on the nature of knowledge and the means by which knowledge can be acquired. It explores how we come to know things and the validity of our knowledge.

How does axiology contribute to our understanding of the world?

Axiology contributes to our understanding of the world by providing a framework for evaluating actions, decisions, or events as positive or negative, good or bad, right or wrong. It helps us assign value to occurrences in the world.

What are the two main divisions of philosophy mentioned in the script?

The two main divisions of philosophy mentioned are 'pure philosophy' and 'applied philosophy'. Pure philosophy focuses on theoretical understanding, including ontology, epistemology, and axiology, while applied philosophy focuses on the application of philosophical principles in practical life, such as in education or law.

What was the main shift in Greek philosophy from mythology to rationality?

The main shift in Greek philosophy was moving away from relying on myths to explain the world to using reason and logic. Philosophers began to seek natural explanations for phenomena rather than attributing them to the actions of gods or supernatural forces.

Who are some of the key figures in the development of philosophy from ancient to modern times?

Key figures in the development of philosophy include Thales, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle from ancient Greek philosophy; during the modern era, figures like David Hume emerged; and in the postmodern era, there are various philosophers contributing to different philosophical schools of thought.

What is humanism and how did it influence the Renaissance period?

Humanism is a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasizes the importance of human beings as the center of life and culture. It focuses on human values and not just religious teachings. During the Renaissance, humanism led to a renewed interest in the classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome, influencing art, literature, and science.

How did the works of Copernicus and Galileo challenge the Church's teachings during the Renaissance?

Copernicus and Galileo introduced the heliocentric model, which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe. This was in direct conflict with the Church's geocentric model and challenged the Church's authority on scientific matters.

What are some of the main philosophical movements in the postmodern era?

Some of the main philosophical movements in the postmodern era include positivism, which emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence; Marxism, focusing on social and economic theories; existentialism, emphasizing individual freedom and the search for meaning; pragmatism, which values practical outcomes over theoretical correctness; and structuralism, which examines the underlying structures of human thought and culture.