Behaviorism: Part 2
Summary
TLDRThis video discusses behaviorism, focusing on B.F. Skinner's experiments with animals, such as rats and pigeons. Skinner used positive reinforcement to encourage behavior, as seen when rats learned to press a lever for food. The video also explains negative reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and schedules of reinforcement, including fixed and variable intervals and ratios. These concepts illustrate how behavior can be modified through reinforcement and punishment, with examples like vending machines and gambling. The video emphasizes the role of environment in shaping behavior and the foundational contributions of behaviorists like Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner.
Takeaways
- 🐀 B.F. Skinner used animals, primarily rats and pigeons, to study behavior through experiments.
- 🍽️ Skinner trained rats using positive reinforcement by providing food whenever they pressed a lever, which increased the behavior.
- ⚡ Negative reinforcement involves removing a negative stimulus to increase behavior, like stopping an electric shock when a lever is pressed.
- 🚫 Punishment decreases behavior: positive punishment adds a consequence, while negative punishment removes something desirable.
- 🛠️ Shaping involves rewarding successive approximations toward a desired behavior, like rewarding rats for getting closer to the lever.
- 🔄 Schedules of reinforcement can be based on ratio (number of responses) or interval (time between rewards).
- 🍫 Continuous reinforcement provides a reward every time the desired behavior occurs, like getting candy from a vending machine with each payment.
- 🔢 Fixed ratio schedules provide rewards after a set number of responses, while variable ratio schedules are unpredictable.
- ⏳ Fixed interval schedules provide rewards after a specific amount of time, while variable interval schedules are unpredictable and vary in time.
- 🎲 Activities like gambling and fishing operate on variable reinforcement schedules, contributing to their popularity.
Q & A
What method did Skinner use to train rats in his experiment?
-Skinner used positive reinforcement by giving the rats food every time they pressed a lever, which increased the likelihood of the behavior.
What is negative reinforcement, according to Skinner?
-Negative reinforcement involves the removal of a negative consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior. For example, Skinner could have used electric shocks and stopped them when the rat pressed the lever.
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
-Positive punishment adds an undesirable consequence (like chores for not doing homework), while negative punishment takes away something desirable (like taking away a phone) to decrease a behavior.
How did Skinner use shaping in his experiments with rats?
-Skinner used shaping by rewarding the rats each time they got closer to the lever. This gradual reinforcement led the rats to eventually press the lever for food.
What is the difference between ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement?
-Ratio schedules depend on the number of responses for reinforcement, while interval schedules depend on the amount of time that must pass before reinforcement is given.
What is continuous reinforcement, and how does it differ from fixed ratio reinforcement?
-Continuous reinforcement provides a reward every time the behavior is shown (like putting money into a vending machine), while fixed ratio reinforcement rewards behavior after a set number of responses.
What is variable ratio reinforcement, and how does it differ from fixed ratio reinforcement?
-Variable ratio reinforcement provides a reward after an unpredictable number of responses, unlike fixed ratio reinforcement where the reward comes after a set number of responses.
What are examples of variable interval reinforcement in real life?
-Variable interval reinforcement is seen in activities like fishing or gambling, where the time between rewards is unpredictable, making the activity highly engaging.
How does behaviorism view human and animal learning?
-Behaviorism sees learning in humans and animals as similar, where behavior is shaped by the environment through processes like classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
How has behaviorism influenced psychology?
-Behaviorism, through concepts like conditioning, shaped psychology by promoting the study of observable behavior and emphasizing the role of the environment in shaping actions.
Outlines
🐁 Introduction to Skinner's Experiments and Positive Reinforcement
The first paragraph introduces B.F. Skinner's experiments with animals, primarily rats and pigeons, in which he demonstrated operant conditioning. Skinner placed rats in a box with a lever that dispensed food. Over time, the rats learned to press the lever to receive food. This behavior was shaped using positive reinforcement, where the reward (food) increased the likelihood of the rats repeating the action. The paragraph highlights the basic principles of positive reinforcement and mentions that other methods, such as negative reinforcement and punishment, can also affect behavior.
⚡ Understanding Negative Reinforcement and Punishment
This paragraph explains how negative reinforcement and punishment work in behavior modification. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior, as exemplified by Skinner potentially sending an electric shock until the rat presses the lever. Punishment, on the other hand, is used to decrease behavior. Positive punishment involves adding something undesirable (like chores when not doing homework), while negative punishment involves taking away something desirable (like taking away a phone for not finishing homework).
🛠 Shaping Behavior and Successive Approximation
This section explores the concept of shaping or successive approximation in operant conditioning. Skinner did not expect the rats to immediately press the lever. Instead, he rewarded the rats as they progressively got closer to the desired behavior. By reinforcing each small step toward pressing the lever, Skinner was able to guide the rats to eventually complete the action. This method of shaping gradually leads individuals to perform complex behaviors by reinforcing smaller actions leading up to the final desired behavior.
🔄 Schedules of Reinforcement: Ratios and Intervals
The concept of schedules of reinforcement is discussed in this paragraph. Skinner introduced different reinforcement schedules to understand how often or after how much time reinforcement should occur. 'Ratio' refers to the number of behaviors required for reinforcement, while 'interval' refers to the amount of time between reinforcements. Continuous reinforcement provides a reward every time a behavior is performed, while fixed ratio and fixed interval schedules reward after a specific number of behaviors or after a set period of time, respectively. Variable ratio and variable interval schedules, on the other hand, provide reinforcement unpredictably, which can make behaviors harder to extinguish.
🎲 Variable Schedules and Real-World Examples
This paragraph elaborates on variable ratio and variable interval schedules of reinforcement. In these schedules, the number of responses or the amount of time before reinforcement is unpredictable. Real-world examples include gambling, where the reward (winning) comes at random intervals, and fishing, where a catch is not guaranteed at any specific time. These unpredictable reinforcement schedules tend to make behaviors more persistent. Examples like mixtape sales, where income can fluctuate dramatically, are given as real-life illustrations of variable reinforcement.
📜 Behaviorism and Its Key Figures: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
The final paragraph recaps the influence of behaviorism and its key proponents: Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. These men laid the foundation for understanding behavior through observation and empirical evidence, positioning behaviorism as a scientific approach. It emphasizes the role of the environment in shaping behavior and asserts that both humans and animals learn in similar ways through processes like classical conditioning and operant conditioning. The paragraph concludes by reminding us that while behaviorism is a theory, it has significantly shaped psychological research and practices.
🃏 Closing Note
The final brief paragraph ends the script with the word 'pun,' likely referencing the use of humor or wordplay to conclude the presentation. It seems to serve as a playful or light-hearted conclusion.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Positive reinforcement
💡Negative reinforcement
💡Punishment
💡Shaping
💡Schedules of reinforcement
💡Fixed ratio reinforcement
💡Fixed interval reinforcement
💡Variable ratio reinforcement
💡Variable interval reinforcement
💡Operant conditioning
Highlights
Skinner conducted experiments using rats and pigeons to study behavior.
Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by providing rewards, as demonstrated with the rats pressing the lever to receive food.
Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing a negative consequence, like stopping an electric shock once the rat presses the lever.
Punishment decreases behavior, such as positive punishment when a punishment is added or negative punishment when something is taken away.
Skinner introduced the concept of shaping, where behavior is gradually taught by rewarding successive approximations toward the desired behavior.
Schedules of reinforcement influence how often a behavior is rewarded, and can be based on ratio (number of responses) or interval (time between rewards).
Continuous reinforcement occurs when a behavior is rewarded every time, as in a vending machine that gives a snack after each payment.
Fixed ratio reinforcement rewards behavior after a set number of responses, like giving a reward every five times the behavior is performed.
Fixed interval reinforcement rewards behavior after a set amount of time, regardless of how many responses occur, such as dispensing a candy bar after one minute.
Variable ratio reinforcement occurs when the number of responses needed for a reward changes unpredictably, which is common in gambling and other chance-based activities.
Variable interval reinforcement happens when the amount of time between rewards is unpredictable, such as waiting different amounts of time for a candy bar to be dispensed.
Gambling and fishing are popular activities due to the variable ratio schedules that make the rewards unpredictable and enticing.
Behaviorism views psychology as a science that relies on observation and empirical evidence.
Behaviorism emphasizes that human and animal behavior is shaped by the environment and learned through conditioning processes.
Skinner, along with Pavlov and Watson, were influential figures in behaviorism, demonstrating that behavior could be manipulated through conditioning techniques.
Transcripts
let's talk about behaviorism part two
Skinner used animals predominantly rats
and pigeons to conduct his experiments
in one of his first experiments he
placed rats in a box with a feeding tube
connected to a lever once the rats
realized that every time they pressed a
lever they got food Skinner noticed that
the rats spent a great deal of time
pressing the lever Skinner had actually
trained the rats to press the lever by
using positive reinforcement by giving
the rats food every time they press the
lever the likelihood of that behavior
increased aside from positive
reinforcement there are other ways to
increase and decrease the likelihood of
behaviors negative reinforcement occurs
when a negative consequence occurs in
order to increase the likelihood of a
behavior if Skinner wanted to use
negative reinforcement to make the rats
press the lever he might send an
electric shock through the box until the
rat press the lover although this would
be an ethically questionable method of
reinforcement the rat's Behavior would
increase due to its desire to make the
negative consequence stop on the other
hand punishment is used to decrease a
behavior when your mom makes you do
tours when you don't do your homework
this is called positive punishment
because the punishment is added or given
to you it is considered positive if as a
punishment for not finishing your
homework your mom takes away your phone
that is considered a negative punishment
it's negative because something was
taken away in order to decrease a
behavior another Hallmark of Operate
conditioning is shaping or successive
approximation when skinners rats were
learning to press the lever they did not
immediately understand that the lever
was the source of their food instead
Skinner rewarded the rats with food
every time they got close to the lever
then every time the rats got closer to
the lever and reached up and then
eventually the rats pulled the lever
themselves and were rewarded by the food
coming down the tube this process of
shaping gradually leads to the
individual completing the desired
Behavior Skinner also pioneered the
concept of schedules of reinforcement
when we talk about schedules of
reinforcement ratio means Behavior as in
how many times the individual must
respond with the desired behavior in
order to get a reinforcement
interval means time as in how long the
individual must wait between
reinforcement imagine a vending machine
typically a vending machine will give a
reward every time the hungry customer
elicits the desired Behavior by putting
money in the machine this is called
continuous reinforcement the customer
only needs to respond once in order to
be rewarded and they're going to be
rewarded every single time what if we
changed the schedule of reinforcement if
the vending machine had fixed ratio
reinforcement it would give a candy bar
after a fixed number of payments such as
every five quarters put in every five
times the customer shows the desired
Behavior he is reinforced the machine
may also operate on a fixed interval
schedule meaning it will dispense a
candy bar after a certain amount of time
let's say every minute as long as a
quarter has been put in the customer is
rewarded after one minute passes as long
as he shows the desired Behavior at
least once during that time if our
friend comes upon a machine that uses
variable ratio reinforcement there won't
be a number of quarters that will
consistently give him his snack the
first reinforcement may require three
quarters but the next one might not come
until he puts in eight the number of
responses required for a reward is
unpredictable the same goes for variable
interval reinforcement when no matter
how many quarters he puts in the man
will not get a candy bar until a certain
amount of time passes but this time the
time will be different every time he
puts in a quarter for example the first
time he puts in a quarter it may take 20
seconds for the candy bar to be
dispensed but the second time it might
take up to 5 hours examples of schedules
of reinforcement can be seen all around
you if you have a quiz given on a fixed
interval schedule it means you're
guaranteed to have a quiz say every 7
Days things like gambling and fishing
are on variable ratio schedules which is
why these activities are so popular you
never know which hand of cards or which
cast off will bring you a reward W if
you independently sell your mixtape
online and you get $50 one week but
$11,000 from the next week's sales
that's an example of variable interval
reinforcement today we talked about
three very influential men in the world
of behaviorism Ivan Pavlo John B Watson
and BF Skinner they were all integral in
inspiring and reiterating these basic
concepts of behaviorism using
observation and empirical evidence
behaviorism sees psychology as is
science behavior is the result of a
stimulus something must motivate us to
act the way we do a person's environment
determines the way that they act and
ultimately directs their development
given this Theory humans and animals
learn in very similar ways and they can
be controlled using the environment a
person's Behavior can be altered by
learning processes such as classical
conditioning and operate conditioning
remember that behaviorism is just a
theory but it's a theory that shaped the
way that psychologists view their field
created using
pun
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