How Consumer Propaganda Changed America
Summary
TLDRThis script narrates the influential journey of Edward Bernays, the father of public relations and modern consumerism. From orchestrating the 'Torches of Freedom' campaign for Lucky Strike cigarettes in 1929 to shaping American consumer behavior, Bernays manipulated societal norms and desires, leading to the rise of consumer culture and planned obsolescence. Despite contributing to the 1929 stock market crash, his influence persisted post-Great Depression, showcasing his enduring impact on American society.
Takeaways
- 🚬 In 1929, women smoking was considered scandalous, and the 'Torches of Freedom' event during the Easter Sunday parade in New York City was a staged spectacle to normalize it, orchestrated by Edward Bernays for his client, Lucky Strike.
- 🎭 Edward Bernays, an Austrian immigrant and nephew of Sigmund Freud, used his understanding of psychoanalysis to pioneer modern consumerism and public relations, manipulating public opinion and desires.
- 🏆 Bernays was instrumental in promoting the U.S. war effort during WWI, using propaganda techniques that later translated into his work in advertising and public relations.
- 🚗 Bernays helped the automobile industry combat overproduction by marketing cars as symbols of status and sexuality, and by introducing the concept of planned obsolescence through annual model changes.
- 🥓 He also influenced food consumption by creating a demand for bacon through a campaign that involved getting physicians to endorse a larger breakfast, which included bacon as a healthier option.
- 👗 Bernays played a significant role in shaping fashion consumerism, using celebrity endorsements and fashion shows to create a desire for certain clothing lines and styles.
- 🟢 Bernays changed fashion trends by making the color green fashionable to help Lucky Strike sell more of their cigarettes, demonstrating his ability to influence social norms for commercial gain.
- 📈 His propaganda techniques were used to popularize retail investing, contributing to the stock market boom of the 1920s and the subsequent crash that led to the Great Depression.
- 🌐 Bernays' influence extended beyond individual products, helping to shape broader economic concepts like consumerism and market expansion theory, which have had lasting impacts on the American economy.
- 📉 Despite the economic collapse, Bernays' influence persisted, and he continued to shape public opinion and consumer behavior even after the Great Depression.
Q & A
What was the taboo associated with women smoking in the 1920s?
-In the 1920s, women smoking was considered taboo as cigarettes were seen as accessories of corrupted women, prostitutes, and social outcasts.
How did Edward Bernays orchestrate the 'Torches of Freedom' event during the Easter Sunday parade in 1929?
-Edward Bernays orchestrated the 'Torches of Freedom' event by having a group of fashionable debutants light up cigarettes in public, branding them as symbols of freedom, which was reported widely in newspapers as a protest, but was actually a propaganda stunt for his client, Lucky Strike.
Who was Edward Bernays' famous uncle and what was his contribution to the field of psychology?
-Edward Bernays' uncle was Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, whose work on the human subconscious, irrationality, and human desires greatly influenced Bernays' approach to public relations and marketing.
What was the role of Edward Bernays during World War I?
-During World War I, Edward Bernays was part of the Committee on Public Information, tasked with selling America's war motives to the public at home and abroad, using propaganda techniques.
How did the concept of 'public relations' come into existence according to the script?
-The concept of 'public relations' came into existence as a rebranding of propaganda by Edward Bernays, who sought a new term to describe his work in influencing public opinion after the negative connotations associated with propaganda in America.
What was the economic fear that corporate America faced after World War I?
-The economic fear that corporate America faced after World War I was overproduction, where supply exceeded demand for goods and services, potentially leading to falling prices, dissolving profit margins, and economic downturns.
How did Edward Bernays contribute to the automobile industry's marketing strategies?
-Edward Bernays contributed to the automobile industry by advising car companies to market cars not just as utility but as symbols of male sexuality and status, and by promoting annual design changes to create demand for new models, which led to the concept of planned obsolescence.
What was the 'green ball' event organized by Edward Bernays, and what was its purpose?
-The 'green ball' was a star-studded event organized by Edward Bernays to make the color green fashionable, which was a strategy to increase the appeal of Lucky Strike's green and red packaging among women, thus expanding the market for the brand.
How did Edward Bernays influence the American breakfast culture?
-Edward Bernays influenced the American breakfast culture by orchestrating a campaign that promoted a heavier breakfast as healthier, backed by 'independent' studies circulated in the press, which he had influenced. This led to the popularization of protein-rich breakfast items like eggs and bacon.
What was the impact of consumerism on the American economy during the 1920s as described in the script?
-During the 1920s, consumerism was portrayed as the engine of economic growth, leading to rapid industrialization and an era of prosperity. However, it also contributed to overconfidence and excess borrowing, which eventually culminated in the Great Depression following the stock market crash of 1929.
Outlines
🚬 The Scandalous 1929 Easter Sunday Cigarette Protest
In 1929, during the Easter Sunday parade in New York City, a group of fashionable debutants defied social norms by publicly smoking cigarettes, which were considered taboo for women at the time. This act was portrayed as a protest and branded as 'torches of freedom' in the media. However, it was later revealed to be a staged event orchestrated by Edward Bernays, a pioneer in public relations, to promote his client, Lucky Strike, a major tobacco company. Bernays used this event to manipulate public perception and normalize women's smoking, showcasing his ability to shape consumer behavior and attitudes.
🎩 Edward Bernays: The Father of Public Relations
Edward Bernays, an Austro-Hungarian immigrant, began his career in public relations by promoting opera singer Enrico Caruso. His work in propaganda during World War I for the U.S. government led to a realization of the power of manipulating public opinion. After the war, Bernays returned to New York City and established the first public relations consultancy. He coined the term 'public relations' to rebrand propaganda and began to apply his skills to consumer goods, aiming to transform society from one based on needs to one driven by desires.
🚗 Revolutionizing the Automobile Industry with Emotional Selling
Bernays applied his understanding of human psychology to the automobile industry, advising car companies to market their products not just as utility items but as symbols of status and sexuality. He introduced the concept of planned obsolescence by encouraging annual model changes to create a demand for new cars. This strategy was successful in selling more cars, even when the market was saturated. Bernays' approach to marketing was revolutionary, focusing on creating emotional connections with consumers rather than just listing product features.
🍳 Manipulating the American Breakfast with Propaganda
Bernays was hired by the Beechnut Packing Company to increase bacon sales. He crafted a campaign that promoted a larger breakfast as healthier by leveraging the authority of physicians. By polling doctors and publishing their agreement that a heavier breakfast was better, Bernays influenced public opinion and饮食习惯. He also strategically placed articles promoting eggs and bacon as ideal breakfast foods, successfully altering the American breakfast culture to include these products.
💚 The Green Ball: Fashion, Propaganda, and Market Expansion
When Lucky Strike faced a decline in sales due to their packaging clashing with fashion trends, Bernays organized the 'Green Ball,' a high-society event that popularized the color green. By creating a demand for green fashion and artifacts, he managed to make Lucky Strike's green and red packaging desirable. This event exemplified Bernays' ability to expand markets by influencing social norms and consumer tastes, demonstrating the power of propaganda in shaping economic trends and consumer behavior.
📈 The Stock Market Boom and the Onset of the Great Depression
Bernays used his skills in propaganda to popularize retail investing, convincing Americans that owning stocks was a patriotic duty and a path to the American dream. This led to a surge in stock market investments and contributed to the bull market of the 1920s. However, the overconfidence in the economy and consumerism led to the Great Depression when the stock market crashed in 1929. Despite the economic collapse, Bernays' influence persisted, and he continued to shape public relations and consumer culture even after the depression.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Edward Bernays
💡Public Relations
💡Torches of Freedom
💡Consumerism
💡Planned Obsolescence
💡Conspicuous Consumption
💡Market Expansion Theory
💡Overproduction
💡Sigmund Freud
💡Propaganda
Highlights
In 1929, women smoking was a taboo, seen as a sign of corrupted women and social outcasts.
A group of debutants publicly smoked cigarettes during the Easter Sunday parade in New York City, branding them as 'torches of freedom'.
The 'torches of freedom' event was a propaganda orchestrated by Edward Bernays for his client, Lucky Strike.
Edward Bernays, an Austrian immigrant, was a pioneer in the field of public relations and a master manipulator of public opinion.
Bernays used his uncle Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theories to understand and influence human behavior.
During WWI, Bernays worked with the U.S. government on war propaganda, influencing public opinion in favor of the war effort.
Post-war, Bernays returned to New York and established the first public relations consultancy, applying his propaganda skills to business.
Bernays helped to shift American culture from needs-based to wants-based, promoting consumerism as a means of economic growth.
He introduced the concept of planned obsolescence in the automobile industry, encouraging annual model changes to boost sales.
Bernays was the first to use product placement in film and television, and to employ psychologists to endorse products.
He influenced American breakfast habits by promoting a heavier breakfast as healthier, indirectly promoting his client's bacon products.
Bernays used celebrity endorsements and fashion shows to transform department stores into venues for consumerism.
He directly influenced fashion trends, such as making the color green fashionable to match Lucky Strike's packaging.
Bernays' propaganda techniques were used to popularize retail investing, contributing to the stock market boom of the 1920s.
The Great Depression of 1929 marked the end of Bernays' influence on consumerism, as the economy collapsed and unemployment soared.
Despite the Great Depression, Bernays continued to wield significant influence and power in public relations after the economic downturn.
Transcripts
picture this the year is 1929 it's a
crisp Easter Sunday and we find
ourselves in the heart of the annual
Easter Sunday parade in New York City
the Hot Topic in the crowd isn't the
parade itself or the Glorious Spring
weather oh no it's something far more
scandalous the notion that women smoke
cigarettes that sounds pretty absurd
doesn't it but in the 1920s women
smoking was quite the taboo as
cigarettes were seen as accessories of
corrupted women prostitutes and social
outcasts this taboo was thought to be so
offensive at the time that several U.S
states even tried to Outlaw women's
smoking but then a plot twist right out
of a Hollywood movie unfolded mid parade
a group of fashionable debutants emerges
from the crowd struts into the parade
and what do they do they light up
cigarettes right there in front of God
and everybody else and with a defiant
smirk they branded these cigarettes as
torches of freedom
but here's the punchline
there was no real protest and there was
no heartfelt Rebellion I mean to
everyone watching there there certainly
was and the newspapers had this all over
the front page the very next day but
what nobody except a handful of people
knew was this was a theatrical spectacle
orchestrated by one man to serve his
clients demands and that client was none
other than big tobacco specifically
Lucky Strike this wasn't a protest at
all
it was propaganda and who was the master
of deception that orchestrated it well
his name
was Edward Bernays the man who as you
will learn today is responsible for a
modern day consumerism a man who is very
likely the most influential person
you've never heard of this is the story
of how a young immigrant working in
advertising went on to manipulate
millions of people into spending money
on things they didn't want and in doing
so inventing the field of public
relations and shaping the world around
you in ways you can't even imagine
Our Story begins in Toledo Ohio the year
is 1917. the lights are dim as the
Velvet curtain of the grand opera house
opens a spellbinding voice Echoes across
the hall and it belongs to Enrico Caruso
an Italian opera star being guided to
International Fame by his cunning agent
this agent is an austro-hungarian
immigrant named Edward Bernays a man
whose lineage would Peak the Curiosity
of anyone interested in human psychology
and that's because bernay's uncle was
none other than Sigmund Freud the father
of psychoanalysis and now Bernays was
making a star out of Enrico Caruso by
generating interest in his mysteriously
beautiful voice by publicly having the
singer go to comedic lengths just to
protect it but on this night April 2nd
1917 it was his life that was about to
take turn that no one saw coming a
world-defining announcement was being
made at the exact same time
300 miles away in Washington DC as
President Woodrow Wilson was declaring
the U.S was about to join World War one
and fight against Austria and Germany
War propaganda was about to become the
Talk of the Town and Bernays with his
unique set of skills found himself like
several other propagandists at the time
summoned by the U.S government Bernays
joined the Committee of Public
Information tasked with selling
America's War motives to the public at
home and abroad President Woodrow Wilson
wanted to make clear that his agenda was
not to establish the old European
Empires but rather ecosport democracy to
Europe throughout the War President
Wilson found bernay's execution and
ideas so impressive that the president
invited the then 26 year old Bernays to
join him at the Paris peace conference
after the war the reception Wilson
received in Paris was shocking to even
Bernays swarms of people rushed the
streets to get a glimpse of their hero
the great Liberator President Woodrow
Wilson as a young bernay's watchdon
stunned by the sheer impact of his work
he began to wonder if these techniques
could work a magic during times of War
could they perhaps be harnessed in times
of peace
there was just one little detail that
was killing our anti-heroes Daydream the
word propaganda it was tainted in
America it carried a negative undertone
and was associated with German war
efforts but our clever Bernays wasn't
gonna let semantics ruin his Grand plans
all he needed was a new term and thus
public relations was born
after the war Edward bernay's returned
to New York City the war had changed
Bernays it had made him more confident
in his abilities but it had also
reinforced the impression in his mind
that people were dopes and I'm not
paraphrasing Bernay is often referred to
people as stupid dopes sheep so with a
newfound sense of conviction a devolved
view of human intellect and a shiny new
phrase to describe what he did he set up
the first ever public relations
consultancy and opened up his puppet
Mastermind for business he wrote his
uncle Freud gifting him a rare box of
Havana cigars Freud wrote back returning
the favor with a copy of his new book
psychoanalysis Bernays found the work
captivating and felt that Freud's
analysis of the human subconscious human
irrationality and humans need to desire
was the key to populating the newly
established big city crowds that were
forming around a new era of American
History during this time the American
corporate landscape was undergoing quite
the evolution of its own the conclusion
of the war marked the start of an era of
rapid industrialization in America with
machines increasingly doing the heavy
lifting companies were now churning out
Goods faster than ever before while this
brought unprecedented efficiencies it
also created a fear amongst the leaders
of corporate America a fear of
overproduction
overproduction is an economic term that
refers to a situation where Supply
exceeds the demand for goods and
services this can often lead to a fall
in prices dissolving profit margins and
producers may be left with unsold stock
which in dire situations can snowball
into potentially causing economic
downturns Corporate America was
petrified of this possibility and an
unsolvable riddle presented itself
how could they keep their factories
buzzing their workers busy and the
profits soaring if Americans only bought
what they needed and so the masters of
American industry faced an urgent need
to transform a society from a
needs-based culture to a wants based
culture in the words of investment
banker Paul mazzar of Lehman Brothers we
must shift America we must make
Americans more conscious of style people
must be trained to desire to want new
things even before the old have been
entirely consumed as the 20th century
unfolded a new Social and economic order
began to take shape consumerism
consumerism is the concept that promotes
the virtue of acquiring goods and
services in Forever increasing volumes
it promotes the notion that an
individual's well-being happiness and
even social standing can be
intrinsically linked to their capacity
to consume consumerism Advocates that
consumer spending is the engine of
economic growth and while this seemingly
New Concept was about to take center
stage in America early analysis of this
concept can be traced all the way back
to 1899 when the political Economist
absolute critic of capitalism and
mustache of the century winner Thurston
felblin theorized that conspicuous
consumption became a means of signaling
one's socioeconomic status and that
people owned and used products not just
for their utility but as emblems of
Prestige and affluence in veblen's book
the theory of the Leisure Class veblin
also establishes the economic phenomenon
we know as veblen Goods so America is
going through this transformation and as
you already know by now Edward Bernays
is at the helm of it but the reason it
ended up being Bernays and not some
other propagandist is because of the
insights Bernays Drew on from his
uncle's work Bernays understood
something that set him apart from all
the other marketers out there Bernays
understood that selling products wasn't
about selling products it was about
selling emotions at the time marketers
thought that the most compelling way to
communicate the virtues of a product
were to list out all the things it could
do Bernays laughed at this and claimed
that the utility of a product hardly
motivated purchases at all bernay's
approach is perhaps best articulated by
a former employee of his Peter Strauss
who said Eddie Bernays saw that the way
to sell a product was not to sell it to
your intellect you should buy this
automobile but rather
you would feel better if you had this
automobile he understood the idea that
people were not just making purchases
with their money but instead engaging
with the product with a piece of
themselves
Bernays was the Maestro of manufacturing
desire constructing emotional
connections to purchases but enough with
the philosophy in the context what did
Bernays actually do
at this time in American history one of
the largest industries that feared
overproduction was the newly thriving
automobile industry the mass production
of cars had only just kicked off in the
1890s a couple of decades before the war
so by 1924 even though cars were more
sophisticated than ever they had reached
a saturation point in the market
everyone who needed a car pretty much
had one so how were car companies
supposed to sell more cars to a
population that just didn't need them
the notion of one household owning more
than one car was just ridiculous and
only something that the mega Rich would
even entertain Bernays was the first
person to tell car companies to Market
cars and not as utility but as a symbol
of male sexuality giving rise to long
body luxury sedans and sports cars
then to take things a step further
Bernays advised his clients General
Motors to create further demand for
these new symbols of male Vitality by
going to Market each year with new
annual year designs this was the origin
of a practice later coined planned
obsoles at the time Ford was easily the
largest car manufacturer in the United
States and had produced over half of all
of the cars on the road Henry Ford
despised this practice of planned
obsoles and he felt that constantly
going to Market with new designs led to
terrible engineering and was downright
sleazy his dream for the future of
automobile markets was one with much
more Integrity but consumers were
hypnotized as their subconscious heart
strings were being yanked by bernese's
Freudian tricks the virtues of
engineering proved no match for bernay's
propaganda games as GM went on to out
Pace forward sales over the next decade
claiming the spa it still holds today as
America's largest automobile
manufacturer and what is perhaps even
more significant is that the annual
design upgrades are now synonymous with
the automobile industry but bernay's
influence didn't just stop at cigarettes
and cars He Touched every facet of
social life he was the first to come up
with the concept of product placement in
film and television he was the first to
employ psychologists to write reports
that specific products were good for
people and then have the reports
released and circulated in independent
studies the most famous example of this
is showcased in his work with the
Beechnut Packing Company who hired
Bernays to help sell more bacon bernay's
approached this challenge not by asking
himself
how do Americans decide what to eat but
rather who tells Americans what to eat
this gave Bernays the idea to approach
his personal physician and ask him
whether or not he would agree with the
following argumentation because the body
digests much of its calorie intake while
sleeping and because calories are the
fuel people need to go about their days
people wake up from their sleep in a
serious calorie deficit and thus having
a larger breakfast as opposed to a
lighter breakfast was more optimal way
for people to start their days now today
we know that that line of reasoning just
isn't true and to a pretty meaningful
extent the subconscious of Americans
also knew this because no one was eating
a large breakfast Americans actually ate
a very small breakfast typically a piece
of carbs paired with either juice or
coffee but bernay's position was willing
to agree with this line of reasoning
prompting Bernays to request him to
write 5 000 other physicians in the
country polling them to ask if they too
agreed with the sentiment of the 5 000
Physicians they wrote four thousand and
five hundred of them wrote back saying
that they agreed Bernays then had these
findings published and circulated in the
Press with headlines informing Americans
that thousands of Physicians all agreed
that a heavier breakfast was healthier
than a lighter one and that breakfast
was the most important meal of the day
at the exact same time Bernays planted
other stories in the press that not so
innocently promoted the virtues of eggs
and bacon as the breakfast's finest
protein-rich Staples no one batted an
eye as the American breakfast a
brainchild of bernay's propaganda was
popularized seemingly overnight Bernays
was also instrumental in sculpting
modern fashion consumerism throughout
the 1920s all the major Banks motivated
by their agenda to evolve all of the
ideology of the American Shopper heavily
invested in a brand new invention the
department store this was going to be
the porcelain jungle that homed all the
overproduced shiny things Americans
didn't need but a new arena for
consumption required a new breed of
customers that America hadn't seen
before so the banks hired bernades
Bernays then hosted a series of fashion
shows in the stores that boasted an
array of celebrities who also happen to
be his clients these celebrities would
give speeches ridden by Bernays that
prompted the idea that clothes were more
than just Fabric and thread each outfit
was a ticket to express one's unique
magical special characteristics without
these clothes how could one convey their
inner charm and personality to the world
how could anyone be viewed as special if
they're closed the first thing that
people saw when they looked at you were
just plain and ordinary now while I
certainly don't mean to imply Bernay
should be credited with inventing
branding it is clear that the use of
celebrity endorsements to communicate
the uniqueness and desirability of
certain clothing lines as opposed to
others served as a catalyst for the role
modern apparel Brands hold today but
Bernays didn't just popularize fashion
he also directly influenced it and not
even for the clients you might expect
one day Lucky Strike the same cigarette
brand that prompted Bernays to curate
the Torches of Freedom propaganda came
to him with a rather perplexing problem
through their focus groups Lucky Strike
had determined that women who Bernays
had now successfully transformed into a
new class of smoking Citizens We're
choosing other cigarette boxes over
theirs because Lucky Strikes green and
red boxes were clashing with the fashion
Norms of the time bernhaze insisted that
the solution here was obvious change the
package packaging of the boxes to
something more fashionable the head of
Lucky Strike insisted that there was no
way that was going to happen as they had
already invested millions of dollars
into their branding and marketing
efforts they instead requested that
Bernays make green a more fashionable
color and so that is exactly what he did
Bernays organized the green ball a
star-studded party generously covered by
members of the press which featured
beautiful green artifacts and
decorations placed strategically around
the venue he even had recognized
intellectuals running around the room
giving speeches about the historical
virtues and poetic interpretations of
the color green suddenly giving a color
that no one wanted to wear quite the
cachet
this was so successful that before the
ball had even taken place newspapers
were feeding into the suspense
publicizing how green was becoming All
the Rage amongst members of High Society
New York Edward bernay's work with the
green ball is an unorthodox and striking
embodiment of an economic concept
referred to as Market expansion Theory
Bernays expanded the market for Lucky
Strike by redefining social norms and
fashion trends thereby increasing demand
for the green and red packaging the
economic implications of the Market
expansion Theory lie in its potential
for fostering new economic opportunities
industry growth and increased consumer
consumption all of which can drive
significant economic expansion and
greater profiteering sobernay's clever
plans were certainly doing their tricks
Americans were transformed into
consumers and Corporate America couldn't
be happier now their plans were simple
add fuel to the fire and expand into an
even more Innovative more profitable
more American future the corporations
began borrowing the banks began
borrowing and everyone's attitude was
full steam ahead consumerism could do no
wrong as it was powering one of the
grandest stock market rallies of all
time and in case you needed one more
bernay's jaw dropper this bull market
was also partially credited to bernays's
doing as he had used propaganda
techniques to popularize retail
investing up until this point in history
the average American took little to no
interest in stocks why would they the
Common Man hardly knew a thing about
them and yet Bernays was able to sway
the masses into believing that as
Americans investing was a
self-fulfilling exercise of nationalism
and that owning a piece of the American
economy was almost like a Birthright a
no-brainer to any American who desired
to live the American dream
this compelling message sent swarms of
Americans rushing to buy stocks
predominantly from banks that of course
Bernay is represented and was working
for the entire time
but as history will often remind us
you can only play God for so long and
Bernays was about to run into a daunting
form of irrationality that even he could
not comprehend
[Music]
it was late October 1929. Bernays was
organizing a massive event in the heart
of New York City which marked the 50th
anniversary of the invention of the
light bulb the entire spectacle was
paying homage to the Innovations of
American capitalism in attendance were
tens of thousands of Americans as well
as an endless number of notable figures
that bernay's had in his pocket famous
celebrities the leaders of corporate
America business Titans like John D
Rockefeller and even the U.S president
president Herbert Hoover
everyone there at bernay's request
everyone there to glorify the gifts that
consumerism had yielded but as they were
gathered the chilling news was already
beginning to spread and so with it
panic the U.S stock market was
completely collapsing for years leading
up to this the overconfidence that came
with consumerism and industrialization
had led to a new wave of thinking a mass
delusion had misled the bankers the
businessmen and it seemed even the
politicians as excess borrowing had been
carried out under the notion that
America was entering a new wave one in
which the Glorious American economy was
immune to economic downturns recessions
and market crashes this notion was
absolutely ridiculous and what pursued
was the largest market crash in history
the Great Depression had just begun
washing away everything Bernays had
built as a quarter of America's
Workforce went on to lose their job the
spending spree came to a drastic halt no
longer were Americans compelled to
purchase things that they didn't need
and it seemed like bernay's time in the
spotlight was finally over
but actually it wasn't it would turn out
that Edward bernay's influence while
hindered wasn't down for the count when
the Great Depression ended he managed to
gain even more influence and power than
ever before but if you want to hear the
rest of that incredible story we'll be
making a part two on the ultimate Puppet
Master Edward Bernays once this video
gets 15 000 likes
picture this
we're in the deep south of America the
year is 1864. Confederate dollars are
withering away into worthless
nothingness and the desperation of the
southern states is starting to show on
the faces of Confederate soldiers a
looming threat grows in the north they
know it's coming the north has a leader
who is about to make history a leader
with a vision a cunning plan and an
economic arsenal of Ingenuity that is
about to change history forever as the
survival of a Nation hangs in the
balance
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