1b Variety of Living Organisms #cricksbiology #GCSE
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script delves into the classification of living organisms, highlighting the eight characteristics of life and the five kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, productists, and prokaryotes. It explores each kingdom's unique features, such as chloroplasts in plants for photosynthesis and the absence of cell walls in animal cells, which allows for movement. Fungi are noted for their saprotrophic feeding, while productists are a diverse group including algae. Prokaryotes, like bacteria, are simple single-celled organisms with no nucleus. The script also touches on viruses, which are not considered living, and pathogens causing diseases across different kingdoms.
Takeaways
- 🌿 There are over 10 million species of organisms on Earth, which are categorized into kingdoms based on shared characteristics.
- 🔬 The five major kingdoms of life are Plantae (plants), Animalia (animals), Fungi, Protista, and Prokaryotes (bacteria).
- 🍃 Plants are multicellular with chloroplasts for photosynthesis and have cell walls made of cellulose.
- 🐘 Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic, lacking chloroplasts and cell walls, with movement facilitated by a nervous system.
- 🍄 Fungi are either unicellular or multicellular and obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes externally, with cell walls made of chitin.
- 🌊 Protista is a diverse group of organisms that don't fit into other kingdoms, including both unicellular and multicellular forms like algae.
- 🦠 Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without a nucleus, having DNA floating in the cytoplasm, and are important decomposers.
- 🧬 Viruses are not considered living organisms as they cannot reproduce independently and require a host cell to replicate.
- 🔬 Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, unlike prokaryotic cells which lack these structures.
- 🦠 Pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, protists, and viruses, cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans.
- 📚 Key terms such as 'chloroplasts', 'cell wall', 'saprorophic feeding', and 'eukaryotic' are essential for understanding and should be well understood for exams.
Q & A
What are the eight characteristics of life?
-The eight characteristics of life are movement, respiration, sensitivity, homeostasis, reproduction, excretion, nutrition, and growth.
How are living organisms classified into groups?
-Living organisms are classified into groups based on their similar characteristics, which are organized into a hierarchical structure starting from kingdoms down to individual species.
What are the five kingdoms of living organisms?
-The five kingdoms of living organisms are plants, animals, fungi, productists (or protists), and prokaryotes (which contain bacteria).
What is the main distinguishing feature of plants?
-The main distinguishing feature of plants is that their cells contain chloroplasts with the green pigment chlorophyll, enabling them to carry out photosynthesis.
How do animals differ from plants in terms of cell structure?
-Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts and they do not have cell walls, allowing them to change shape and move from place to place.
What is unique about fungal cell walls compared to plant cell walls?
-Fungal cell walls are not made of cellulose like plant cell walls; instead, they are composed of a substance called chitin.
How do productists differ from plants and animals?
-Productists are a mixed group of organisms that do not fit neatly into the plant, animal, or fungi categories. They are mostly microscopic, single-celled organisms with some features resembling plants or animals.
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
-Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, having their genetic material floating freely in the cytoplasm.
Why are viruses not considered living organisms?
-Viruses are not considered living organisms because they cannot reproduce or carry out life processes outside of a host cell and do not exhibit all the characteristics of living things.
What is the role of bacteria in the ecosystem?
-Bacteria play a crucial role as decomposers, recycling dead organisms and waste products in the soil, and some are also used by humans to make foods, while others can cause diseases.
What are pathogens and which kingdoms contain them?
-Pathogens are organisms that cause disease. The main kingdoms that contain pathogens are fungi, bacteria, productists, and viruses.
Outlines
🌿 Classification of Living Organisms
This paragraph introduces the concept of classifying living organisms based on shared characteristics. It covers the eight characteristics of life (MRSCHWENGR) and explains how organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on their evolutionary relationships. The five kingdoms identified are plants, animals, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes. The paragraph further delves into the plant kingdom, describing their multicellular nature, the presence of chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and the storage of glucose as starch or sucrose. It also mentions the structural differences between plant cells and other organisms, such as the presence of a cell wall made of cellulose.
🐇 Kingdoms of Life: Animals and Fungi
The second paragraph focuses on the animal kingdom, highlighting the diversity of animals and their classification into vertebrates and invertebrates. It discusses the absence of chloroplasts in animal cells and their reliance on movement and a nervous system for survival. The paragraph then explores the fungal kingdom, describing fungi as either unicellular or multicellular organisms that obtain nutrients through saprotrophic feeding. It contrasts the composition of fungal cell walls, made of chitin, with those of plants. Additionally, it touches upon the reproductive structures of fungi, such as mushrooms and toadstools, and their role in forming mycelium networks.
🦠 Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Pathogens
The final paragraph discusses the prokaryotic kingdom, emphasizing the structural simplicity of prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and organelles. It differentiates between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and provides examples of bacteria, including their shapes and functions. The paragraph also introduces viruses as non-living entities that require host cells to reproduce, explaining their simple structure consisting of genetic material enclosed in a protein coat. It concludes by defining pathogens as disease-causing organisms, mentioning examples from various kingdoms and the importance of understanding key terminology related to these concepts.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Characteristics of Life
💡Kingdom
💡Evolution
💡Chloroplasts
💡Cell Wall
💡Vertebrates and Invertebrates
💡Saprotrophic Feeding
💡Chitin
💡Prokaryotes
💡Viruses
💡Pathogens
Highlights
Lesson focuses on classifying living organisms by similar characteristics.
Recap of the eight characteristics of life remembered as MR SCHWENG.
Introduction to the concept of species and the vast number on Earth.
Explanation of the hierarchical classification system for organisms.
Description of the five kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi, productists, and prokaryotes.
Plant kingdom includes trees, flowering plants, mosses, and ferns.
Plants are multicellular with chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Animal kingdom comprises vertebrates and invertebrates.
Animal cells lack chloroplasts and have the ability to change shape.
Fungi kingdom includes mushrooms, toadstools, molds, and yeasts.
Fungi cells have cell walls made of chitin and engage in saprotrophic feeding.
Productista kingdom is a mixed group of organisms not fitting into other categories.
Prokaryotes are organisms with simpler cells lacking a nucleus.
Bacteria are prokaryotic, single-celled organisms with various shapes.
Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan and some have a capsule for protection.
Viruses are not considered living things and are obligate parasites.
Viruses are composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat.
Pathogens are organisms that cause disease, including fungi, bacteria, productists, and viruses.
Importance of learning buzzwords and technical terms for exams.
Transcripts
[Music]
this lesson
we are going to be looking at the
variety of living organisms and how they
can be grouped together by similar
characteristics
just to recap you should now know the
eight characteristics of life
remembered as mr schweng movement
respiration sensitivity homeostasis
reproduction excretion nutrition
and growth now we know how to identify
whether something is living or not
let's look at the different types of
living organisms
there are more than 10 million species
of organisms living on earth
and then there are many species which
have sadly become extinct
to try to put some order into these
species they've been placed into groups
called
kingdoms then each kingdom is broken
down into smaller groups
which then broken down into smaller
groups and so on until we get to the
individual species
members of each group are related they
are descended from a common ancestor
by the process of evolution which we
cover later on in the course
the common ancestry is reflected in the
similarities of structure and function
of the members of a group
the five kingdoms are plants animals
fungi productists and prokaryotes
which contain bacteria
let's look at the plants to start with
this kingdom contain a familiar plant
such as trees
flowering plants such as cereal like the
maize shown here
legumes such as peas or beans and one of
my favorite
strawberry plants but also contain the
simpler plants such as mosses and ferns
all plants are multicellular which means
they are made
up of many cells their main
distinguishing feature
is that their cells contain chloroplasts
which contain the green pigment
chlorophyll
and they carry out photosynthesis this
is the process that uses light
energy to convert water and carbon
dioxide into glucose and oxygen
this glucose can be made into starch
which can then be stored in their cells
until it is needed or it can be
converted to sucrose
to be transported around the plant to
where it is needed
plant cells have a cell wall around the
outside of them
and this cell wall is made up of a
carbohydrate called
cellulose
next we will look at the animals we
belong to the animal kingdom
there is a huge variety of animals
including the well-known ones such as
horses dogs
and insects like this house fly and the
mosquito here
and fish but also sponges mollusks worms
starfish and crustaceans
animals can be split into vertebrates
like us which means they have a vertical
column or backbone
and introvert invertebrates such as
insects which do not have a backbone
animals are also multicellular organisms
their cells do not contain chloroplasts
as they eat their food
they do not need to make it by
photosynthesis
animal cells also do not have cell walls
so their cells can change shape this is
an important feature for organisms that
need to move from place to place
movement in animals is achieved in
various ways
but often involves coordination by a
nervous system
animals store spare glucose in their
cells as a large compound
called glycogen
the kingdom fungi includes mushrooms and
toadstools
as well as molds like the mucoil shown
here
which you may have seen growing on
vegetables which have been forgotten in
the vegetable rack
these groups of fungi are multicellular
but some fungi such as the yeast shown
here
are unicellular in other words made of
single cells
the cells of fungi do not contain
chloroplasts
as they do not photosynthesize fungi get
their food by secreting digestive
enzymes
onto the food and once it is digested
into smaller molecules
the fungicide absorbs it this is known
as
saprotrophic feeding because the
digestive enzymes are secreted
out of the cells they are known as extra
out of
cellular out-of-the-cell enzymes
like plant cells fungal cells have cell
walls but they are not made of cellulose
like implants
instead they are made of substance
called chitin
the cells can also store carbohydrate
and they use
glycogen for this like animal cells the
mushrooms and toadstools you see grey in
the fields
are actually the reproductive organ
called a fruiting body
once they have stopped reproducing these
fruiting bodies die back
but this leaves the main part of the
fungus under the soil
which are the thread-like filaments
called hyphae
you sometimes see these as fairy rings
in fields
here the hyphae are radiating out from
the center of the circle
and when the fungus is ready to
reproduce the fruiting
bodies grow to form the perimeter of the
circle
these hyphae form a complex mesh-like
network
called a mycelium the hyphy cells
contain more than one nucleus per cell
the kingdom productista or product tests
are sometimes called the dustbin group
but please don't call them this
in an exam because they are mixed group
of organisms that don't fit
into the plants animals or fungi groups
most productives are microscopic
single-celled organisms
some look like animal cells such as
amoeba
and some have features of like plants
such as this chlorella
algae belong to productista most algae
are unicellular
but some species such as seaweeds are
multicellular
and can grow to a great size seaweeds
however is just a general term for the
plant-like structures growing in the sea
seaweeds can actually be plants
productista or
even prokaryotes the productist
plasmodium
shown here is responsible for causing
malaria
there are two main distinct types of
cells
eukaryotes and prokaryotes
all the organisms described so far are
composed of eukaryotic cells
which means they have a nucleus these
eukaryotic organisms have a nucleus
surrounded by a membrane
along with other membrane-bound
organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts but there
are also
organisms made of simpler cells which
have no nucleus
mitochondria or chloroplasts the genetic
material is just
floating freely in the cytoplasm these
are called prokaryotic cells
prokaryotic means before a true nucleus
the kingdom prokaryotes contain bacteria
which are microscopic single-celled
organisms
their cells are much smaller about 10
times smaller to give a rough idea
than those of eukaryotic organisms and
have a much simpler structure
there are three basic shapes of bacteria
spheres rods and spirals
but they all have a similar internal
structure
bacterial cells are surrounded by a wall
for protection
and to maintain the shape
bacterial cell walls are made of
peptidoglycan which is a mixture of
carbohydrates and proteins
some species have another layer outside
this wall called a capsule or slime
layer
both give the bacterium extra protection
the cell has no nucleus instead its dna
is in a single circular chromosome
floating in the cytoplasm
they also have plasmids which has small
circular rings of dna
carrying some of the bacterium's genes
about 75 percent of bacteria contain
plasmids
some but not all bacteria use long
whip-like structure called flagella to
swim
some also contain chlorophyll to carry
out photosynthesis however most bacteria
feed off
other living or dead organisms along
with fungi money bacteria are important
decomposers
recycling dead organisms and waste
products in the soil
some bacteria are used by humans to make
foods such as the production of yogurt
by using lactobacillus bulgaricus
others cause disease such as
pneumococcus
which causes pneumonia
viruses are interesting as they are not
regarded as living things
they are all parasites infecting living
organisms
and can only reproduce inside living
organisms
the cell in which the virus lives is
called the host
there are many different types of virus
some infect the cells of animals
such as a human immunodeficiency virus
which invades human immune cells
thus making the person vulnerable to
other diseases such as pneumonia
and rare cancers and this is regarded as
causing aids other
others infect plant cells such as the
tobacco mosaic virus
which interferes with the ability of the
tobacco plant to make chloroplasts
using causing mottled patches to develop
on the leaves
there are even viruses like the
bacteriophage shown here
which infect bacteria viruses are much
smaller than bacterial cells
roughly 10 to 100 times smaller in
diameter
viruses are not made of cells a virus
particle is very simple
it has no nucleus or cytoplasm as in as
and is composed of a core of genetic
material
surrounded by a protein coat or capsid
the genetic material can be either dna
or rna
in either case a genetic material makes
up just a few genes
all that is needed for the virus to
reproduce inside its host cell
sometimes a membrane called an envelope
may surround a virus particle
but the virus does not make this it is
made by the host cell as it reproduces
the viral particles that have infected
it so why do we say viruses are not
living
viruses do not carry out all of the
normal characteristics of living that
are living things they do reproduce but
they do this by making the host cell
produce the viral particles
so if they are not living they can be
thought of as on the border between an
organism
and a non-living chemical as mentioned
before
viruses reproduce by infecting the host
cell and taking over the host nucleus
to make more virus particles after many
virus particles have been made
the host cell dies and the particles are
released to infect more cells
to finish off we need to look at
pathogens
but what are pathogens they are
organisms that cause disease
the main kingdoms that contain pathogens
are fungi
for example athlete's foot you may be
prone to this if you do not wear socks
in your trainers
as the fungus that causes athlete's foot
likes warm damp
dark areas to grow like in sweaty
trainers
bacteria such as salmonella which causes
food poisoning
product tests like the one we previously
mentioned
which is transmitted by mosquitoes the
plasmodium the organism
causes malaria and then of course there
are the non-living viruses
such as hiv that causes aids the tobacco
mosaic virus infecting funny enough
tobacco plants
influenza and the sarskof2 that causes
covid all of these were mentioned
earlier
of course as always don't forget your
buzzwords
there are some really important words in
here which you may not have come across
before
and you need to be able to spell them
and feel comfortable using them
in your exam answers
Посмотреть больше похожих видео
5 Kingdom Classification - GCSE Biology (9-1)
BIOLOGIA - Lezione 3 - La Cellula Eucariota
GCSE Biology: Revision Guide | Plant, Animal, Bacteria Cells & Orders of Magnitude
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells - High School Biology
Kingdoms of Life - Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctists, Bacteria and Viruses #1
Chapter 1 - pt2a - Cellular Foundation pt1
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)