Battery driven Electric vehicle with regenerative Braking operation | Electric vehicle Simulation |

Summary

This video tutorial explores a Matlab simulation model for a battery-driven electric vehicle with regenerative braking. It covers the model's components like the battery, bidirectional DC-DC converter, and DC motor, controlled by a speed control method with a PID controller. The simulation demonstrates energy regeneration during braking, where the DC motor acts as a generator, sending energy back to the battery. The tutorial also shows how the system responds to speed changes, illustrating the increase in battery SOC and voltage due to regenerative braking.

Takeaways

• 🔋 The simulation model demonstrates the operation of a battery-driven electric vehicle using regenerative braking in MATLAB.
• ⚡ The setup consists of a battery, bi-directional DC-DC converter, and a DC motor, with speed control managed by a PID controller.
• 🚗 During motoring, the battery supplies power to the DC motor, but during braking, the energy is reversed and stored in the battery.
• 🔄 Regenerative braking converts the motor's negative torque into energy, which is then sent back to the battery, reversing the current flow.
• 📊 The system measures and tracks key metrics like battery voltage, current, state of charge (SOC), motor speed, and torque.
• 🏎 The initial speed is set at 120 radians per second, with a constant torque of 10 Newton meters during motoring operation.
• 🔧 In the simulation, the speed is reduced from 120 to 50 radians per second to simulate the regenerative braking process.
• 🔋 When braking is applied, the DC motor acts as a generator, and the current direction changes from positive to negative as energy flows back to the battery.
• 🔍 The simulation demonstrates how the SOC of the battery increases during regenerative braking, and the voltage also rises due to energy being transferred back to the battery.
• 🔔 The video concludes by explaining how regenerative braking helps improve the energy efficiency of electric vehicles and invites viewers to subscribe to the channel for more content.

Q & A

What components are included in the electric vehicle model discussed in the script?

The model consists of a battery, bi-directional DC-DC converter, and a DC motor, with the battery controlled via a speed control method.

How does the regenerative braking system work in this model?

During braking, the energy from the DC motor is reversed and stored in the battery through the bi-directional DC-DC converter. The current direction reverses when the speed is reduced.

What role does the PID controller play in the system?

The PID controller compares the speed of the DC motor with a reference value and processes the signal to generate the appropriate pulse to control the MOSFET and motor operation.

What happens to the current during regenerative braking?

During regenerative braking, the current direction reverses, and the motor generates power that is stored in the battery. This changes the current from a positive value to a negative one.

What changes occur in the battery's state of charge (SOC) during braking?

The SOC of the battery increases during regenerative braking as energy is stored back into the battery.

How is the reference speed manipulated in the model?

The reference speed is initially set to 120 radians per second. After a set time, it is reduced to 50 radians per second to simulate braking and observe the regenerative process.

What is the rated voltage and speed of the DC motor used in the simulation?

The DC motor is rated at 240 volts with a rated speed of 10,750 RPM and 5 horsepower (HP).

How does the torque behave during the motoring and braking operations?

During motoring, the torque is maintained at around 10-11 Nm. During braking, the torque switches to a negative value, indicating energy regeneration.

What happens to the battery voltage during regenerative braking?

The battery voltage increases during regenerative braking as the motor returns energy to the battery.

What is the purpose of simulating the model at different speed conditions?

Simulating at different speeds, especially with braking scenarios, helps demonstrate the concept of energy regeneration and how the system stores energy back into the battery.

Outlines

00:00

🔋 Introduction to Battery-Driven Electric Vehicles with Regenerative Braking

The video introduces the concept of battery-driven electric vehicles, focusing on the regenerative braking operation using a simulation model in Matlab. The model includes a battery, a bi-directional DC-DC converter, and a DC motor. The speed of the DC motor is controlled through a PID controller, and the bi-directional converter manages power flow between the motor and battery during motoring and braking operations. During braking, the direction of the current reverses, storing energy back into the battery. This allows the vehicle to recover energy when reducing speed, with the converter facilitating this process.

05:00

🚗 Simulating Motoring Operation and Regenerative Braking

The simulation tracks the motor's speed, torque, battery voltage, and current. Initially, the motor operates at a constant speed of 120 radians per second, drawing power from the battery. When the brake is applied, the speed is reduced, causing the DC motor to act as a generator. The energy generated during this braking process is stored in the battery. The simulation shows a shift in current and torque, confirming the regenerative process. The battery's state of charge (SOC) increases as power is fed back, demonstrating the system’s ability to capture and store energy during braking.

10:04

🔄 Regeneration Effects on Battery SOC and Voltage

In this section, the impact of regenerative braking on the battery is examined in detail. The current in the battery changes from positive to negative, indicating that energy is being returned to the battery. The SOC of the battery increases as the energy generated during braking is stored. The video also highlights how the voltage across the battery increases during the regeneration process. This regenerative braking operation showcases the efficiency of electric vehicles in energy recovery, ensuring longer battery life and improved vehicle performance. The video ends with a call to subscribe for more content.

Keywords

💡Battery

A battery is an energy storage device that provides electrical power through chemical reactions. In the context of the video, the battery is a crucial component of the electric vehicle, supplying power to the DC motor during operation. The script mentions a battery with a voltage of 60V and a capacity of 400Ah, which is used to power the electric vehicle and store regenerated energy during braking.

💡DC-DC Converter

A DC-DC converter is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. In the video, a bi-directional DC-DC converter is used to control the flow of power between the battery and the DC motor, ensuring efficient energy transfer and enabling regenerative braking. The converter's bidirectional capability allows it to function as both a boost converter and a buck converter, depending on the direction of power flow.

💡DC Motor

A DC motor is an electric motor driven by direct current (DC) and converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The video discusses a DC motor with a rated speed of 10,750 RPM and a power rating of 5 HP, which is used to drive the electric vehicle. The motor's speed is controlled via a PID controller to achieve the desired performance, and during regenerative braking, it acts as a generator, sending energy back to the battery.

💡Regenerative Braking

Regenerative braking is a system that recovers energy during deceleration and braking by converting the vehicle's kinetic energy back into stored energy. The script describes how, during braking, the DC motor acts as a generator, and the energy generated is sent back to the battery through the bi-directional DC-DC converter. This process is illustrated in the video by reducing the speed reference, which causes the motor to generate electricity and increase the battery's State of Charge (SOC).

💡PID Controller

A PID controller is a control loop mechanism that calculates the necessary control action by measuring the error between a desired setpoint and a measured process variable. In the video, a PID controller is used to manage the speed of the DC motor by comparing the reference speed with the actual speed and adjusting the motor's input to minimize the error. This ensures smooth and precise control of the electric vehicle's speed.

💡State of Charge (SOC)

The State of Charge (SOC) is an indicator of the amount of charge left in a battery, usually expressed as a percentage. The video script mentions monitoring the SOC of the battery, which increases during regenerative braking as energy is returned to the battery. This is a key aspect of the electric vehicle's energy management system, ensuring that the battery's capacity is optimally utilized.

💡Bidirectional

Bidirectional refers to the ability of a system or component to operate in two opposite directions. In the context of the video, the bi-directional DC-DC converter can both supply power from the battery to the motor and, during regenerative braking, transfer power from the motor back to the battery. This dual functionality is essential for the efficient operation of the electric vehicle's energy回收 system.

💡Speed Control

Speed control is the process of managing the speed of a motor or vehicle to achieve a desired performance. The video discusses a speed control method that involves measuring the DC motor's speed, comparing it with a reference value, and using a PID controller to adjust the motor's input accordingly. This is crucial for maintaining a constant speed during motoring and for managing the energy flow during regenerative braking.

💡Torque

Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis. In the video, torque is mentioned in relation to the DC motor's performance, where a constant torque of 10 Newton meters is maintained during normal operation. During regenerative braking, the torque becomes negative, indicating that the motor is acting as a generator and producing energy instead of consuming it.

💡Reference Speed

Reference speed is a predetermined speed setpoint used to control the operation of a motor or vehicle. The script describes setting a reference speed for the DC motor and then changing it to simulate braking. This change in reference speed triggers the regenerative braking process, where the motor's speed decreases, and the energy is regenerated back to the battery, as demonstrated in the video.

Highlights

Introduction of a battery-driven electric vehicle with daily generative braking operation using MATLAB simulation.

The simulation model includes a battery, bi-directional DC-DC converter, and DC motor with speed control via a PID controller.

During braking, the energy generated by the negative electromagnetic torque is stored in the battery using a bi-directional DC-DC converter.

The current direction reverses during braking as energy is transferred back to the battery, demonstrating regenerative braking.

The DC motor speed is controlled by comparing it to a reference speed, which is maintained by the PID controller.

During motoring operation, the battery supplies power to the DC motor, and during braking, the current flow reverses.

A detailed explanation of a 240-volt, 5-horsepower DC motor with a rated speed of 10,750 RPM and a 10 Newton-meter load.

Battery voltage decreases as power is supplied to the electric motor, with current draw measured at 27.5 amps.

Simulation shows the motor maintaining a constant speed of 120 rad/s and a torque of 10 Newton-meters during motoring.

In regenerative braking mode, the reference speed is reduced from 120 rad/s to 50 rad/s, showing the motor's response.

Regeneration occurs when the machine transitions to generator mode, reversing current flow to charge the battery.

Current changes from 11 amps during motoring to -20 amps during braking, demonstrating the regenerative process.

Electromagnetic torque changes from 11 Newton-meters to -20 Newton-meters during regeneration, indicating energy recovery.

The state of charge (SOC) of the battery increases during braking as energy is returned from the motor.

Battery voltage also rises during regeneration, confirming energy recovery through the regenerative braking system.

Transcripts

hi viewers welcome to another solution

today we are going to see about the

battery and driven electric vehicle with

daily generative braking operation

Concept in Matlab so this is a

simulation model we are created for a

so this model consists of battery

biodational dc-dc converter

then

DC motor okay

and this

battery converter will be controlled by

means of

speed control method so here we are

measuring the

speed of the

DC motor

so this DC motor speed will be compared

with the reference pin okay then it will

be process we have PID controller

and it will be

after PhD controller the PVD controller

visited the

when we process via

this pyrolium generator so this video

RAM generator will be generated the

pulse so this pulse when we used to

first drive this to master

so we're going to be driving that to uh

to mosfet not to

Supply the power from the battery to

a DC motor during motoring operation

okay

during breaking during breaking some

energy will be

reversed right some power will be

reversed in the DC motor so that will be

stored in the battery

so during that time the current

direction will be in the reverse

Direction okay so that will happen when

we are going to reduce the speed right

for example consider you drive the

vehicle okay so we are going to increase

the oscillator right so it will be the

speed of the electric vehicle will be

increase and if you are going to

maintain around

80 kilometer

okay so during your window please

certain uh break in the electric vehicle

so what will happen that there will be a

a torque in the negative Direction okay

so that need to be stored in the battery

so that can be possible by means of this

bi-directional dc-dc converter

Arrangement okay so when you are

applying the break right so whatever

energy stored in that machine right then

going to be returned back to that

battery so via this is a converter so

during that time during this ah that

will uh during forward motoring

condition right Forum not forward

motoring during a drain condition right

when speed increase in condition right

so battery will be Supply the power to

the

this DC motor during operating braking

right so whatever energy is stored

because of that negative electro

magnetic torque right so that will be

stored in the battery so during that

time current Direction only will be

changed okay

so and also when you have to look from

this side right so it will be active

here boost converter when we are going

to look in this direction it will be

back to CM boost converter so we can

call this converter arrangement I think

but the bi-directional bug booster

converter arrangement

okay and I'm going to explain here right

here we have the battery right battery

voltage we are considered as 60 and

reacted capacity is folded 400 H then

Battery Source is 50 percentage so this

is a machine here we are having so here

we are using 240 volt machine

with rated speed of 10750 RPM and 300

Volta a DC motor and rated power is 5 HP

okay and then here we are pulling loader

is 10 Newton meter

and then here we have a reference speed

condition so initially I'm going to

operate the motor at a constant speed

right so I am not changing any speed in

this machine so I'm going to show the

result of the battery voltage current

and SOC and then I am going to show the

result of the speed of the

electric vehicle at the speed of the

machine alternating machine or DC motor

any

[Music]

speed reference okay

and also I am going to show that

tracking of

speed also okay

and then this is a voltage across the

term machine

so first I am going to simulate this one

and then

we will check the results

so now we can see here right

so reference midi here we are fixed at

120 so it will be track the interrupting

speed after 1.5 seconds okay so this

voltage across that DC machine is around

150 volt

and then so here you can see here right

see this is the battery

voltage and then battery current and the

battery Associated the battery sources

keep on decreasing because of

uh battery supplying power to the

electric motor okay and then is the

current is taken from the battery is

around

[Music]

27.5 amps and here again the speed of

the machine is maintained at 120 radian

per second and then the torque of the

machine is maintained into 10 Newton

meter because Slaughter we are

maintained six to term 10 Newton Newton

so so here you can see that thread so it

made an attack around the

11 Newton meter and then current of the

machine is around

11 between so 11 amps okay so this is

for like a farm motoring condition or

motoring operation so now I am going to

check the condition that means we are

going to

apply the brake right so here in order

to create that regeneration concept so

first I am going to maintain the

reference speed equal to 120 radius per

second

after Samsung inside I'm going to change

the speed from 120 to 80 per seconds to

around 50 radius per second okay and

then we have to check the other changes

in the system so how the machine will be

react when we are going to apply the

brake right Supply the break in the

scenes we are going to apply them

uh that means we are reducing the speed

of the machine right so during the time

so how the machine will be hacked and

then how the energy will be transferred

from the machine into the battery like

the Regeneration concept right so here

I'm into make that

the reference speed from after 2 seconds

right so initially it will be run at 120

newton so I want to delete it per second

and then after that it can be changed to

50 rating per seconds okay

and then uh I'm going to make small uh

that will we are creating that uh

breaking right that mean reducing a

speed of the machine reference speed

from 120 to 50 up to 2 seconds so I'm

going to take

another

0.05 seconds time so that means that

that regeneration will be you can see ah

slightly right within a second so okay

so that's why I'm making the time so I

am going to simulate this same model

and then I am going to explain the

detail with the how the tree generation

happen in this system while we are

reducing the speed

so now we can see here right so this

changes

here you can see that the speed is speed

references change it here but because of

change in remote speed the speed is

reducing here right so in this position

you can see right right

so this is reference speed the blue

clear is actual script because of change

in reference field the actual speed

application also try to reduce right so

you can see that reduction up to its

feet okay so now you can see that

because of detection of that uh speed

command the voltage of the

voltage across the motor also going to

change right and also here you can see

the change in the speed of case speed is

releasing and then here you can see that

variation of

here you can easily understand that okay

so now you can see that right the

current of the

DC machine or DC motor this comes to

minus 20 amps so here when you are going

to apply the break that so what happened

that it will be going to be accessing

generator right that machine DC machine

is going back to the generator so that's

why the current is changed from 10 11

amps to minus 20 amps it comes to here

and also you can see the electromagnetic

of the machine so it changed from 11

Newton meter to minus 20 Newton meter so

this is known as a regeneration right so

because of regeneration how that energy

will be

back to that battery so here you can see

here right I'm going to zoom

this area so you will see that detail

so now we can see here right that that

battery current right so this battery

current is changed from 27.5 amps to

minus around minus

18 amps right so this is because of this

regeneration right the water energy is

generated during breaking right so that

will be sent to that battery so and also

I am going to expand that SOC okay so

you will see that

now we can see that right the soc of the

battery is increasing so because of that

regeneration power it will regeneration

energy because of the break even

breaking that so the soc of the battery

also going to be increasing okay

and also I need to check that voltage

also so because of applying voltage so

we need to check the voltage whether

voltage increasing around here you can

see the voltage of the battery also

increasing because of Ray Gentry

generation right

because of the day regenerative braking

okay so this is happen when uh that will

region tree clicking concept of training

the electric vehicle so whenever you are

going to apply the brake so that during

that break water energy in that machines

are that will be returned back to that

battery okay so this is known as

regenerative operation of the electric

vehicle so this is battery driving

electric vehicle with with the

Regeneration concept so thanks thanks

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