TEDxWarwick - Giselle Weybrecht - How to Make Anything More Sustainable

Summary

The speaker critiques the traditional MBA approach, highlighting a disconnect between business education and real-world sustainability issues. They recount a parable of a fisherman to illustrate the pursuit of wealth versus contentment, and argue for a reimagined MBA curriculum that equips graduates with the skills to integrate sustainability into business practices. Emphasizing the potential impact of business graduates on global challenges, the speaker calls for a shift in business education to better prepare future leaders for creating sustainable solutions.

Takeaways

• 📚 The story of a businessman and a fisherman illustrates the potential disconnect between business success and personal fulfillment, questioning the MBA-driven pursuit of wealth and expansion.
• 🎓 Having an MBA can elicit mixed reactions, with some associating it with a detachment from real-world values and a narrow focus on shareholder value.
• 🌱 The speaker argues that business schools have a crucial role in shaping future leaders who can integrate sustainability into their business practices, rather than viewing it as an afterthought.
• 🔑 Businesses globally are increasingly recognizing the importance of sustainability, understanding it's not just a trend but a fundamental aspect of good business.
• 🚀 The potential of MBA graduates to drive sustainability within organizations is significant, but many lack a deep understanding of these issues due to inadequate education in this area.
• 💼 The traditional MBA focus on post-graduation salary and job placement may not align with the emerging importance of sustainability and social impact in business.
• 🌐 The speaker's personal journey from the UN to pursuing an MBA highlights the need for business education to bridge the gap between business practices and global sustainability challenges.
• 💡 The idea of 'Mottainai', a Japanese concept of regret when resources are wasted, is introduced as a powerful metaphor for the need to value and utilize resources sustainably.
• 🌟 The potential for business schools to become hubs of innovation for sustainability, helping communities and organizations solve real-world problems, is emphasized.
• 💼 The speaker suggests that business schools should be judged on the impact their graduates have on the world, not just on their post-MBA salaries, to encourage a new generation of leaders focused on sustainability.

Q & A

What is the main theme of the story told by the businessman about the fisherman?

The main theme of the story is the contrast between the pursuit of material wealth and success versus the appreciation of a simple, balanced life that the fisherman already enjoys.

What does the acronym 'MBA' stand for and what is its relevance to the script?

MBA stands for Master of Business Administration, a degree program that is relevant to the script as it discusses the role of business education, particularly MBA programs, in fostering sustainability and responsible business practices.

Why does the speaker believe that business schools have a key role in sustainability?

The speaker believes that business schools have a key role in sustainability because they educate the next generation of managers and leaders who will shape the way businesses operate, and thus have the potential to embed sustainability into the core of business practices globally.

What is the issue the speaker identifies with how MBA programs currently approach sustainability education?

The speaker identifies that MBA programs often present sustainability as an add-on or a separate topic, rather than integrating it into the core curriculum. This approach fails to provide graduates with a deep understanding of sustainability and the ability to embed it into their future jobs and careers.

How does the speaker suggest business schools can better prepare students for sustainability in their careers?

The speaker suggests that business schools can better prepare students by integrating sustainability into all aspects of the curriculum, ensuring it is taught as a core part of business practices rather than as a specialized or elective topic.

What example does the speaker give of a business that benefited from engaging with sustainability?

The speaker gives the example of a mid-sized business in Mexico that, after engaging with sustainability, saw increased employee motivation, cost savings through efficiency and waste reduction, and the creation of new products and services, leading to interest from other multinational companies and more job applications from graduates.

Why did the owner of the mid-sized business in Mexico decide to hire MBA graduates?

The owner decided to hire MBA graduates because he believed they would have the knowledge and skills to help his company move forward in sustainability and strengthen the business, given that they were expected to have a better understanding of sustainability issues.

What was the owner's disappointment regarding the MBA graduates he interviewed?

The owner was disappointed because the majority of the MBA graduates he interviewed had only a vague understanding of sustainability, with some considering it irrelevant to real business and others being completely unaware of its significance.

How does the speaker propose business students could contribute to solving sustainability challenges?

The speaker proposes that business students could contribute by working on real-world sustainability challenges as part of their education, creating and implementing innovative solutions, and providing resources and skills to businesses and organizations that lack them.

What does the speaker mean when she refers to 'Muda' and its significance in the context of the script?

The speaker refers to 'Muda' as a Japanese term that means a sense of regret when the intrinsic value of an object or resource is not being properly utilized. In the context of the script, it signifies the wasted potential when business graduates do not apply their knowledge and skills towards sustainability.

What is the speaker's vision for the impact of business graduates on the world?

The speaker envisions a future where business graduates not only understand sustainability but also know how to implement it in their organizations, leading to a global impact where businesses, communities, and the environment all benefit from their actions.

Outlines

00:00

🎓 The Paradox of MBA and Sustainability

The speaker begins by narrating a story about a businessman who advises a content fisherman to expand his fishing business to achieve wealth, only for the fisherman to question the end goal. This leads to a discussion on the varied perceptions of MBAs and their role in sustainability. The speaker highlights the importance of businesses in addressing global challenges and criticizes the traditional MBA curriculum for not adequately preparing graduates for sustainability challenges. The narrative suggests that business schools should be at the forefront of educating future leaders on sustainability.

05:02

🌿 The Awakening of a Business Owner to Sustainability

The speaker recounts a conversation with a business owner who initially dismissed sustainability as irrelevant but later embraced it after realizing its benefits. The owner's employees became motivated, leading to cost savings and business growth through waste reduction and new product development. The narrative emphasizes the transformative power of sustainability in business operations and the role of MBA graduates in driving this change. However, the speaker expresses concern over the lack of understanding of sustainability among MBA students, suggesting that business education is not effectively integrating sustainability into its core curriculum.

10:03

🚀 Empowering Business Graduates for a Sustainable Future

This section envisions a scenario where business graduates are equipped with the knowledge and skills to implement sustainability in their organizations. The speaker argues that the impact of such graduates would be significant, given their presence in various sectors. The narrative proposes innovative ideas, such as involving business students in solving real-world sustainability challenges and providing community support through workshops. The speaker also stresses the need for individuals to make a difference within their current roles, rather than waiting for a specialized sustainability role.

15:04

🌱 Integrating Sustainability into Business Education and Beyond

The final paragraph emphasizes the need to integrate sustainability into all aspects of business education and professional training. The speaker suggests that sustainability should not be seen as separate from business operations but as an integral part of them. The narrative calls for a shift in how we prepare future leaders, advocating for a curriculum that equips graduates with the tools to navigate and shape a sustainable future. The speaker concludes with a call to action for business schools and businesses to prioritize long-term impact over immediate gains, measured by the positive influence of their graduates on the world.

Keywords

💡Sustainability

Sustainability refers to the ability to maintain a certain process or state in the long term, often in the context of environmental, social, and economic systems. In the video, sustainability is a central theme, emphasizing the need for businesses and business education to consider long-term impacts and balance profit with environmental and social responsibilities. The speaker discusses how businesses are increasingly recognizing the importance of sustainability and how business schools should be equipping their students with the knowledge and skills to embed sustainability into their future roles.

💡Business Schools

Business schools are educational institutions that focus on teaching business disciplines, such as management, finance, and marketing. The video highlights the role of business schools in shaping future business leaders and stresses the importance of integrating sustainability into their curriculum. The speaker argues that business schools have a responsibility to prepare students not just for current business practices but also for the challenges of the future, including sustainability.

💡Fishing Fleet

The term 'fishing fleet' is used metaphorically in the video to illustrate the businessman's vision of expansion and growth for the fisherman's business. It symbolizes the transition from a small-scale operation to a large-scale industry, which the businessman believes will lead to wealth and success. However, the fisherman's response points out that the ultimate goal of such growth is ironically the simple lifestyle he already enjoys, questioning the need for such expansion.

💡IPO (Initial Public Offering)

An IPO refers to the process by which a private company goes public by offering its shares on a stock exchange for the first time. In the video, the businessman suggests that after expanding the fishing business, the fisherman could go public through an IPO, which would make him wealthy. This concept is part of the narrative that critiques the traditional business mindset focused on growth and profit maximization at the expense of simpler, more sustainable lifestyles.

💡MBA (Master of Business Administration)

An MBA is a graduate degree in business administration that equips students with advanced management skills. The video script uses the MBA as a symbol of traditional business education, questioning whether it adequately prepares students for the complexities of modern business challenges, particularly in sustainability. The speaker's own pursuit of an MBA is part of her journey to understand and influence the business sector from within.

💡Middleman

A middleman is an intermediary in a transaction or supply chain who connects producers with consumers. In the video, the businessman suggests that by expanding the fishing business, the fisherman could eliminate the middleman and sell directly to the processor, which is portrayed as a step towards greater profitability. This concept is part of the broader discussion on business efficiency and the potential downsides of removing personal and local elements from business transactions.

💡Cannery

A cannery is a facility where fish and other food products are canned for preservation and distribution. In the video, the businessman's vision for the fisherman includes opening a cannery as part of the expansion process. This represents the industrialization of what was once a simple fishing operation, reflecting the video's critique of the relentless pursuit of growth and the loss of the original purpose and lifestyle.

💡Waste Stream

A waste stream refers to the flow of materials that are considered waste or by-products from a production process. In the context of the video, the businessman-turned-fisherman discovers that what was once seen as waste can be repurposed and sold, creating value and reducing environmental impact. This concept is used to illustrate the potential for businesses to rethink waste and find innovative solutions that are both sustainable and profitable.

💡SENSEI

The term 'sensei' is Japanese for 'teacher' and is used in the video to refer to the UN, where the speaker previously worked, as a source of guidance and wisdom on sustainability issues. The video uses 'sensei' to emphasize the importance of learning from past experiences and knowledge when addressing global challenges, including sustainability.

💡UN Global Compact

The UN Global Compact is a United Nations initiative that encourages businesses to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies. In the video, a survey conducted by the UN Global Compact is mentioned to highlight the perceived gap in skills and knowledge regarding sustainability among middle and senior managers. This example is used to argue for the need to better integrate sustainability into business education and practice.

💡Eco-Warriors

Eco-warriors are individuals who actively campaign for environmental protection. The video script mentions the need to move beyond creating 'mini eco-warriors' in early education and instead integrate sustainability into all aspects of education and professional training. The term is used to critique the current approach to sustainability education, which often focuses on individual actions rather than systemic change within various sectors, including business.

Highlights

A businessman suggests that a fisherman could expand his fishing business to eventually sell and become rich, but the fisherman is content with his simple life.

The story critiques the MBA mindset that equates success with wealth and expansion, rather than contentment and balance.

The speaker challenges the audience's perception of MBAs and business students, suggesting they are often misunderstood or stereotyped.

The media often blames MBAs for corporate failures, implying the degree itself is at fault rather than individual decisions.

The importance of the business sector in sustainability is acknowledged, with a call for businesses to be part of the solution.

Businesses are increasingly engaging in sustainability, recognizing it as a business reality rather than just a marketing tool.

A Mexican business owner's experience shows that sustainability can lead to employee motivation and cost savings.

The business owner's initial resistance to sustainability shifts as he sees its benefits in employee engagement and business opportunities.

The realization that sustainability is not just an add-on but an integral part of business operations and strategy.

The speaker's personal journey from the UN to pursuing an MBA to understand how to engage the business sector in sustainability.

The need for business schools to teach sustainability as a core part of business education, not just an elective.

The challenge of MBA rankings which may discourage business schools from focusing on sustainability.

The potential for business students to innovate and solve sustainability challenges as part of their education.

The idea that business students could provide resources and skills to help small businesses and communities with sustainability.

The impact of business graduates who understand sustainability on organizations and the world.

The importance of integrating sustainability into all jobs and not just relegating it to specialized departments.

The potential for business schools to serve as resources for communities, NGOs, and businesses to learn about sustainability.

The call for MBA programs to be judged on the impact their graduates have on the world, not just post-MBA salaries.

Transcripts

good afternoon I'm gonna start by

telling you a little bit of a story some

of you may have heard this one before

but I hope not all of you a businessman

was visiting a fishing village in the

South Pacific when he came across a

small boat with one fisherman inside the

boat was filled with beautiful fish and

he asked the fisherman how long it took

him to catch those fish the fisherman

answered just a little while so the

businessman asked him well what is it

that you do it the rest of your time

George the fisherman replied well I

sleep in I fish a little I play with my

children take an afternoon nap with my

wife and then I go into town and I meet

up with my friends where we drink ramen

we stand we play the guitar I have a

full and busy life the businessmen

scoffed and went huh I have an MBA I can

help you what you need to do is you need

to stay out longer and fish more fish

with the profits you make from that you

can buy yourself a bigger boat with the

profits from the bigger boat you can buy

yourself sever boats until you have a

whole fishing fleet then you can

eliminate the middleman and sell

directly to the processor eventually

opening up your own cannery you then

have to move your operations from the

small island to Australia then LA then

to New York where you can manage your

expanding business the fisherman then

asked well how long is this going to

take

twitch the businessman replied 15 to 20

years and then what happens ah that's

the best part said the businessman with

a big smile on his face when the time is

right you could announce an IPO and you

could sell your company stock to the

public

you'd become rich you'd make millions

millions said the fisherman and then

what would happen then you could retire

move to a small village where you could

wake up late fish a little play with

your children take an afternoon nap with

your wife and go into town and meet your

friends in the evening for drinks people

love to poke fun at MBA and business

students who here has an MBA hands who

here is a business degree or working on

a business degree ok ok

who here wants to do a business degree

so then you'll understand when I say

that when you talk about MBAs it elicits

a whole variety of different responses

you know some people you get a lot of

respect when you say you have an MBA

especially if you graduated from a top

program but other people assume a lot of

things about you who you are what's

important to you some of which is true

and some of which isn't I've heard

people tell me that having an MBA makes

you detached from the real world that

you have a distorted view based on

maximizing shareholder value the media

loves to poke fun of people with MBAs

they love to mention whether the latest

CEO or manager to mess up a company had

an MBA almost to say that it's the fault

of the degree rather than the individual

and when it comes to sustainability we

never think of business graduates as

being part of the solution often they're

seen as a big part of the problem one

has only to open a newspaper or turn on

the TV to realize that we face a range

of problems on the planet today

environmental social and economic all

the actors have a really important role

to play

NGOs community groups government but is

perhaps the business sector that plays

the most important role not just in

terms of philanthropy and giving but

more importantly in terms of the way

that they do business

luckily businesses around the world are

getting more and more engaged in

sustainability in all its shapes and

forms the realizing that this goes way

beyond just being a passing phase or a

marketing tool this is an exciting

business reality one that the individual

employees want to get involved in and

that businesses are increasingly

benefiting from as they continue to move

forward and sustainability they're

realizing that there are new challenges

and problems and arise

challenges and problems that the next

generation of managers and leaders are

going to need to deal with so you would

assume that business schools would be

teaching this next generation to be able

to deal with those problems the

challenges that they're not and this is

what I'm here to talk to you about today

ice truly believe that the education

sector and in particular business

schools play a key role in moving us

forward in terms of sustainability if we

change the way that the next generation

of managers and leaders think and act in

terms of sustainability this will lead

to broader changes in the way that we do

business around the world and start to

solve more problems than we create I

give a lot of workshops a lot of

workshops with students faculties

business schools and businesses and last

year I had the chance to go to Mexico to

do some workshops in the North there and

after one of the workshops I did with

some senior executives one

the owners of the mid-sized business

came up to me after and he said at first

I had no interest in all the

sustainability stuff this is something

that rich countries and rich companies

are on about but I had nothing to do

with me but he said that he supplies to

a large multinational and this

multinational has start again really

engaged in sustainability so he said

that because of that this multinational

is really pushing its suppliers to get

involved as well at first he said he was

really frustrated that he had to he had

to waste his time looking at these

issues but he said the more and more he

looked into these issues the more

interested he got he put a group of

employees to look at these issues and he

said it may sound silly but they started

showing up for work they started showing

up for work on time and they were truly

motivated and excited about this new

project

he said that they very quickly found

some ways to save him some good money

first by increasing efficiencies by

minimizing waste they found some

opportunities to sell one of their waste

streams waste streams to a nearby

company which was something that they

had never considered before they then

started looking at ways that they could

bring sustainability into their existing

products and actually got some

inspiration about how to create some new

products and services around

sustainability because of all this work

that they were doing he said they

started getting calls from other

multinationals and other companies

around the world and in Mexico who

wanted to work with them he also said he

was starting to get a lot more CDs from

graduates who wanted to work for a

company that truly believed in these

issues so he decided who's gonna hire

some MBAs and it wasn't something he had

done before but he thought that these

MBAs would know more than her about

sustainability and that they'd be able

to move the company forward not just in

sustainability but in a way that would

strengthen and grow the business I

remember him telling me after that he

was really surprised and disappointed

when the interview started he said that

the majority of the students that he

interviewed only had a vague

understanding of what sustainability was

some of them told him that this wasn't

about real business and others had no

idea what it was whatsoever how is it

that we're going to move the business

sector forward and sustainability if the

next generation of graduates don't

understand what these issues are about

the problem is at the MBA and indeed

most business training programs they

failed to provide a deep understanding

on what sustainability is and they don't

provide graduates with with the ability

to be able to embed sustainability into

their jobs and careers

instead is often presented as an add-on

as a save-the-world approach is

something that's not connected to the

key messages and frameworks in the

curriculum a lot of students have told

me that when sustainability is brought

up is brought up right before a midterm

or it's brought up in the first day of

school and then never again and the

implicit message of this is that

sustainability is only relevant to those

people who choose a career in this topic

despite the fact that increasingly this

is going to be part of all of our jobs a

lot of schools will tell me that

sustainability that you know they're

doing their part they approach it like a

checklist and what they do is that they

have their elective on climate change

they have a core course on ethics and

they have a faculty member looking at

sustainability so they're doing their

part others will say that you know the

challenge as well as that faculty

themselves are often not equipped to be

able to teach these issues the other

thing with the MBA is that it's all

about training the next generation of

leaders but this next generation of

leaders is so busy trying to find the

jobs of today and the jobs of today

require of them something slightly

different than we need of them tomorrow

in addition the MBAs themselves are

judged based on the salaries of those

the jobs that they get today I had a

really powerful conversation with a Dean

a few years back who told me that

despite all of the work that they were

doing to embed sustainability in the

curriculum they could never do really

well in the MBA rankings and he said

that there were two reasons for this

first he said that a lot of the students

were choosing alternative kinds of

careers where they were getting lower

salaries but he said the second reason

was that they had a lot a much higher

percentage of women in the program than

most other programs and amazingly in

this day and age women were still making

less money for some of the same jobs as

their male counterparts so MBAs are

stuck in this game of rankings so what

does a girl like me do in a world like

this

I left the UN where I had been working

in sustainability issues since I was

very young to pursue an MBA my

colleagues at the time I remember very

clearly they went into shock a lot of

them thought that the business sector

was the cause of a lot of the problems

that we were trying to solve and that

the MBA would make me evil and that it

would make me see the world in an over

simplistic and dangerous way in offense

that's why I chose to do the MBA I felt

that if we really wanted to before we

needed to get the business sector

engaged and I wanted to understand how

that business sector thought and acted

when I started I was surprised that the

students were interested in these issues

but they weren't quite sure how to

balance that interest with the career

post graduation many thought that it was

a choice you either go into a

traditional business career or you go

into something more meaningful like an

NGO or a community group often when

sustainability itself was being brought

up in our classes it wasn't being

brought up in a way that was useful

irrelevant to the majority of students

and that's when I started asking myself

if we want to move forward in

sustainability and we need the business

sector to do that we then need to make

sure that our graduates actually have

this knowledge to be able to do that

shortly after I graduated I had a chance

to go to Australia which is beautiful

valuable country and there I was

introduced in the city of Melbourne to a

small company that sells two used bikes

and this company is called Montana and

they have a sign outside the premises

that explains what the word means some

of you may have heard this word before

it's a Japanese word that means a sense

of regret when the intrinsic value of an

object or resource is not being properly

utilized to me the MBA is known tonight

when we talk about sustainability we

fail to talk about the key role that

business graduates could play in making

that vision a reality

last year alone half a million people

graduated with business degrees from

over 12,000 institutions around the

world half a million and this number is

growing imagine the impact of all those

graduates not only understood what

sustainability was but knew how to put

into practice in their organizations in

a way that made sense for the

environment society and for those

businesses considering that business

graduates find their way into virtually

every type of organization on the planet

from NGOs to government to community

groups imagine if these organizations

slowly started filling themselves up

with people who understood that the

balance was part of the way that they

did business imagine the impact that

that would have on our business isn't on

the world and it wouldn't take long to

see a difference a generation perhaps a

few years half a million highly

motivated people and key organizations

around the world is a lot of people and

we wouldn't even have to wait until they

graduated I remember when I was a

student I was really jealous that design

students were constantly being

approached by businesses to come up with

visions of the world of the future and

Lucian's to different world and

sustainability problems why aren't we

asking business graduates and business

students to do this business students

are highly motivated group of people who

have backgrounds and all sorts of

different disciplines

why couldn't we throw some of these

seemingly impossible sustainability

challenges at this group of students you

could have a finance class which is all

about figuring out the value of an

endangered rhinoceros when I was at the

UN we had a Seine which was if every

consultant that went to go see a water

problem brought a bucket of water that

community wouldn't have a water problem

anymore

what if MBA students themselves weren't

just hearing and learning about these

issues but actually creating testing and

preened into place innovative solutions

to the world's problems

imagine what the world would look like

then but it wouldn't just be big

international programs it would be

problems at a community level as well

the UN Global Compact did a survey that

said that one in four ceos believe that

the lack of skills and knowledge of

their middle and senior managers was the

key reason why they weren't able to move

forward in sustainability if you combine

this with the fact that the majority of

small and medium-sized businesses would

like to move forward in this area but

often lack the resources and that and

the skills to be able to do so why

couldn't Business School students

provide those resources I was reading

lately about a series of banks in North

America and Asia and they've opened

coffee shops in the front of their

provinces and the idea is that they want

more people to come into the bank but

what's interesting is the coffee shop

has a range of short workshops and

courses and one-on-one advice to teach

people more about finance and make it

more accessible why couldn't you have

something similar in business schools

where individuals could go in community

groups NGOs not-for-profit small

medium-sized businesses and get advice

from students from faculty about how to

move forward in terms of sustainability

imagine the impact that that would have

on our communities and then you have

this half a million students that have

just gone through a degree program where

they've helped us solve world problems

helps of community challenges and now

they're able to go into any organization

in the world and make changes from the

inside out imagine the impact that that

would have on all of our businesses as

individuals we have a lot more power

than we think businesses at the end of

the day are made up of individuals such

as ourselves individuals that make

decisions on a day

that affect the world around us as

consumers we make decisions every day

that send strong messages to companies

about what we are and are not willing to

buy our decisions may seem small but

they're not the decision to change a

supplier to give our team members more

time to explore these issues can all

have a huge impact I've heard a lot of

people say that in order to make it

impact you need to quit your job and go

work for a not-for-profit this isn't

necessarily the case I think that the

biggest impact that we can have is by

making changes to our own jobs from the

inside out we need to take

sustainability out of specialized

departments and make it part of all of

our jobs who here has a job at the end

who here wants a job who here has a

degree of any sort or is working on a

degree right now so I'm talking about

business school students but it's not at

all limited to business school students

imagine if in all of our degrees in all

of our in-house training programs in all

of the training that we received we were

taught how to bring sustainability into

those jobs imagine the impact that that

will have we often hear about how

important it is to teach young people

that sustainability right from a very

young age I've actually heard some

people say that it's the responsibility

of primary and secondary education to

teach young people about sustainability

and then if you reach church free

education without this knowledge it's

too late the problem is that when

they're young we create these little

mini eco-warriors and we send them off

to university to learn the skills and

tools that they need for their future

careers there we tell them listen all

that stuff about sustainability all that

is really nice but that's not what's

going to get you a job that's something

that you do after work it's not

compatible with work we need to teach

ourselves our students and our employees

how to bring sustainability into their

jobs we need to teach ourselves how to

take the values that we have at home and

in our daily lives and apply them to our

work rather than keeping it separate

we're educating another generation of

leaders to work in a world that we have

no idea what it's going to look like in

the future but we know that they're

going to be creating it and the least

that we can do is give them all the

tools and skills to be able to do so but

every year that another class graduates

from any discipline without the skills

and knowledge to bring sustainability

forward is an opportunity wasted for the

planet and for society there's a

newspaper in Singapore which is 60 years

old and they've recently done a major

revamp of the newspaper

and this isn't a time when people are

talking about how the newspaper is

disappearing and dying so when the owner

was asked why is it that they spent all

this time and money into this project he

said it was because we expect to be

around for the next 200 years this is

the kind of language that I'd like to

hear from business schools and

businesses we need to create a

generation that's able to maneuver the

world as it is today but can see where

we need to go in to get us there it's a

simple idea but one that I think could

have a huge impact and then when it

comes to MBA programs themselves I hope

that in the future they're not going to

be judged on post MBA salary but rather

on the impact of their graduates have on

the world around them thank you