Developments in DAR-AL-ISLAM [AP World Review—Unit 1 Topic 2]

Summary

This video explores the concept of Dar al-Islam, referring to regions where Islam was the dominant religion around 1200 CE. It examines the core beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and their impact on societies. The video highlights the rise of new Islamic Empires, particularly those led by Turkic peoples, after the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate. Additionally, it discusses the spread of Islam through military expansion, trade, and Sufi missionaries, along with significant advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy during the Golden Age of Islam.

Takeaways

• 📜 Dar al-Islam refers to the regions where Islam was the majority religion around 1200, encompassing a vast area.
• ✡️ The video discusses the three major monotheistic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—and their core beliefs and societal impacts.
• ✝️ Christianity originated from Judaism, with Jesus Christ claiming to be the Messiah. After his crucifixion, Christianity spread, eventually becoming the dominant religion in the Roman Empire.
• 🕌 Islam, founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century, spread rapidly after his death, leading to the creation of Dar al-Islam.
• 💰 Islamic societies, influenced by Muhammad's background as a merchant, became prosperous through trade, especially compared to Christian states before 1200.
• 🏛️ The Abbasid Caliphate, which rose in the 8th century, was a period of great scientific, mathematical, and cultural advancements, known as the Golden Age of Islam.
• ⚔️ As the Abbasid Empire declined, new Turkic Muslim empires such as the Seljuk Empire, the Mamluk Sultanate, and the Delhi Sultanate emerged, marking a shift in power from Arab to Turkic Muslims.
• 📚 The Abbasids established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, a significant center for learning that preserved and translated many classical Greek works, which later influenced the European Renaissance.
• 🧠 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a key figure during the Golden Age of Islam, made significant contributions to mathematics, including the development of trigonometry.
• 🌍 Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia through military expansion, trade, and missionary efforts, with Sufism playing a significant role in its spread due to its emphasis on mystical experience.

Q & A

What is the meaning of 'Dar al-Islam'?

'Dar al-Islam' translates to 'the house of Islam,' referring to regions where Islam was the majority religion around 1200.

What are the three major monotheistic religions mentioned in the script?

The three major monotheistic religions mentioned are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

How did Christianity begin to influence society after its early followers were persecuted?

After being persecuted, Christianity eventually became adopted by the Roman Empire, leading to the organization of entire states in Europe and Africa under a growing hierarchy of popes, bishops, and cardinals.

Who was Muhammad, and what role did he play in the spread of Islam?

Muhammad was the Prophet who founded Islam in the 7th century on the Arabian Peninsula. After his death in 632, the faith he established spread rapidly across the Middle East, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and South Asia.

How did trade contribute to the prosperity of Islamic states prior to 1200?

Trade was a significant factor in the prosperity of Islamic states because Muhammad himself was a merchant, and his followers also valued trade highly, leading to extensive trading connections within Dar al-Islam.

What were the two key characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate during its Golden Age?

The Abbasid Caliphate was ethnically Arab and oversaw a Golden Age of Islam, marked by innovations and advancements in science, mathematics, literature, and technology.

What major change occurred in Islamic empires after the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate?

After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, new Islamic empires led by Turkic peoples, rather than Arabs, began to rise, marking a significant shift in power.

What role did the Seljuk Empire play in the Islamic world by the 1200s?

By the 1200s, the Seljuk Empire, originally a pastoral people brought in by the Abbasids as a military force, claimed significant political power, though the Abbasid caliphs still held religious authority.

How did the Mamluk Sultanate come to power in Egypt?

The Mamluk Sultanate came to power in Egypt after the death of Saladin, when the Turkic Mamluks, originally enslaved warriors, seized power from the incompetent successors of Saladin.

What were the three main ways Islam expanded across Afro-Eurasia during this period?

Islam expanded through military conquest, trade activities (especially by Muslim merchants), and the efforts of Muslim missionaries, including the spread of Sufism.

Outlines

00:00

🏠 The House of Islam and Its Religious Context

The paragraph introduces the concept of Dar al-Islam, or 'the House of Islam,' which refers to regions where Islam was the dominant religion around 1200. The discussion is framed within the broader context of interactions among the three major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It emphasizes the core beliefs of each religion and their societal impacts. Judaism's monotheism is highlighted as the foundation for the development of Christianity and Islam, with Islam's rapid expansion after the death of the Prophet Muhammad leading to significant economic prosperity due to its emphasis on trade, in contrast to Christianity's views on wealth accumulation.

05:01

🏛 The Rise and Fall of Islamic Empires

This paragraph details the historical context leading up to the rise of new Islamic empires from the ashes of the Abbasid Caliphate. It begins by discussing the Abbasid Caliphate's ethnic Arab roots and its Golden Age, which saw significant advancements in science, mathematics, and literature. However, by 1200, the Abbasid Empire was fragmenting, and new Turkic Muslim empires, such as the Seljuk Empire, the Mamluk Sultanate, and the Delhi Sultanate, began to emerge. These empires, primarily composed of Turkic peoples rather than Arabs, marked a significant shift in the power dynamics of the Islamic world, with the military playing a crucial role in administration and the continued implementation of Sharia law.

Keywords

💡Dar al-Islam

Dar al-Islam, translated as 'house of Islam,' refers to regions where Islam is the majority religion and governs societal norms. In the video, it highlights areas under Islamic rule around 1200 AD, demonstrating the widespread influence of Islam and its impact on trade, culture, and governance during this period.

💡Monotheism

Monotheism is the belief in a single, all-powerful God. The video discusses how Judaism introduced monotheism, which became the foundation for Christianity and Islam. This concept is crucial as it shaped the religious and cultural development of societies within Dar al-Islam and beyond.

💡Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate was a major Islamic empire that ruled from the mid-8th century until its decline before 1200 AD. Known for ushering in the Golden Age of Islam, the Abbasids were central to advancements in science, mathematics, and culture. The video emphasizes the importance of understanding the Abbasid's influence to grasp the changes in the Islamic world after 1200.

💡Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire was a Turkic state that rose to power in the 11th century. Initially serving as military forces for the Abbasids, the Seljuks eventually gained significant political control. Their emergence represents the shift in power from Arab-dominated Islamic empires to Turkic ones, a major theme in the video.

💡Mamluk Sultanate

The Mamluk Sultanate was a regime in Egypt established by former enslaved Turkic warriors known as Mamluks. The video discusses how the Mamluks seized power, demonstrating the recurring theme of Turkic military forces rising to control former Arab territories.

💡Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state established by Turkic invaders in northern India. Lasting for about 300 years, it exemplified the expansion of Islamic rule into South Asia. The video highlights the Sultanate as part of the broader trend of Turkic Muslims establishing new empires in the post-Abbasid period.

💡Sufism

Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam that emerged during this period, emphasizing personal spiritual experiences over strict theological doctrine. The video notes Sufism's role in spreading Islam across diverse regions, appealing to people across different classes and genders.

💡Sharia Law

Sharia Law is the Islamic legal system derived from the Quran and Hadith. The video mentions how new Turkic Muslim states continued to implement Sharia, showing the continuity of Islamic legal traditions despite the shift in political power from Arab to Turkic rulers.

💡House of Wisdom

The House of Wisdom was a major intellectual center in Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate. Scholars here translated and preserved classical Greek texts, which later influenced the European Renaissance. The video underscores its role in maintaining and transmitting knowledge across cultures.

💡Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was a prominent Islamic scholar who made significant contributions to mathematics, particularly in developing trigonometry. The video credits him with innovations that later influenced European scientists like Copernicus, highlighting the global impact of Islamic scholarship during this period.

Highlights

Dar al-Islam refers to areas where Islam was the majority religion around 1200.

Three major monotheistic religions during this period: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Judaism was the ethnic religion of the Jews, originating in the Middle East, and was monotheistic.

Christianity was established by Jesus Christ, who claimed to be the Messiah, and spread rapidly after his crucifixion.

Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century and spread rapidly after his death in 632.

Islamic societies were known for their trading connections, which helped the religion spread across different regions.

The Abbasid Caliphate, founded in the 8th century, marked the Golden Age of Islam with advancements in science, mathematics, literature, and technology.

By 1200, the Abbasid Empire was fragmenting, and new Islamic empires were rising, primarily composed of Turkic peoples.

The Seljuk Empire, established in the 11th century, was one of the new Islamic states formed by Turkic warriors.

The Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt was established after Turkic warriors, originally brought in as slaves, seized power.

The Delhi Sultanate in South Asia was a Muslim state established by invading Turks and ruled over India for about 300 years.

Islam continued to expand through military conquests, trade, and missionary activities, notably by the Sufis.

Sufism emphasized mystical experiences and played a significant role in spreading Islam across different regions.

Islamic scholars made significant contributions to mathematics, with Nasir al-Din al-Tusi inventing trigonometry.

The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a major center for learning and translation, preserving Greek philosophy and contributing to the Renaissance.

Transcripts

all right let's talk about Dar all Islam

which one being translated means the

house of Islam or everywhere Islam was

the majority religion around 1200 and a

quote an imminent historian of this

period that's a big old honking house so

if you're ready to get them brain cows

milked well let's get to it again I need

to tell you about three of the major

religions that interacted with one

another during that time Judaism

Christianity and Islam you're gonna need

to know something about the core beliefs

of each of these and how these beliefs

affected the Societies in which they

were practical oh by the way if you want

note guys to follow along with this

video and cram all of its contents into

your brain folds then check the link

below so Judaism is the ethnic religion

of the Jews and it originated in the

Middle East probably the most important

thing you need to remember about this

religion is that it was monotheistic

which is to say they worshiped one God

and not many God that's the important

piece because Judaism was the soil out

of which the other two monotheistic

faiths grew so Christianity was

established by a Jewish Prophet namely

Jesus Christ maybe you've heard of it

now Jesus claimed to be the Messiah or

the Savior that the Jews had long been

waiting for and after his crucifixion at

the hands of Roman authorities his

followers began to spread his message of

salvation by grace all the earliest

Christians Were A persecuted minority

eventually the Roman Empire adopted

Christianity and that began the most

significant influence of Christianity

upon Society in fact entire States in

Europe and Africa were organized and

influenced by a growing hierarchy of

popes and Bishops and Cardinals

considered the third major monotheistic

religion you need to know namely Islam

and it was founded by the Prophet

Muhammad in the 7th Century right here

on the Arabian Peninsula Muhammad

claimed to be the final prophet in the

line of God's Messengers and stretched

all the way back through Jewish and

Christian scripture and he taught his

followers that salvation would be found

in righteous actions like alms giving

him prayer and fasting now after the

death of Muhammad in 632 the faith that

he established began spreading rapidly

throughout the Middle East North and

sub-Saharan Africa into Europe and all

the way down to South Asia and this is

what we call Dar al-islam or the house

of Islam and Islam deeply affected the

societies where it was practiced but

perhaps no effect was more important

than the trading connections that

existed between the various places

within darallas just so happened that

before he was a revelatory prophet of

Allah Muhammad was a merchant so he was

all about the tradesies and so were his

followers compare that to Jesus

teachings on accumulating wealth which

can be summed up in about one word don't

and so it's not hard to understand why

Islamic States in general became far

more prosperous than Christian States

prior to 1200. now in addition to the

Islamic faith facilitating trade

throughout afro-eurasia it also

facilitated the rise of giant honking

Empires as well and for our purposes

let's begin with the Abbasid caliphate

which was founded in the 8th century and

you're like core starts in 1200 why are

you talking about the 700s you don't

well my dear pupils first of all 1200 is

kind of a squishy date like the course

starts around 1200 but secondly in order

to really understand the new

developments going on in daral Islam

from 1200 to 1450 you have to know what

came before so back to the abbasids and

there are two things you really need to

remember about first they were

ethnically error second the abbasids

were empowered during what became known

as the Golden Age of Islam during that

time there were metric butt loads of

Innovations and advancements in Science

and Mathematics and literature and

Technology all of which we'll talk about

later but by 1200 well baby it ain't the

Golden Age anymore because the Abbasid

Empire was fragmenting and beginning to

lose its place of ascendancy as the

center of the Islamic world and I'll

throw on a third thing to know just for

funds as I mentioned a second ago the

abbasage rose to power around the mid

8th Century replacing the umayyad

caliphate and the abbasids engaged in

lots of battles against the umaya to get

there but you want to know how they

finished the job I know you do after

they had squarely whipped the umaya the

abbasids invited about 80 members of the

umayyad court to a nice dinner and then

hacked their crap to pieces and that's

how you do it anyways the power of the

abbases began to wane right before the

beginning of our period this is the

important part listen several new

Islamic Empires began to rise in its

place here's the spicy part those new

Islamic Empires were largely made up of

turkic peoples not Arab people why are

you not falling out of your seat right

now that's a huge development look from

the time of Muhammad to the fall of the

Abbasid caliphate Islamic empire for a

run by Era but not now the turkic

Muslims are coming in and setting up new

rival Empires out of the crumbling

edifice of the Abbasid Empire and let me

tell you about three of them first was

the seljuk Empire which was established

in the 11th century in Central Asia now

the Celtics were a pastoral people from

Central Asia who were brought in irony

of ironies by the abbasids as a

professional military very Force both to

expand their empire and to culturally

integrate their empire by force but by

the 1200s those seljuk Warriors began to

claim more and more power for themselves

and in the end the Abbasid caliphs were

still in power and claimed to speak for

all of Islam but the seljuks had most of

the political power because you know

when you're really good at killing large

swaths of people it's relatively easy to

gain power okay second was the mamluk

sultanate over in Egypt and it's kind of

the same story over here now prior to

the mamluk Takeover the ayubid sultanate

ruled Egypt under the leadership of

Saladin otherwise known as he of the

pointy turbine I'm kidding don't write

that down anyway in order to advance the

goals of his State Saladin needed more

labor so what did he do well Saladin

went ahead and enslaved a group of

fierce turkic Warriors who were known as

mam looks which just means enslaved

person so Saladin dies in The Sultans

who followed him were pretty incompetent

and so what happened well the turkic man

looks went ahead and seized power giving

rise to yet another turkic Muslim state

so what's the lesson here well if you're

ruling over a Muslim empire in the

post-classical period and want to stay

in power don't bring in the turkic

Warriors because eventually they're

going to take all your crap over see who

said that world history wasn't practical

to your anyway the third turkic Muslims

stay to arise during this period was the

Delhi sultanate over here in South Asia

here the invading Turks established a

Muslim state in the north and ruled over

the Indian population for about 300

years now they had all kinds of problems

as well but we're going to say that for

the next video but the main point here

is that as Arab Muslim empires like the

Abbasid declined new Muslim empires made

up of turkic peoples were on the rise

that was a big change however these new

Muslim states also resembled the former

Arab empires in several ways for example

in these new states it was mostly the

military which was in charge of

administration additionally they

retained the Islamic practice of

implementing Sharia law which was a code

of laws established in the Quran okay

now during this period Islam continued

to expand in places all across

afro-eurasia and that spread was carried

out in basically three ways first

military expansion and we already saw

how that worked with the establishment

of the Delhi Sultan second Islam

expanded through Merchant activity which

is to say trade for example much of

North Africa was ruled by Muslims and

that reality stimulated trade and

movement of merchants throughout Africa

further south the Empire of Mali

gradually converted to Islam for many

reasons but Chief among them was the

increased access to trade among our all

Islam and then third Islam expanded due

to the efforts of Muslim missionaries a

large branch of which was known as the

Sufi during this period Sufism was a new

and emerging form of Islam that

emphasized mystical experience

furthermore it emphasized that those

spiritual experiences were available to

anyone regardless of class or gender and

although the Islamic scholar class poo

Pooh this Innovation but with its lack

of theological rigor it became a

significant Force for the spread of

Islam across the world okay now the last

thing you need to know is that all

across Daryl Islam there were an awful

lot of thinky-thinky kinds of people and

their developments were kind of

astonishing first of all there were

Innovations in mathematics and for this

let me introduce you to my boy Nasir

al-din Altus I mean this guy invented

trigonometry so you know noise the whole

reason he developed it was so he could

better understand how planets and stars

move through the sky and look if you

believe that the Earth revolves around

the Sun and not the other way around

then you have altusi to think because

later Nicholas Copernicus used altusi's

Matthew stuff to develop the

heliocentric theory of the universe not

the universe the Galaxy no what's sun is

at the center additionally during the

Golden Age of Islam under the Abbasid

caliphate the House of Wisdom was

established in Baghdad this was a

massive and world famous library to

which Scholars from all over the dang

world came to study religion in the

Natural Sciences and even spicier

Scholars at the house of wisdom were

responsible for preserving the great

works of Greek moral and natural

Philosophy by folks like Plato and

Aristotle they translated them into

Arabic and made extensive commentaries

on them and without that effort those

Works would likely have been lost

forever but they weren't and instead

those Arabic translations of classical

texts were transferred to Europe where

they became the basis for the

Renaissance and all the cultural

flowering that resulted all right click

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