Developments in DAR-AL-ISLAM [AP World Review—Unit 1 Topic 2]
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the concept of Dar al-Islam, referring to regions where Islam was the dominant religion around 1200 CE. It examines the core beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and their impact on societies. The video highlights the rise of new Islamic Empires, particularly those led by Turkic peoples, after the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate. Additionally, it discusses the spread of Islam through military expansion, trade, and Sufi missionaries, along with significant advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy during the Golden Age of Islam.
Takeaways
- 📜 Dar al-Islam refers to the regions where Islam was the majority religion around 1200, encompassing a vast area.
- ✡️ The video discusses the three major monotheistic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—and their core beliefs and societal impacts.
- ✝️ Christianity originated from Judaism, with Jesus Christ claiming to be the Messiah. After his crucifixion, Christianity spread, eventually becoming the dominant religion in the Roman Empire.
- 🕌 Islam, founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century, spread rapidly after his death, leading to the creation of Dar al-Islam.
- 💰 Islamic societies, influenced by Muhammad's background as a merchant, became prosperous through trade, especially compared to Christian states before 1200.
- 🏛️ The Abbasid Caliphate, which rose in the 8th century, was a period of great scientific, mathematical, and cultural advancements, known as the Golden Age of Islam.
- ⚔️ As the Abbasid Empire declined, new Turkic Muslim empires such as the Seljuk Empire, the Mamluk Sultanate, and the Delhi Sultanate emerged, marking a shift in power from Arab to Turkic Muslims.
- 📚 The Abbasids established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, a significant center for learning that preserved and translated many classical Greek works, which later influenced the European Renaissance.
- 🧠 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a key figure during the Golden Age of Islam, made significant contributions to mathematics, including the development of trigonometry.
- 🌍 Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia through military expansion, trade, and missionary efforts, with Sufism playing a significant role in its spread due to its emphasis on mystical experience.
Q & A
What is the meaning of 'Dar al-Islam'?
-'Dar al-Islam' translates to 'the house of Islam,' referring to regions where Islam was the majority religion around 1200.
What are the three major monotheistic religions mentioned in the script?
-The three major monotheistic religions mentioned are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
How did Christianity begin to influence society after its early followers were persecuted?
-After being persecuted, Christianity eventually became adopted by the Roman Empire, leading to the organization of entire states in Europe and Africa under a growing hierarchy of popes, bishops, and cardinals.
Who was Muhammad, and what role did he play in the spread of Islam?
-Muhammad was the Prophet who founded Islam in the 7th century on the Arabian Peninsula. After his death in 632, the faith he established spread rapidly across the Middle East, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, and South Asia.
How did trade contribute to the prosperity of Islamic states prior to 1200?
-Trade was a significant factor in the prosperity of Islamic states because Muhammad himself was a merchant, and his followers also valued trade highly, leading to extensive trading connections within Dar al-Islam.
What were the two key characteristics of the Abbasid Caliphate during its Golden Age?
-The Abbasid Caliphate was ethnically Arab and oversaw a Golden Age of Islam, marked by innovations and advancements in science, mathematics, literature, and technology.
What major change occurred in Islamic empires after the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate?
-After the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate, new Islamic empires led by Turkic peoples, rather than Arabs, began to rise, marking a significant shift in power.
What role did the Seljuk Empire play in the Islamic world by the 1200s?
-By the 1200s, the Seljuk Empire, originally a pastoral people brought in by the Abbasids as a military force, claimed significant political power, though the Abbasid caliphs still held religious authority.
How did the Mamluk Sultanate come to power in Egypt?
-The Mamluk Sultanate came to power in Egypt after the death of Saladin, when the Turkic Mamluks, originally enslaved warriors, seized power from the incompetent successors of Saladin.
What were the three main ways Islam expanded across Afro-Eurasia during this period?
-Islam expanded through military conquest, trade activities (especially by Muslim merchants), and the efforts of Muslim missionaries, including the spread of Sufism.
Outlines
🏠 The House of Islam and Its Religious Context
The paragraph introduces the concept of Dar al-Islam, or 'the House of Islam,' which refers to regions where Islam was the dominant religion around 1200. The discussion is framed within the broader context of interactions among the three major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It emphasizes the core beliefs of each religion and their societal impacts. Judaism's monotheism is highlighted as the foundation for the development of Christianity and Islam, with Islam's rapid expansion after the death of the Prophet Muhammad leading to significant economic prosperity due to its emphasis on trade, in contrast to Christianity's views on wealth accumulation.
🏛 The Rise and Fall of Islamic Empires
This paragraph details the historical context leading up to the rise of new Islamic empires from the ashes of the Abbasid Caliphate. It begins by discussing the Abbasid Caliphate's ethnic Arab roots and its Golden Age, which saw significant advancements in science, mathematics, and literature. However, by 1200, the Abbasid Empire was fragmenting, and new Turkic Muslim empires, such as the Seljuk Empire, the Mamluk Sultanate, and the Delhi Sultanate, began to emerge. These empires, primarily composed of Turkic peoples rather than Arabs, marked a significant shift in the power dynamics of the Islamic world, with the military playing a crucial role in administration and the continued implementation of Sharia law.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Dar al-Islam
💡Monotheism
💡Abbasid Caliphate
💡Seljuk Empire
💡Mamluk Sultanate
💡Delhi Sultanate
💡Sufism
💡Sharia Law
💡House of Wisdom
💡Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Highlights
Dar al-Islam refers to areas where Islam was the majority religion around 1200.
Three major monotheistic religions during this period: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Judaism was the ethnic religion of the Jews, originating in the Middle East, and was monotheistic.
Christianity was established by Jesus Christ, who claimed to be the Messiah, and spread rapidly after his crucifixion.
Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century and spread rapidly after his death in 632.
Islamic societies were known for their trading connections, which helped the religion spread across different regions.
The Abbasid Caliphate, founded in the 8th century, marked the Golden Age of Islam with advancements in science, mathematics, literature, and technology.
By 1200, the Abbasid Empire was fragmenting, and new Islamic empires were rising, primarily composed of Turkic peoples.
The Seljuk Empire, established in the 11th century, was one of the new Islamic states formed by Turkic warriors.
The Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt was established after Turkic warriors, originally brought in as slaves, seized power.
The Delhi Sultanate in South Asia was a Muslim state established by invading Turks and ruled over India for about 300 years.
Islam continued to expand through military conquests, trade, and missionary activities, notably by the Sufis.
Sufism emphasized mystical experiences and played a significant role in spreading Islam across different regions.
Islamic scholars made significant contributions to mathematics, with Nasir al-Din al-Tusi inventing trigonometry.
The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a major center for learning and translation, preserving Greek philosophy and contributing to the Renaissance.
Transcripts
all right let's talk about Dar all Islam
which one being translated means the
house of Islam or everywhere Islam was
the majority religion around 1200 and a
quote an imminent historian of this
period that's a big old honking house so
if you're ready to get them brain cows
milked well let's get to it again I need
to tell you about three of the major
religions that interacted with one
another during that time Judaism
Christianity and Islam you're gonna need
to know something about the core beliefs
of each of these and how these beliefs
affected the Societies in which they
were practical oh by the way if you want
note guys to follow along with this
video and cram all of its contents into
your brain folds then check the link
below so Judaism is the ethnic religion
of the Jews and it originated in the
Middle East probably the most important
thing you need to remember about this
religion is that it was monotheistic
which is to say they worshiped one God
and not many God that's the important
piece because Judaism was the soil out
of which the other two monotheistic
faiths grew so Christianity was
established by a Jewish Prophet namely
Jesus Christ maybe you've heard of it
now Jesus claimed to be the Messiah or
the Savior that the Jews had long been
waiting for and after his crucifixion at
the hands of Roman authorities his
followers began to spread his message of
salvation by grace all the earliest
Christians Were A persecuted minority
eventually the Roman Empire adopted
Christianity and that began the most
significant influence of Christianity
upon Society in fact entire States in
Europe and Africa were organized and
influenced by a growing hierarchy of
popes and Bishops and Cardinals
considered the third major monotheistic
religion you need to know namely Islam
and it was founded by the Prophet
Muhammad in the 7th Century right here
on the Arabian Peninsula Muhammad
claimed to be the final prophet in the
line of God's Messengers and stretched
all the way back through Jewish and
Christian scripture and he taught his
followers that salvation would be found
in righteous actions like alms giving
him prayer and fasting now after the
death of Muhammad in 632 the faith that
he established began spreading rapidly
throughout the Middle East North and
sub-Saharan Africa into Europe and all
the way down to South Asia and this is
what we call Dar al-islam or the house
of Islam and Islam deeply affected the
societies where it was practiced but
perhaps no effect was more important
than the trading connections that
existed between the various places
within darallas just so happened that
before he was a revelatory prophet of
Allah Muhammad was a merchant so he was
all about the tradesies and so were his
followers compare that to Jesus
teachings on accumulating wealth which
can be summed up in about one word don't
and so it's not hard to understand why
Islamic States in general became far
more prosperous than Christian States
prior to 1200. now in addition to the
Islamic faith facilitating trade
throughout afro-eurasia it also
facilitated the rise of giant honking
Empires as well and for our purposes
let's begin with the Abbasid caliphate
which was founded in the 8th century and
you're like core starts in 1200 why are
you talking about the 700s you don't
well my dear pupils first of all 1200 is
kind of a squishy date like the course
starts around 1200 but secondly in order
to really understand the new
developments going on in daral Islam
from 1200 to 1450 you have to know what
came before so back to the abbasids and
there are two things you really need to
remember about first they were
ethnically error second the abbasids
were empowered during what became known
as the Golden Age of Islam during that
time there were metric butt loads of
Innovations and advancements in Science
and Mathematics and literature and
Technology all of which we'll talk about
later but by 1200 well baby it ain't the
Golden Age anymore because the Abbasid
Empire was fragmenting and beginning to
lose its place of ascendancy as the
center of the Islamic world and I'll
throw on a third thing to know just for
funds as I mentioned a second ago the
abbasage rose to power around the mid
8th Century replacing the umayyad
caliphate and the abbasids engaged in
lots of battles against the umaya to get
there but you want to know how they
finished the job I know you do after
they had squarely whipped the umaya the
abbasids invited about 80 members of the
umayyad court to a nice dinner and then
hacked their crap to pieces and that's
how you do it anyways the power of the
abbases began to wane right before the
beginning of our period this is the
important part listen several new
Islamic Empires began to rise in its
place here's the spicy part those new
Islamic Empires were largely made up of
turkic peoples not Arab people why are
you not falling out of your seat right
now that's a huge development look from
the time of Muhammad to the fall of the
Abbasid caliphate Islamic empire for a
run by Era but not now the turkic
Muslims are coming in and setting up new
rival Empires out of the crumbling
edifice of the Abbasid Empire and let me
tell you about three of them first was
the seljuk Empire which was established
in the 11th century in Central Asia now
the Celtics were a pastoral people from
Central Asia who were brought in irony
of ironies by the abbasids as a
professional military very Force both to
expand their empire and to culturally
integrate their empire by force but by
the 1200s those seljuk Warriors began to
claim more and more power for themselves
and in the end the Abbasid caliphs were
still in power and claimed to speak for
all of Islam but the seljuks had most of
the political power because you know
when you're really good at killing large
swaths of people it's relatively easy to
gain power okay second was the mamluk
sultanate over in Egypt and it's kind of
the same story over here now prior to
the mamluk Takeover the ayubid sultanate
ruled Egypt under the leadership of
Saladin otherwise known as he of the
pointy turbine I'm kidding don't write
that down anyway in order to advance the
goals of his State Saladin needed more
labor so what did he do well Saladin
went ahead and enslaved a group of
fierce turkic Warriors who were known as
mam looks which just means enslaved
person so Saladin dies in The Sultans
who followed him were pretty incompetent
and so what happened well the turkic man
looks went ahead and seized power giving
rise to yet another turkic Muslim state
so what's the lesson here well if you're
ruling over a Muslim empire in the
post-classical period and want to stay
in power don't bring in the turkic
Warriors because eventually they're
going to take all your crap over see who
said that world history wasn't practical
to your anyway the third turkic Muslims
stay to arise during this period was the
Delhi sultanate over here in South Asia
here the invading Turks established a
Muslim state in the north and ruled over
the Indian population for about 300
years now they had all kinds of problems
as well but we're going to say that for
the next video but the main point here
is that as Arab Muslim empires like the
Abbasid declined new Muslim empires made
up of turkic peoples were on the rise
that was a big change however these new
Muslim states also resembled the former
Arab empires in several ways for example
in these new states it was mostly the
military which was in charge of
administration additionally they
retained the Islamic practice of
implementing Sharia law which was a code
of laws established in the Quran okay
now during this period Islam continued
to expand in places all across
afro-eurasia and that spread was carried
out in basically three ways first
military expansion and we already saw
how that worked with the establishment
of the Delhi Sultan second Islam
expanded through Merchant activity which
is to say trade for example much of
North Africa was ruled by Muslims and
that reality stimulated trade and
movement of merchants throughout Africa
further south the Empire of Mali
gradually converted to Islam for many
reasons but Chief among them was the
increased access to trade among our all
Islam and then third Islam expanded due
to the efforts of Muslim missionaries a
large branch of which was known as the
Sufi during this period Sufism was a new
and emerging form of Islam that
emphasized mystical experience
furthermore it emphasized that those
spiritual experiences were available to
anyone regardless of class or gender and
although the Islamic scholar class poo
Pooh this Innovation but with its lack
of theological rigor it became a
significant Force for the spread of
Islam across the world okay now the last
thing you need to know is that all
across Daryl Islam there were an awful
lot of thinky-thinky kinds of people and
their developments were kind of
astonishing first of all there were
Innovations in mathematics and for this
let me introduce you to my boy Nasir
al-din Altus I mean this guy invented
trigonometry so you know noise the whole
reason he developed it was so he could
better understand how planets and stars
move through the sky and look if you
believe that the Earth revolves around
the Sun and not the other way around
then you have altusi to think because
later Nicholas Copernicus used altusi's
Matthew stuff to develop the
heliocentric theory of the universe not
the universe the Galaxy no what's sun is
at the center additionally during the
Golden Age of Islam under the Abbasid
caliphate the House of Wisdom was
established in Baghdad this was a
massive and world famous library to
which Scholars from all over the dang
world came to study religion in the
Natural Sciences and even spicier
Scholars at the house of wisdom were
responsible for preserving the great
works of Greek moral and natural
Philosophy by folks like Plato and
Aristotle they translated them into
Arabic and made extensive commentaries
on them and without that effort those
Works would likely have been lost
forever but they weren't and instead
those Arabic translations of classical
texts were transferred to Europe where
they became the basis for the
Renaissance and all the cultural
flowering that resulted all right click
here to watch my other videos on unit
one and click here to grab my video note
guys to follow along with these videos
if that's the kind of thing you're into
if you're having trouble reading your
textbook and you still wanted a then
these puppies are for you all right I'll
catch you on the flip-flop I'm Laurent
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