La INDEPENDENCIA DE COLOMBIA: etapas, luchas y la campaña de Bolívar⚔️
Summary
TLDRLa Independencia de Colombia fue un proceso crucial que se desarrolló entre 1810 y 1819, marcando la liberación de los territorios del Virreinato de la Nueva Granada del dominio español. Este video aborda el trasfondo de la independencia, desde el descontento de los criollos hasta las ideas ilustradas que influyeron en el movimiento. También se analizan las etapas clave de la lucha armada y las consecuencias de la independencia, como la inestabilidad política, la reforma del sistema tributario, la abolición gradual de la esclavitud y el declive económico de la región del Caribe.
Takeaways
- 🇨🇴 La independencia de Colombia fue un proceso entre 1810 y 1819 que llevó a la liberación del Virreinato de Nueva Granada del dominio español.
- ⚔️ La guerra por la independencia comenzó el 20 de julio de 1810, provocada por un incidente menor en Bogotá que llevó a la firma del Acta de Independencia de Santafé.
- 📝 Los problemas entre los criollos y los españoles, como la discriminación y los impuestos elevados, fueron causas importantes del deseo de independencia.
- 🌍 Las ideas de la Ilustración, la independencia de Estados Unidos y la Revolución Francesa inspiraron a los criollos en su lucha por la libertad.
- 🇪🇸 La invasión napoleónica de España en 1808 debilitó el control español en América, lo que facilitó el surgimiento de juntas de gobierno autónomas en las colonias.
- 👥 Los encuentros y tertulias en Santafé fueron clave para propagar las ideas independentistas y planear estrategias para lograr la independencia.
- 📜 El proceso de independencia se dividió en tres etapas: gestación, lucha armada y consolidación, siendo la lucha armada entre 1810 y 1819.
- 🛡️ Simón Bolívar jugó un papel crucial en la campaña de liberación de Nueva Granada, que culminó en 1819 con la creación de la República de Colombia.
- 📉 La independencia trajo consigo inestabilidad política y social, con conflictos internos entre liberales y conservadores que duraron todo el siglo XIX.
- 🚫 La independencia también llevó a reformas económicas y sociales, incluyendo la abolición gradual de la esclavitud y la reducción de la importancia de la región del Caribe en la economía del país.
Q & A
¿Cuál fue el proceso que llevó a las colonias de la Virreinat de Santafé a independizarse de la soberanía del Imperio Español?
-El proceso fue la lucha por la independencia que tuvo lugar entre 1810 y 1819, desencadenada por las guerras de independencia que estallaron después de la invasión francesa a España en 1808.
¿Qué evento del 20 de julio de 1810 desencadenó la guerra por la independencia en Bogotá?
-Un altercado aparentemente menor, una disputa sobre un jarrón, causó una gran perturbación en Bogotá, resultando en la firma del Acto de la Independencia de Santafé.
¿Qué significó la entrada de Simón Bolívar a Bogotá el 10 de agosto de 1819 para la independencia de Colombia?
-La entrada de Simón Bolívar a Bogotá y el control de la ciudad marcaron el fin de la guerra, y posteriormente la antigua Virreinat de Santafé fue renombrada como la República de Colombia.
¿Cómo se formó el Gran Colombia y cuáles eran sus territorios?
-El Gran Colombia se formó por la unión de la República de Colombia, junto con los territorios de Ecuador y Venezuela, y se disolvió en 1830.
¿Cuáles fueron las causas fundamentales de la independencia de Colombia?
-Las causas fundamentales incluyeron el creciente descontento entre los habitantes de la colonia, el aumento de impuestos y una mala administración, así como la invasión napoleónica de España que debilitó el poder peninsular en la virreinat.
¿Cómo influyeron las ideas del Ilustrado en el espíritu de independencia de los criollos?
-Las ideas del Ilustrado, con sus principios de igualdad y libertad, llegaron al territorio de la virreinat y fueron rápidamente adoptadas por los criollos, educados y en gran número, influenciando el crecimiento del espíritu de independencia.
¿Qué es el Memorial de Quejas y por qué es significativo en el proceso de independencia de Colombia?
-El Memorial de Quejas fue un documento escrito por Camilo Torres, que se dirigió al rey Fernando VII, reclamando la falta de igualdad entre los americanos y los peninsulares, a pesar de que todos eran formalmente españoles. A pesar de que nunca llegó a su destino, su contenido se difundió ampliamente entre los habitantes de la Nueva Granada.
¿Cómo se dividieron los historiadores el proceso de independencia de Colombia en etapas?
-Los historiadores dividieron el proceso en tres etapas: gestación, lucha armada y consolidación, cada una con eventos y movimientos significativos que llevaron a la independencia.
¿Qué sucedió durante la etapa de consolidación de la independencia de Colombia entre 1819 y 1830?
-Durante la etapa de consolidación, se aprobó la Ley Fundamental de la República de Colombia en el Congreso de Angostura, se creó el Estado que incluía varios territorios y se promovía el comercio internacional. Sin embargo, en 1830, el Gran Colombia se disolvió y se crearon los territorios independientes de Ecuador, Venezuela y Panamá.
¿Cuáles fueron las consecuencias inmediatas y a largo plazo de la independencia de Colombia?
-Las consecuencias inmediatas incluyeron cambios políticos y sociales con la proclamación de la república, mientras que a largo plazo, se enfrentó a una serie de desafíos como la inestabilidad política, la lucha entre liberales y conservadores, y la transformación económica y social del país.
¿Cómo cambió la economía de Colombia después de su independencia?
-La independencia no trajo autonomía económica inmediata; en cambio, el control pasó de España a manos de Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos. La minería dejó de ser la fuente principal de ingresos y se centró en la agricultura. Además, aumentó la desigualdad social y hubo una serie de reformas fiscales que redujeron los impuestos.
Outlines
🏳️ La Independencia de Colombia
El proceso de independencia de Colombia, que ocurrió entre 1810 y 1819, marcó el fin de la soberanía española en la entonces Virreinato de Nueva Granada. Este periodo fue parte de las guerras de independencia hispanoamericanas, desencadenadas por la invasión francesa a España en 1808. La independencia fue proclamada tras un conflicto por un vaso en Bogotá, lo que llevó a la firma del Acta de Santafé. Seguidamente, hubo enfrentamientos militares entre independentistas y realistas hasta la entrada triunfante de Simón Bolívar en Bogotá en 1819, culminando en la formación de la República de Colombia, que más tarde, junto con Ecuador y Venezuela, conformaría la Gran Colombia, una entidad que se disolvería en 1830. El video aborda los antecedentes, causas, eventos clave y consecuencias de este proceso histórico.
📜 Antecedentes y Causas de la Independencia
Desde la colonia, los peninsulares tenían privilegios sobre los criollos, lo que generó un sentimiento de discriminación. Las reformas borbónicas aumentaron esta sensación, especialmente con la política de Carlos III, que buscaba obtener más beneficios de las colonias. La invasión napoleónica de España debilitó su poder en las colonias, lo que llevó a la formación de juntas autonómicas. La filosofía de la Ilustración y los ideales de la Revolución Francesa influyeron en los criollos, quienes se convirtieron en una clase educada y receptiva a estas ideas. La traducción de la Declaración de Derechos Humanos por Antonio Nariño fue particularmente influyente, al igual que el ejemplo de la independencia de los Estados Unidos.
🛡️ La Etapa de Gestación y el Comienzo de la Lucha Armada
La etapa de gestación vio los primeros movimientos de protesta y desacuerdo con el gobierno virreinal y las medidas económicas y políticas españolas. El levantamiento de los comuneros en 1781 y la publicación del Memorial de Agravios marcan este periodo. La etapa de lucha armada comenzó en 1810 con un incidente en Bogotá que desencadenó una revuelta y la formación de un Gobierno Supremo. Seguidió un periodo de intensos combates y una lucha por la estructura política del nuevo país, lo que permitió la reconquista española en 1816. No obstante, los independentistas reorganizarse y recuperaron terreno, culminando en la aprobación de la creación de la República de Colombia en 1819.
🏙️ Consolidación de la Independencia y Consecuencias
La consolidación de la independencia de Colombia se dio entre 1819 y 1830, con la creación de la República de Colombia que incluía varios territorios y la posterior disolución de la Gran Colombia en 1830. La independencia generó cambios políticos y sociales significativos, como la proclamación de la república y la lucha por la organización del nuevo estado. Se enfrentó a una larga period de inestabilidad e internas que debilitaron la economía y dificultaron la convivencia. La desaparición de la esclavitud y el cambio en la economía, desde la minería a la agricultura, tuvieron un impacto significativo en la sociedad y la economía del país.
📉 Impacto Económico y Social Post-Independencia
La independencia no se correlacionó con una autonomía económica inmediata; el control pasó de España a manos de Gran Bretaña y los Estados Unidos. La producción minero decayó significativamente, lo que afectó la región del Caribe, tradicionalmente próspera debido al comercio y la esclavitud. Cartagena, una ciudad clave durante la colonia, experimentó una disminución en su población y un cambio en su economía, que se volvió hacia la ganadería y la agricultura de productos como el tabaco, la cana de azúcar e indigo. A pesar de estos cambios, la región perdió importancia en la economía del país.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Independencia de Colombia
💡Virreinato de la Nueva Granada
💡Simón Bolívar
💡Acta de Independencia de Santafé
💡Rebelión de los Comuneros
💡Invasión napoleónica de España
💡Ilustración
💡Bolívar y la Campaña Libertadora
💡Gran Colombia
💡Consecuencias de la Independencia
Highlights
La Independencia de Colombia fue un proceso entre 1810 y 1819 que liberó los territorios del Virreinato de Nueva Granada del Imperio Español.
La guerra por la independencia estalló el 20 de julio de 1810 en Bogotá debido a una disputa aparentemente menor sobre un florero.
Simón Bolívar entró en Bogotá el 10 de agosto de 1819, tomando el control de la ciudad y marcando el final de la guerra de independencia.
El Virreinato de Nueva Granada fue renombrado como la República de Colombia y formó parte de la Gran Colombia junto con Ecuador y Venezuela.
El descontento en el virreinato se remonta a décadas antes de la guerra, agravado por la discriminación contra los criollos por parte de los peninsulares.
La invasión napoleónica de España en 1808 debilitó el poder peninsular, facilitando el surgimiento de juntas de gobierno en las colonias.
El Memorial de Agravios, escrito por Camilo Torres, denunció la falta de igualdad entre los nacidos en América y en la península.
Las ideas de la Ilustración, especialmente sobre igualdad y libertad, influyeron en el espíritu independentista criollo.
La independencia de los Estados Unidos y la Revolución Francesa sirvieron como ejemplos de éxito para los criollos de Nueva Granada.
El proceso de independencia se dividió en tres etapas: gestación, lucha armada y consolidación.
El período de la Patria Boba (1810-1816) fue una etapa de intensos combates entre independentistas centralistas y federalistas.
El Congreso de Angostura en 1819 aprobó la creación de la República de Colombia, que incluía Nueva Granada, Quito y Venezuela.
La desaparición gradual de la esclavitud fue uno de los cambios sociales importantes después de la independencia.
La región del Caribe, especialmente Cartagena, sufrió un declive económico significativo tras la independencia.
Las reformas legales y económicas tras la independencia buscaron modernizar el país y atraer inversión extranjera.
Transcripts
The Independence of Colombia was the process that led the territories of the then Viceroyalty
of New Granada to free themselves from the sovereignty of the Spanish Empire and proclaim their independence.
This process took place between 1810 and 1819 and was part of the wars of
independence that broke out after the French invasion of Spain in 1808.
Although the discontent within the viceroyalty dates back several decades,
the war for independence broke out on July 20, 1810. That day, an apparently
minor event, the dispute over a vase, caused a great disturbance in Bogotá. The end result was the
signing of the Santafé Independence Act. From that day until 1819, there were
military clashes between the supporters of independence and the troops of the viceroyalty.
The war ended when on August 10 of that year, Simón Bolívar entered Bogotá
and took control of the city. The former Viceroyalty of New
Granada was first renamed the Republic of Colombia. Together with the territories of Ecuador
and Venezuela, it later formed the so-called Gran Colombia, which disintegrated in 1830.
In this video I will explain the background of the Independence of Colombia, what were its
causes, its process and important events and its consequences. If you want to learn more about
this and other topics, visit lifeder.com and look for what you need in the web search engine.
Background From the beginning of the colony,
those born in Spain had had privileges over those born in America,
even though they were children of Spaniards, the so-called Creoles. With the arrival of the
Bourbons to the throne and the promulgation of their reforms, the feeling of
discrimination grew even more among the Creoles. Carlos III, an enlightened king, continued with the
policies of his predecessor who sought to obtain more benefits from the American colonies. The
peninsular Spaniards monopolized almost all the positions in the administration to the detriment of
the Creoles and increased taxes. Both events caused great discomfort in New Granada.
His successor, Carlos IV, increased the discrimination suffered by the citizens of the colonies. At
that time, figures like Antonio Nariño, who had translated the declaration of
human rights to publish it in Santa Fe, suffered political persecution.
To all this must be added the trade restrictions imposed on the colonies. They
could not trade with each other or with other nations. All commercial movements
had to pass through Spain. Rebellion of the comuneros
Although historians have included this rebellion within the first stage of
the independence process, its development occurred much earlier, in 1781.
The cause of the uprising was the increase in taxes for the inhabitants of the colony
decided by the Crown Spanish. At first, the insurrection was
carried out by the lower classes, but soon the wealthiest Creoles joined.
The comuneros almost managed to reach Bogotá. Only the acceptance by the
viceregal government of part of their demands managed to calm down, little by little, the rebellion. This agreement,
called Capitulations of Zipaquirá, ended up being ignored by the authorities of the Viceroyalty.
Napoleonic invasion of Spain
In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte's French troops invaded Spain. The emperor
managed to get Carlos IV to abdicate in favor of his son, Fernando VII,
and for him to do the same to allow José Bonaparte to accede to the throne. When the
news reached the colonies, its inhabitants were against the new monarch.
Those who resisted the French invasion of Spain created governing boards that swore allegiance
to Ferdinand VII. The same thing happened in the colonies, although many of them united their loyalty to the
deposed king with a request for more self-government. The viceregal authorities refused to do so.
Memorial of Grievances The Supreme Board of Seville,
one of the boards formed by the resistance to Napoleon in Spain,
had decided that the representation of the colonial territories in it would be very small.
This, together with the discrimination of the Creoles to occupy relevant positions in
the colonial administration, led Camilo Torres to write the so-called Memorial of Offenses. This
document was addressed to Ferdinand VII himself and included a complaint about the lack of equality between
those born in America and those born on the peninsula, despite the fact that they were all formally Spanish.
Although the Memorial of Offense never reached its destination and was not even published,
its content reached a large part of the people of New Granada. This made him a
reference in his claims towards Spain. Causes of the independence of Colombia
The growing discontent among the inhabitants of the colony, the rise in taxes and
poor administration were three of the most important causes for the search for independence.
In addition, the Napoleonic invasion of Spain had weakened the power of the peninsula in
the viceroyalty. The governing boards began to organize themselves autonomously and, in many cases,
to equip themselves with military forces. The ideals of the Enlightenment
The philosophy of the Enlightenment, with its principles of equality and freedom, reached the territory
of the viceroyalty despite the attempts of the authorities to prevent it. The Creoles
had become one of the most educated classes and these ideas soon caught on among them.
The translation of the declaration of the rights of man carried out by Antonio Nariño had
quite an influence on the growth in the Creole independence spirit.
Independence from the United States and the French Revolution
Independence from the United States became a benchmark for many New Granadan Creoles,
since it was a close example of success when a colony could
found its own country. In addition, it was an event in which the ideas of the
Enlightenment had been of great importance. The same thing happened with the French Revolution.
His ideals of freedom and equality reached the colonies and were part of the ideological base that
motivated the most educated Creoles. The Junta de Quito
After the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, movements in search of self-government and
independence took place throughout the continent. One of the main cities
that first formed a government junta that proclaimed its emancipation was Quito.
Some of the members of that board moved to Santafe to inform
New Granadans so that they would follow their example. The numerous gatherings
that were held in the capital of New Granada served to propagate his ideas.
The other revolutions in Latin America The uprisings against Spanish rule were
numerous in all the colonies. This caused some to feed the desire for freedom of
the others, especially when they achieved triumphs against the viceroyalty authorities.
The gatherings The gatherings on
politics were very important to spread enlightened and emancipatory ideas.
Characters with great knowledge and who would become protagonists of independence
participated in them , such as Francisco de Paula Santander, Camilo Torres or Antonio Nariño.
These meetings, which took place in cafes,
served to exchange opinions on the enlightened concepts and to
design various tactics on how to achieve independence.
Independence process Historians have divided
the process that led to independence into three stages: gestation, armed struggle and consolidation.
The gestation stage During this phase,
the first movements of protests caused by the disagreement with the government
of the viceroyalty and the economic and political measures implemented by the Spanish Crown began to take place.
Some of the events that took place in this stage were
the rebellion of the comuneros, in 1881, and the publication of the Memorial de Agravios.
In addition to these, the translation of the declaration of the rights
of man and of the citizen carried out by Antonio Nariño also played an important role . This document had
been drafted in France after the triumph of the revolution and the colonial authorities
had tried to prevent its dissemination in America. The translation work cost Antonio Nariño
some time in prison and, later, having to go into exile with a conviction for high treason.
Stage of armed struggle (1810 - 1819)
The beginning of this stage took place in July 1810 in Santafé, when a trivial event,
but planned by the independentistas, gave rise to a revolt in the city.
On July 20 of that year, a group of Creoles went to the house of the Spaniard José González
Llorente to borrow a vase with which they wanted to decorate a table during the
banquet that was going to be offered in honor of the king's commissioner, Antonio Villavicencio. .
The Spanish refused and insulted the Creoles. The news soon reached
the streets of Bogotá and provoked a revolt that ended with the organization
of a Supreme Governing Board of the New Kingdom of Granada. This convened
an Open Cabildo that approved deposing the viceroy and an Act of Independence.
From that moment on, the so-called period of the Foolish Homeland began, which lasted
until 1816. During those years, intense combats took place between the independentistas
in favor of a federal structure and those who tried to impose a centralist State. Regional
wars and instability allowed the Spanish to organize the reconquest.
In New Granada, an expedition commanded by Pablo Morillo conquered Santa Marta and besieged
Cartagena in 1816 until its surrender. The independentistas reorganized throughout
the region and recovered positions. In 1819, Simón Bolívar convened the Congress of Angostura,
in which the creation of the Republic of Colombia was approved. This comprised the
Viceroyalty of New Granada, the Royal Court of Quito and the Captaincy General of Venezuela.
At that time, almost all the territories of the newly created republic were still in
Spanish hands. Simón Bolívar carried out the Liberation Campaign of New Granada at the
end of 1819 and defeated the Spanish. Consolidation stage of independence
The last stage of Colombia's independence took place between 1819 and 1830, when
Bolívar's death represented the end of his dream of creating a single country in the area: Gran Colombia.
The Fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia, approved in the Congress of
Angostura, already included the creation of a country that would bring together various territories. However,
the formal creation of that State did not take place until 1821, in the Congress of Cúcuta.
In Cúcuta the legislation was created that gave rise to the appearance of a State that
included three departments: Venezuela, Quito and Cundinamarca. Their respective
capitals were Caracas, Quito and Bogotá. Later, Panama joined Gran Colombia.
This State lasted until 1830, when Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama became independent. For its
part, in 1831 the Republic of New Granada was created, with Francisco de
Paula Santander as president. Consequences of independence
The first consequence of independence occurred on July 20, 1810.
That day the republic was proclaimed, with the political and social changes that this entailed.
Despite the declaration of that day, the organization of an independent republic
still took several years. Not only was there resistance from the Spanish, but the
supporters of independence themselves had very different ideas about what the new country should be like.
These differences generated a long period of instability
and internal confrontations that weakened the economy and made coexistence difficult.
Instability The leaders who
had been involved in the independence process had to start organizing a new state
once they had achieved their goal. However, their inexperience and the existence of different ideas
caused clashes and a certain disorder in the administrations.
Liberals and conservatives coexisted within the emancipatory movement. They
had all remained united when they had to fight against the Spanish, but after
the triumph each sector tried to impose its idea on how to organize the country.
The Liberals were in favor of ending the submission to which the
indigenous had been subjected. In addition, they were against the high taxes, the Catholic Church having so much
power, and the existing system of regulations. In accordance with their ideology, they also sought to
open trade to the international arena. The conservatives, for their part, were opposed
to much of the ideas of the Enlightenment. They defended the existing tax and legal system,
as well as the role of the Catholic Church in all social spheres. His position before
the natives was that they should remain subdued to avoid insurrections.
To all of the above we must add that the Liberals defended, for the most part,
a federal system, while the Conservatives favored a centralist organization.
These differences ended up provoking numerous warlike confrontations between both sectors.
Civil wars followed each other throughout the nineteenth century, which prevented
the created institutions from settling down. Reduction of taxes and rates
One of the measures that were implemented after independence consisted of a reform
of the tax system. The different changes on the tax legislation
implied a decrease in the amount to be paid, in addition to a simplification of taxes.
One of those reforms directly affected the Catholic Church, since the tithes they had
been collecting were significantly reduced. According to historians, during the colony
around 11.2% of the gross domestic product was paid in taxes. The reduction saw the figure
drop to 5%. Economy
Political independence was not accompanied by economic autonomy. The main difference
was that it was no longer controlled by Spain to be controlled by Great Britain and the United States.
On the other hand, the first source of income in Colombia ceased to be
mining to become agriculture. In the social aspect, the first years
of independence meant an increase in inequalities between social classes. This,
in large part, was due to the great political instability that prevented the
economy from improving for the entire population. Implementation of modern regulations
The first governments of independent Colombia approved a series of
legal reforms that sought to modernize the country. In the years following independence
, different constitutions were enacted, in addition to changing the civil code.
The legal system that was intended to be implemented in Colombia sought, among other things,
to promote international trade and attract foreign investment in order to promote
the development of the economy. Disappearance of slavery
Despite the reluctance of some conservative sectors,
the first Colombian governments began the task of making slavery disappear.
This, however, did not disappear immediately. Instead, it
slowly faded away. For quite some time, the so-called maroonage was given,
a term that designated the resistance to discrimination of former slaves.
The first measures against slavery were intended
to improve their quality of life, in addition to giving them the option of becoming free men.
The disappearance of slavery affected some activities that had used
this practice to obtain labor. Mining suffered a significant deterioration,
as did the plantations located in some Colombian regions.
Decline of the Caribbean region
During colonial times, the Caribbean city of Cartagena had been one
of the most important in the viceroyalty. Cartagena was the place of arrival of a large
number of slaves destined to work in mining, agriculture and domestic work.
In addition, the port of the city was one of the most important in the trade between America and Spain.
Independence meant that most of the activities that had made
Cartagena prosperous, and by extension the rest of the region, disappeared. In addition,
the investments that came from Spain to maintain its military development ceased.
The region was also damaged by the clashes that took place
both in the war for independence and in subsequent civil wars.
In addition to all the material losses,
Cartagena lost more than 50,000 inhabitants in these clashes.
The decline in mining production forced the region to focus its efforts on livestock,
since it had large tracts of land. Likewise, it dedicated part of its
lands to the cultivation of products such as tobacco, sugar cane or indigo, among others.
These crops, however, did not generate much profit and the Caribbean region was
losing more and more importance in the country's economic panorama.
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