Speech Act Theory। Speech Act Terminology/Types। Classification of Speech Acts।
Summary
TLDRSpeech act theory, rooted in J.L. Austin's work, explores how utterances function as actions in communication. It categorizes utterances into locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts, focusing on the speaker's intentions and effects on the listener. The theory identifies five main speech acts: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations, each serving distinct communicative purposes and impacting the state of affairs or the listener's actions.
Takeaways
- 📚 Speech Act Theory is a linguistic concept that explores the meaning of words and their role in communication.
- 🗣️ The term 'speech act' originates from J.L. Austin's work and his 1955 lectures at Harvard, emphasizing words as actions.
- 💬 Speech Act Theory views utterances not just as verbal expressions but as actions that can change the behavior of both speakers and listeners.
- 🎭 The theory categorizes language as a form of acting, serving a function in interpersonal communication.
- 🗣️🔊 A locutionary act involves the speaker producing meaningful sounds or words in a proper order.
- 🤔🗣️ An illocutionary act is closely tied to the speaker's intentions, such as stating, questioning, promising, requesting, and commanding.
- 📜 Austin described the illocutionary act as an utterance with a specific intention and purpose in mind.
- 🔄 A perlocutionary act is performed with the intention of influencing the hearer, affecting those who receive the meaningful utterance.
- 🔢 Speech Act Theory classifies speech acts into five categories: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.
- 📝 Representatives, or assertives, commit the hearer to the truth of the proposition, including asserting, concluding, and reporting.
- 🏛️ Declarations, or declaratives, cause immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs, often relying on extra-linguistic institutions.
- 🤝 Commissives involve the speaker committing to a future action, such as promising, offering, or vowing.
- 📢 Directives are the speaker's attempts to get the addressee to perform an action, including ordering, requesting, and commanding.
- 💌 Expressives convey the speaker's psychological or mental state, such as thanking, congratulating, apologizing, and deploring.
Q & A
What is Speech Act Theory?
-Speech Act Theory is a linguistic concept that explores the idea that words have meaning and are used as actions in communication. It analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of speakers and hearers in interpersonal communication.
Who is credited with the development of Speech Act Theory?
-J.L. Austin, a Cambridge philosopher, is credited with the development of Speech Act Theory, which he introduced in his William James lectures delivered at Harvard in 1955.
How does Speech Act Theory view language in communication?
-Speech Act Theory views language as a form of acting that serves a function in communication, where utterances are seen as actions that can change the state of behavior of both the speaker and the listener.
What is a locutionary act according to Austin?
-A locutionary act is an act where the speaker says something and produces certain noise or utters words in a proper order that must carry meaning, sense, and reference.
What is an illocutionary act and how is it connected to the speaker's intentions?
-An illocutionary act is an act closely connected with the speaker's intentions, such as stating, questioning, promising, requesting, and giving commands. It is uttered by the speaker with a specific intention and purpose in mind.
What is the purpose of a perlocutionary act?
-A perlocutionary act is performed with the intention of producing a further effect on the hearer. It is an act that has an impact on those who hear a meaningful utterance.
What are the five basic kinds of speech acts as promoted by Searle and Vanderveken?
-The five basic kinds of speech acts are representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.
How do representative acts function in Speech Act Theory?
-Representative acts, or assertives, commit the hearer to the truth of the expressed proposition. They involve stating facts and include asserting, concluding, affirming, believing, concluding, denying, reporting, etc.
What changes do declarations bring about in the institutional state of affairs?
-Declarations affect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and often rely on elaborate extra-linguistic institutions. They alter the external status or condition of an object or situation solely by making the utterance.
What commitments do commissive acts involve?
-Commissive acts commit the speaker to some future course of action. They involve promising, offering, guaranteeing, pledging, swearing, vowing, undertaking, and warranting.
How do directive acts operate in communication?
-Directive acts are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. They are illocutionary forces that get things done by the addressee and include ordering, requesting, asking, begging, challenging, commanding, daring, inviting, and insisting.
What does an expressive act express and include which examples?
-An expressive act expresses a psychological or mental state of the speaker. It includes thanking, congratulating, apologizing, appreciating, deploring, detesting, regretting, thanking, and welcoming.
Outlines
🗣️ Speech Act Theory: Understanding Language as Action
The first paragraph introduces Speech Act Theory, a concept in linguistics that explores the idea that words have meaning beyond their literal sense. It emphasizes the role of utterances in interpersonal communication, highlighting how they can influence the behavior of both speakers and listeners. Originating from J.L. Austin's work, the theory categorizes utterances as actions, focusing on the change in behavior during communication. The paragraph delves into the terminology of speech acts, including locutionary acts, which are the basic utterances with meaning; illocutionary acts, which are tied to the speaker's intentions such as stating, questioning, or promising; and perlocutionary acts, which aim to produce an effect on the hearer. Additionally, it outlines the classification of speech acts into representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations, each serving a distinct communicative function.
📜 Types of Speech Acts: A Deeper Look
The second paragraph continues the discussion on speech acts by detailing the five basic kinds of speech acts as proposed by Searle and Levinson. These acts are representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. Representative acts, such as assertives, commit the speaker to the truth of a statement. Directive acts are attempts by the speaker to get the listener to perform an action, encompassing a range of expressions from ordering to requesting. Commissive acts involve the speaker committing to a future action, such as promising or offering. Expressive acts convey the speaker's psychological state, including expressions of gratitude or regret. Lastly, declarative acts, although not fully detailed in the paragraph, typically involve the speaker making a statement that affects the state of affairs, often relying on institutional backing. Each type of speech act is crucial for understanding the complex ways in which language influences and directs human interaction.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Speech Act Theory
💡Utterance
💡Interpersonal Communication
💡Locutionary Act
💡Ilocutionary Act
💡Perlocutionary Act
💡Representatives
💡Declarations
💡Commissives
💡Directives
💡Expressives
Highlights
Speech Act Theory examines the role of utterances in interpersonal communication and the impact on speakers and hearers.
The theory is derived from J.L. Austin's work in his 1955 William James lectures at Harvard.
Utterances are viewed as actions within the framework of Speech Act Theory.
Language is seen as a form of acting that serves a function in communication according to the theory.
Yule (1996) defines a speech act as an action performed via utterance.
Locutionary acts involve the speaker saying something with meaning, sense, and reference.
Ilocutionary acts are connected to the speaker's intentions, such as stating, questioning, or promising.
Austin describes the ilocutionary act as an utterance with intention and a specific motive.
Perlocutionary acts aim to produce an effect on the hearer, influencing their behavior or state of mind.
Cyril and Levinson (1983) classify speech acts into five basic kinds: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.
Representative acts commit the hearer to the truth of the expressed proposition.
Declaratives, a type of representative act, involve the speaker asserting facts or beliefs.
Declarations cause immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs, often relying on extra-linguistic institutions.
Commissive acts commit the speaker to a future course of action, such as promising or offering.
Directive acts are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to perform an action, like ordering or requesting.
Expressive acts convey the speaker's psychological or mental state, such as thanking or apologizing.
Transcripts
today's topic is speech act Theory
speech act Theory deals with the idea
that words have meaning
it is used widely in linguistics to
refer a theory which analyzes the role
of the utterance in relation to the
behavior of speakers and hearer in
interpersonal communication
the term speech Act is derived from the
work of the Cambridge philosopher J.L
Austin in the series of William James
lectures he delivered at Harvard in 1955
speech act Theory believes in
identifying utterances and turns as
actual actions
this Theory not only considers language
used by the speaker but studies change
in the state of behavior of the speaker
as well as the listener at the time of
communication
Yule 1996 47th states that speech Act is
action performed via utterance
in speech act Theory language is seen as
a form of acting thus serves a function
in communication
the point of that is language form of
communications that performed a speech
act via utterance
speech act terminology types
a locutionary acts according to Austin
1965 a locutionary Act is an act where
the speaker says something and produces
certain noise or utters words in proper
order that must carry meaning sense and
reference with them
B pillocutionary acts the ilocutionary
ACT is closely connected with speaker s
intentions EG stating questioning
promising requesting and giving commands
threatening in many others
Austin
1965 observed ilocutionary act as an act
which is uttered by the speaker with
intention by keeping motive in mind
it includes asking or answering a
question giving information warning
announcing a verdict or an intention
pronouncing sentence appointing
appealing criticizing describing and
many more suggestions
p.98
C prolocutionary act for locutionary
acts Austin s last element in the
threefold definition of speech acts are
performed with the intention of
producing a further effect on the hearer
it is an act having an effect on those
who hear a meaningful utterance
classification of speech Acts
there are five basic kinds of speech
active utterance that one can perform in
speaking which are promoted by Cyril and
Levinson 1983 240 they are
Representatives directives commissives
expressive and declarations
a representative act assertive
assertives or Representatives or such
utterances which commit the hearer to
the truth of the expressed proposition
it is an illocutionary act which states
the facts the class involves asserting
concluding affirming believing
concluding denying reporting Etc
B declarative act declaration
declarations affect immediate changes in
the institutional State of Affairs and
which tend to rely on elaborate extra
linguistic institutions
in declarations the speaker Alters the
external status or condition of an
object or situation solely by making the
utterance
C commissive act commissives commit the
speaker to some future course of action
the class involves promising offering
guarantee pledging swearing vowing
undertaking warrant
Etc
D directive act directives are attempts
by the speaker to get the addressee to
do something
it is an illocutionary force that gets
things done by the addressee
the class involves ordering requesting
asking begging challenging commanding
daring inviting insisting
Etc
B expressive act expressives Express a
psychological or mental state of the
speaker
the class involves thanking
congratulating
apologizing appreciating deploring
detesting regretting thanking welcoming
Etc
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