Who were the Sultans of Delhi?(Conquest of India, Mongol invasions!)Delhi Sultanate History
Summary
TLDRThe script narrates the rise and fall of the Delhi Sultanate, a powerful empire controlling much of the Indian subcontinent for over three centuries. It details the unlikely ascent of its founder, a former slave, and the empire's struggles against the Mongols. The narrative covers the sultanate's expansion, internal strife, and eventual decline, culminating in the Mughal conquest. It also touches on the enduring legacy of Delhi as a global hub.
Takeaways
- 🏰 The Delhi Sultanate emerged as a powerful entity controlling the strategic choke point between the Ganges and Indus River Valley systems, nearly conquering the entire Indian subcontinent.
- 🛡️ The sultanate successfully defended against the Mongol Empire's attempts to annex India, becoming a refuge for those fleeing the Mongols.
- 👑 The founders of the Delhi Sultanate were not of noble birth but rose from a low social class, with the first sultan, Qutb ud-Din Aibak, starting as a slave.
- 🎁 Aibak was known for his generosity, which became a common compliment in the region for centuries after his rule.
- 🐴 The Delhi Sultanate faced initial defeats against the Rajputs but adapted and eventually conquered them using superior cavalry and tactics.
- 🔄 The empire experienced periods of internal strife and civil war, with multiple leaders rising and falling, including a female ruler, Razia Sultana.
- 🌍 The sultanate attracted refugees from Central Asia and the Near East, enriching Delhi culturally and economically.
- 🏙️ Under Iltutmish's rule, Delhi transformed from a small city into a grand imperial capital, becoming a hub of culture, intellect, and commerce.
- 🐘 The Delhi Sultanate's military strength included a large contingent of war elephants, which ultimately proved ineffective against the Mughal's firearms.
- 💥 The empire's decline was marked by internal power struggles, culminating in its defeat by the Mughal Empire at the Battle of Panipat.
- 🏛️ Despite its fall, Delhi remains a significant global center for politics, economics, and culture, with a rich historical legacy.
Q & A
What was the strategic significance of the city of Delhi during the Delhi Sultanate period?
-The city of Delhi was strategically located at the choke point between the Ganges and the Indus River Valley systems, which allowed the Delhi Sultanate to control a crucial area and exert influence over a vast region.
How did the Delhi Sultanate manage to defeat the Mongol Empire's attempts to annex India?
-The Delhi Sultanate was powerful and organized, successfully repelling the Mongol Empire's invasion attempts, and even becoming a refuge for those fleeing the Mongols.
What was the origin of the Delhi Sultanate's founders, and how did their background differ from typical rulers of the time?
-The founders of the Delhi Sultanate were not from royal, clerical, warrior, or merchant backgrounds. Instead, they were born into a social class where they were considered less than nothing, being bought and sold multiple times, including by their own family members.
Who was the young boy from East Persian town who later changed the course of history, and what was his early life like?
-The young boy was a Turkistani who was auctioned off and bought by an elderly local magistrate. He was raised kindly alongside the magistrate's sons and taught valuable skills, which later helped him rise to power.
How did the Delhi Sultanate's governance change under the rule of Iltutmish?
-Iltutmish, who had a similar origin story to the founder of the sultanate, moved the capital from Lahore to Delhi, transforming it into a grand imperial capital city and expanding the sultanate's territory in the north.
What significant transformation did the city of Delhi undergo under Iltutmish's reign?
-Under Iltutmish's reign, Delhi transformed into a cultural, intellectual, and economic hub, attracting refugees from Central Asia and the Near East, who brought with them knowledge and wealth.
Why was it unusual for the daughter of Iltutmish, Razia, to be named as his successor?
-It was highly unorthodox for a daughter to be named as a successor in that era, as typically male heirs were chosen to inherit the throne. Razia's appointment as successor was a break from this tradition.
What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?
-The Mongol invasions posed a significant threat to the Delhi Sultanate, but the sultanate was able to successfully fight off these incursions, stabilizing the empire and even gaining refugees from the invaded regions.
How did the Delhi Sultanate's military strategies evolve over time, particularly in their confrontations with the Rajputs?
-The Delhi Sultanate's military strategies evolved by learning from their initial defeats against the Rajputs. They adapted by using tactics such as feigned retreats, which led to a resounding victory and allowed them to conquer most of the northern Indian subcontinent.
What was the role of Balban in the Delhi Sultanate, and how did he contribute to its stability?
-Balban, a former Mamluk slave who belonged to Iltutmish, assumed the throne after the last of Iltutmish's heirs died without an error. He stabilized the empire, recaptured lost territory, and successfully fought off Mongol incursions.
What were the consequences of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's eccentric policies, and how did they affect the Delhi Sultanate?
-Muhammad bin Tughlaq's eccentric policies, such as forcibly moving the capital's population and raising a large army that was later disbanded, led to rampant mismanagement, widespread famine, and revolt, which significantly weakened the Delhi Sultanate.
Outlines
🏰 Rise of the Delhi Sultanate and the Origins of Its Founders
The Delhi Sultanate, a formidable power controlling the strategic choke point between the Ganges and Indus River Valleys, nearly conquered the entire Indian subcontinent in its zenith. It emerged from a socially marginalized class, with founders who were bought and sold, including a young Turkistani boy sold by his family and later purchased by Muhammad of Ghor. This boy, known for his generosity and leadership, rose through the ranks to become a logistics manager and eventually a general, instrumental in the sultanate's victories and expansion. His rise and the sultanate's military strategies, including defeating the Mongols and the Rajputs, are highlighted in this paragraph.
🔄 Turbulence and Transition in the Delhi Sultanate
After establishing internal peace and prosperity, the Delhi Sultanate faced a series of challenges following the death of its founder. His successor, Iltutmish, who had a similar humble origin, moved the capital from Lahore to Delhi, transforming it into a grand imperial capital. His reign saw the expansion of the sultanate and the influx of refugees from Central Asia, enriching Delhi's culture and economy. However, Iltutmish's successors faced rebellions, and the throne changed hands multiple times, with rulers displaying varying degrees of competence and stability, leading to periods of turmoil and civil war.
🛡️ Military Might and Political Instability in the Delhi Sultanate
The Delhi Sultanate's military prowess is underscored by its successful defense against Mongol invasions and expansion under various rulers. However, political instability persisted with palace coups, civil wars, and the rise and fall of rulers. Notable figures like Balban and Jalaluddin Firuz Shah brought periods of stability and territorial gains, but their reigns were marred by power struggles and the eventual decline into chaos. The sultanate's military campaigns, economic management, and the impact of rulers' personalities on governance are key themes in this paragraph.
🏙️ The Fall of the Delhi Sultanate and the Rise of the Mughals
The final decline of the Delhi Sultanate is marked by mismanagement, infighting, and the invasion by the Turco-Mongol warlord, Timur. His sack of Delhi and the subsequent dynastic changes led to a period of instability until the emergence of the Lodi Dynasty, which brought relative stability but was eventually overthrown by the Mughals. The Mughal conquest, utilizing advanced weaponry against the sultanate's war elephants, marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate's rule. The legacy of Delhi as a political, economic, and cultural center endures, with the city remaining a significant global hub.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Delhi Sultanate
💡Mongol Empire
💡Iltutmish
💡Rajputs
💡Cultural Hub
💡Civil War
💡Mongol Invasions
💡Sultan
💡Tughlaq Dynasty
💡Mughal Empire
💡Delhi
Highlights
The Delhi Sultanate controlled a strategic choke point between the Ganges and the Indus River Valley systems.
At its peak, the Delhi Sultanate nearly conquered the entire Indian subcontinent.
The sultanate was a refuge for those fleeing the Mongol Empire.
The founders of the Delhi Sultanate were not nobility but were born into a low social class.
The founder, a young Turkistani boy, was sold multiple times, including by his own family.
Muhammad of Ghor, an aristocratic warrior, recognized the boy's potential and promoted him.
Iltutmish, who rose from slavery to become a general, was known for his generosity.
Iltutmish's rise to power involved defeating the Rajputs, a formidable warrior class.
After initial setbacks, the Delhi Sultanate learned from their mistakes and adapted their military tactics.
Iltutmish established internal peace and stability in the empire before his death.
Iltutmish's unexpected death led to a rapid decline and civil war within the empire.
Rajput resistance initially halted the Delhi Sultanate's expansion but was eventually overcome.
The Delhi Sultanate's capital shifted from Lahore to Delhi, transforming the city into a grand imperial capital.
Iltutmish's daughter, Razia, became the first woman to rule the Delhi Sultanate, challenging gender norms.
The empire faced succession crises and internal strife, leading to multiple changes in leadership.
Balban, a former Mamluk slave, eventually stabilized the empire and expanded its territory.
The Delhi Sultanate's decline was marked by invasions, including the devastating raid by Timur.
The Lodi Dynasty marked a period of stability before being overthrown by the Mughals.
The Mughal invasion led to the end of the Delhi Sultanate, with the last Sultan dying in battle.
Despite its fall, Delhi remains a significant global center for politics, economics, and culture.
Transcripts
[Music]
the deli
sultanate the golden tiger and the
jeweled
peacock for more than three centuries a
powerful sultanate emerged from the
strategically located city of Delhi
which controlled the choke point between
the Ganges and the Indus River Valley
systems at the height of its power the
Delhi sultanate nearly conquered the
entire Indian subcontinent covering most
of the territories of modern-day India
Pakistan and Bangladesh the sultanate
defeated the massive Mongol Empire's
attempts to Annex India and it became a
refuge for those fleeing the Mongols the
origins of this fabulously wealthy and
Powerful sultanate were far different
from the heights to which it Rose to the
founders of the dynasty that established
the sultanate were neither the sons of
Kings clerics great warriors or wealthy
merchants but instead they were born
into a social class where their
Birthright was less than nothing in fact
they didn't even own themselves they
were bought and sold multiple times some
lost their freedom when they were sold
by their own family members in the
latter half of the 12th century while
Kings Emperors and Warlords determined
the course of Nations a seemingly
insignificant event was unfolding in a
East Persian town a young turkistani boy
who had later changed the course of
history was being auctioned off an
elderly local magistrate purchased the
boy luckily for the child the old man
was relatively kind he raised him
alongside his own sons and taught him
valuable skills including how to read
and write ride a horse and how to shoot
a bow and arrow after the old magistrate
died his son's need some extra cash so
they sold him to a merchant who later
resold him to Muhammad of Gore Muhammad
of Gore was from a long line of
aristocratic brutal Warriors from what
is now Afghanistan and what was
extremely unusual for the time he got
along really well with his brother galin
Muhammad instead of killing each other
like many other powerful Brothers of
that era they ruled alongside each other
as joint Sultans for 30 years
periodically The Sultans gave gifts to
those enslaved at the palace who did
well in their performance review The New
Guy coutu Den ibac's work performance
impressed the sultan consequently he
received some lavish gifts then ibac did
something unusual he distributed his
gifts among all the other servants who
had not received anything the sultan was
so impressed that he gave ibac something
he could not give away a promotion to
some sort of supervisor and then later
to the master of the Stables there being
able to read and write came in handy and
he was promoted to a logistics manager
for the Sultan's Cavalry while on
campaign while Mohammad of Gore
campaigned against corm in Central Asia
ibac was captured and placed in an iron
cage to slowly die after successfully
campaigning in the region the sultan saw
ibac rotting in the cage the pitiful
sight greatly moved the sultan after
ibac was released he was given promotion
and Gifts which he probably gave away
ibac thrived in every job he was
promoted to up to the rank of General
after Conquering the indis valley the
girds felt confident they could conquer
deeper into the Indian
subcontinent there they face the rajputs
a warrior class trained since childhood
in The Art of War for centuries the
rajputs had crushed any attempt by
Muslim states to expand to the east of
the indis valley plain the girs thought
they were different than all those that
had failed before them and then they got
whooped on beat up and humiliated by the
rajputs however the girds did not give
up easily and learned from their
mistakes the following year they
returned with a new Army that had a much
larger Cavalry contingent the girds used
hidden run feain Retreat tactics on mass
against the rajputs who were unpracticed
countering that tactic this led to a
resounding gried Victory with the
rajputs defeated little formid
resistance stood in the gird's way in
only a few years they conquered most of
the northern Indian subcontinent and
then in nearly all fell apart even
quicker Muhammad of Gore was slain under
mysterious circumstances with way too
many suspects and literally medieval
forensic investigative techniques nearly
everyone decided to blame everyone else
and the whole empire fell into civil war
with multiple factions fined for
Supremacy as the Civil War raged on many
rallied to I back's cause as he had a
reputation for being fair and generous
over the course of 3 years he defeated
numerous Rivals and Consolidated his
position in Northern India as his
capital and base of operations the
cities of lore and Delhi were used lore
was a grand old city that had been the
capital of multiple previous States and
empires in contrast Delhi had been a
relatively small inconspicuous fortified
rashood City that suddenly found it self
at the nerve center of an emerging
Empire consequently Deli began to expand
rapidly ibck finally established
internal peace prosperity and stability
in his new Empire so he decided to do
something fun and relaxing like playing
Polo then he fell off his horse and died
sold for a few coins early in life ibac
died at the age of 60 with absolute
control over a vast Empire populated by
millions of people during his life he
was so famously generous that for the
next four centuries in that region
calling somebody an ibac of that time
was a common compliment for a generous
person ibac had no apparent successor so
the generals officers and Nobles in lore
did the Democratic thing and voted for
the most popular among them to be Crown
the sultan a man named Aram Shaw won the
vote and a peaceful transition lasted
not much longer than about five minutes
the problem was almost nobody outside of
the corrupt old city of lore lik Aram
sha the governors of the S and Bengal
rebelled the rest of the Military
Officers and Nobles back dieback
son-in-law ilish iltutmish was probably
not declared his error probably because
ibac thought he still might possibly
have a newborn son IL Tut Mish defeated
the elected Sultan and then the rebel
Governors iltutmish had a very similar
origin story to ibac when he was young
his own brothers who were jealous that
he was not only very intelligent but
also very good-looking sold him to
traveling Merchants after that he was
bought and sold multiple times and ended
up being know by ibac under ibac's
tutelage elmish Rose through the ranks
in the gried and succeeding Deli
sultanat he became considered as ibac
son and later near the time of ibac's
sudden death he was freed and married
one of ibac's daughters
during iltutmish's Reign he officially
moved the sultan its capital from lore
to Delhi which began transforming into a
grand imperial capital city as elmish
expanded the sultanate's territory in
the north the Mongol horde overran the
Empire of corm as the Mongols moved
westwards an avalanche of refugees from
Central Asia and the near East poured
into the sultanate as the entry points
into the sultanate were arduous either
through formidable mountain ranges
deserts or by finding limited space on a
boat the refugees that arrived in the
Delhi sultanate were generally the
wealthier members of their collapsed
societies Nobles military Elites
bureaucrats Artisans Architects
merchants and Scholars of all kind bed
in a deli's newly built neighborhoods
with them they brought knowledge and as
much wealth as they could possibly haul
away from their destroyed homelands by
the end of Il t his 25-year Reign the
city of Delhi had transformed into a
cultural intellectual and economic Hub
but old tmh realized he had one big
problem all of his sons were a bunch of
pleasure-loving lazy losers he hadn't
been much of a father to any of his
surviving Sons as he spent all the time
he could training his eldest son to
succeed him and when his eldest son died
he didn't like the backup options on the
other hand he had a daughter named Aria
who had previously affect effectively
administered the city of Delhi for a
year while her father was campaigning
against Rebels so he made the highly
unorthodox decision by naming his
daughter resia as his successor 5 years
passed and shortly before elmish died he
summoned one of his sons to Delhi and
declared him his Heir the new Sultan
Ruck nuten was an instant disaster when
not blinding or killing family members
and Military Officers he enjoyed riding
his elephant while drunk through bazaars
while scattering gold coins on the
ground and he left most of the Empire's
Administration to his mother after 6
months of rakuten's Carnival of death
his sister Ria heard she was about to be
executed so she came up with a risky
plan she attended a large Congressional
prayer and incited the crowd of
commoners to storm the palace and
capture R nutan's mommy the plan worked
and most of the soldiers in Delhi joined
the rioting commoners hearing the news
rut who was trying to put down a Revolt
elsewhere hurried back to Delhi with his
army where he was quickly captured and
executed after putting down a few
rebellions the Empire's Nobles and
Military Officers accepted arazia as a
Sultana however they expected her to be
a puppet ruler and she was not she put
her name on coins rode about on her
elephant at public State events like her
father and appointed her loyalists to
all the top positions eventually this
was too much for the majority of the
officers and Nobles so they rebelled
deposed and replaced her with another
one of her brothers when the Mongols
raided the sultanate he was either too
scared or indecisive to attack them so
the ruling Council of 40 Chiefs deposed
him and replaced him with one of
iltutmish's grandsons eventually like
his aunt Ria he mistakenly thought he
was a real Sultan so they had him
eliminated too then they put another of
Il tash's Sons on the throne and finally
on the fth fifth try they got the puppet
they were looking for he had a long and
uneventful Reign while a former mamlock
that had belonged to elmish named balban
rolled from behind the throne after the
last of el Tut mish's heirs died without
leaving an error Balan assumed the
throne during his long Reign he
stabilized the Empire recaptured lost
territory and successfully fought off
Mongol incursions balban's grandson
succeeded him to the throne while the
Young Ruler spent his time on wine and
women Jalal Den Ki a warlord from an
Afghan tribe of turkic origin guarded
the Empire's border from the Mongols
Jalal Den Ki knew the Mongols well as he
had been a warlord in Mongol service
previously for many years and then he
was hired by the Delhi sultanate to
guard their border after successfully
fending off the Mongols and seen the
weak and decadent Court in Delhi Jalin
organized a palace coup which succeeded
loud and usurped power with shedding
relatively little blood the 70-year-old
Sultan had spent a lifetime fighting for
or against the Mongols and then he
defeated them again as Sultan despite a
lifetime spent as a warrior in the most
brutal of conditions Jala oudin had a
reputation as being mild-mannered humble
and kind towards even the lowliest of
peasants his nephew Aladin Ki did not
have this reputation he had his uncle
killed and usurped the throne although
Den was a talented military commander
and administrator during his Reign the
largest ever Mongol invasion of India
Was Defeated afterwards with the rules
reversed he ordered the regular raids of
the Mongol chagatai Kate aluin proceeded
to go on a Cavalcade of brutal conquests
in the subcontinent against the rajputs
and Southern kingdoms of the dean
because of his vast conquests he
stylized himself as the second Alexander
on his coins through through plunder and
effective economic management alud
presided over a booming and well-run
economy he also effectively used cruelty
intimidation and massacres to keep his
Empire's frightened subjects in line
after he died at about the age of 50
from either sickness or the assassin's
blade nobody was kept in line and the
Empire plunged into a series of Palace
coups and Civil War that lasted 4 years
this chaos was brought to an end by a
provincial governor gath alind UK tluk
claimed his dynasty was of assassinate
Persian descent but numerous historians
have doubted the connection he was
definitely a experienced commander who
like the founder of the Ki Dynasty had
gained his experience fighting the
Mongols like Jalal din tukak also
defeated a Mongol invasion after
becoming Sultan he then proceeded to
conquer Bengal in the East after
returning from his conquests he died
instantly and unexpectedly in a wooden
Pavilion he was standing Nan collapsed
it killed him and one of his sons some
suspected sabotage his son Muhammad bin
tuglak oversaw the heightened power of
the deli sultanate and he squandered it
the sultan fancied himself a great
intellectual and was constantly reading
and studying he also didn't take anyone
else's advice he was later known as The
Mad Sultan The Eccentric Prince were the
wisest fool he definitely thought
outside of the box in expensive and
wasteful ways he forcibly moved the
Capital City's population from Delhi far
to the South and then changed his mind
after a few years and had everyone moved
back up north he also raised a gigantic
army 375,000 men strong and paid them in
advance to do nothing and then disbanded
them later he raised another large army
and marched it into the Himalayan
mountains with the goal of conquering
China but in reality he couldn't even
contend with the local kingdoms the cold
and the starvation after 100,000 men
died he turned around and went home due
to his rampant mismanagement by the end
of his Reign widespread famine and
Revolt were endemic throughout the
Empire his successor had a long and
competent Reign where much of the damage
was undone then the empire fell into
infighting and Civil War this was when
the tur Mongol warlord tamarlane invaded
he laid waste to hundreds of thousands
and sacked the capital city of Delhi the
timid Army sacked Delhi for 15 days and
then returned with their loot to samand
the tuglak dynasty collapsed soon
afterwards the following side dynasty
was a pale shadow of the former glory of
the Delhi sultanate after a few decades
the weakside dynasty was overthrown by
the LOI dynasty of Turco Afghan origin
compared to its predecessors the LOI
dynasty was incredibly stable with only
three Sultans in 75 years they expanded
their territory in the East while losing
a little in the west and they moved the
capital South to the newly founded city
of Agra after a long period of relative
stability and generally competent rule
the Moguls who claimed descent from
gangas Khan and tamarlane invaded the
Indian subcontinent the Delhi sultanate
was able to field a larger Army which
had a massive contingent of 1,000 war
elephants the Moguls had no elephants
but the Moguls brought handheld firearms
and cannons during the battle the sound
of the cannon terrified the elephants
they became disoriented and rampaged
through the ranks of their own Army
ibraim Khan Loi the 31st and final
Sultan of the Delhi sultanate died in
battle alongside 20,000 of his troops at
panipat the Moguls went on to conquer
most of the Indian subcontinent during
the centuries of Mogul dominance and
decline
the Muslim Mogul Emperors use the city
of Delhi as their capital city for 230
years after the eventual fall of the
Moguls to this day Delhi remains an
important Global Center for politics
economics and culture and with more than
30 million people living in its urban
area it is one of the most populated
cities on the planet if you live in or
have visited Delhi what is the best
historical places to visit in the city
and what are the best local foods to eat
if you are feeling like an eyb back of
our time please leave a like and a
comment letting me know what you thought
was interesting in the video and I would
like to thank my Channel's patrons that
help make videos like this possible this
has been Epimetheus thank you so much
for
watching
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