AP World History (WHAP) 1.3 Deep Dive: South and Southeast Asia

Summary

In this educational video, Emily Glankler from Antisocial Studies explores the complexities of South and Southeast Asian history, focusing on regions often overlooked in traditional curricula. She discusses the challenges of uniting diverse regions like South Asia, dominated by the Indian Ocean trade, and the rise and fall of various states, including the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Glankler also delves into Southeast Asia's unique position between powerful trading regions, highlighting significant states like Srivijaya, Majapahit, Sinhala, and the Khmer Empire. The video aims to provide a foundational understanding of these regions' historical significance in the context of AP World History.

Takeaways

• 🌏 The video discusses the complexities of South and Southeast Asian history, particularly focusing on regions that are often unfamiliar to Western education systems.
• 🏰 South Asia, comprising modern-day India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, has rarely been united under a single rule due to its immense diversity.
• 👑 The Delhi Sultanate was the first Islamic dynasty to rule in South Asia, but its control was mostly limited to northern India and was often contested.
• 🏞️ Southern India was influenced by dynasties like the Chola and the Vijayanagara Empire, which had significant impacts on Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.
• 🌊 Southeast Asia's history is marked by both sea-based and land-based kingdoms, which rose to power due to their strategic positions along trade routes.
• 🚢 Sea-based kingdoms like Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled trade through naval dominance and established tributary states to extend their influence.
• 🏞️ Land-based kingdoms such as the Sinhala dynasties of Sri Lanka and the Khmer Empire relied on agriculture and trade, with the latter being known for the massive city of Angkor.
• 🔄 The region's history is characterized by a fluidity of power, with states rising and falling, and often existing simultaneously in a complex tapestry of political entities.
• 🌿 The Khmer Empire, at its peak, was one of the largest cities in the world and a major agricultural power, but its decline was influenced by shifts in religious practices and social structures.
• 🔗 The video emphasizes the importance of understanding these historical contexts to appreciate the rise and fall of states in South and Southeast Asia.

Q & A

What is the focus of Emily Glankler's deep dive series in this video?

The focus of the video is to provide an overview of South and Southeast Asia, particularly the states and historical trends that are often unfamiliar to students and teachers, especially within the context of AP World History.

Why is South Asia considered a complex region to understand?

South Asia is considered complex due to its historical lack of unity until the British colonization in the 19th century. It is characterized by diverse ruling clans, regions, ethnic groups, languages, and variations of Hinduism, making it difficult for any single state to control the entire region.

What is the significance of the Delhi Sultanate in South Asian history?

The Delhi Sultanate is significant as it was the first Islamic dynasty to rule in South Asia. However, its rule was mostly limited to northern India, and it did not have a lasting control over the entire region due to the diverse and complex nature of South Asia.

How did the Chola and Vijayanagara empires impact Southeast Asia?

The Chola and Vijayanagara empires impacted Southeast Asia through their involvement in the Indian Ocean trade route, influencing cultural and political exchanges. The Chola dynasty also had an impact on modern-day Sri Lanka.

What is the difference between sea-based and land-based kingdoms in Southeast Asia?

Sea-based kingdoms, like Srivijaya and Majapahit, derived their power from controlling maritime trade routes and had significant naval forces. Land-based kingdoms, such as the Sinhala dynasties and Khmer Empire, relied on agricultural production and land-based trade.

Why was the tooth relic of the Buddha important to the Sinhala dynasties?

The tooth relic of the Buddha was a symbol of political power for the Sinhala dynasties. It was believed to be a physical relic of Siddhartha Gautama, and its presence in a capital city signified the center of power and divine right to rule.

What factors contributed to the decline of the Khmer Empire?

The decline of the Khmer Empire was influenced by several factors, including a shift in religious leadership from Hinduism to Buddhism, which disrupted social structures and traditions. Additionally, internal rebellions and external pressures from rival states, such as the Thai states, contributed to its decline.

How did the city of Angkor become the largest city in the world before the Industrial Revolution?

Angkor became the largest city in the world due to the Khmer Empire's growth as a powerful agricultural state, which allowed for a population explosion and extensive city development, including the famous temple complex of Angkor Wat.

What is the significance of the Indian Ocean trade route in the history of Southeast Asia?

The Indian Ocean trade route was significant as it facilitated economic and cultural exchanges between South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. It allowed states like Srivijaya and Majapahit to rise to power by controlling these vital trade routes.

How did the presence of diverse diasporic communities in Southeast Asia impact the region's history?

The presence of diverse diasporic communities, such as Muslims, Jews, and other merchants, contributed to the cultural and economic diversity of Southeast Asia. These communities often settled in major trading cities, influencing the development of local economies and cultural practices.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Overview of South and Southeast Asia

Emily Glankler introduces a deep dive into South and Southeast Asia, acknowledging the complexity and diversity of the region. She discusses the difficulty in uniting South Asia due to its multitude of ruling clans, ethnic groups, languages, and religious variations. The Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire are highlighted as significant states, but their control was often limited to northern India. The video aims to provide an overview of the region's history, particularly focusing on states that are relevant from an AP World History perspective.

05:01

🚢 Sea-Based Kingdoms of Southeast Asia

The video segment delves into the sea-based kingdoms of Southeast Asia, emphasizing their strategic control over trade routes. Srivijaya, based in Sumatra, is introduced as a predominantly Buddhist state with a powerful navy, influencing a vast area. Its rival, the Majapahit, which rose to prominence on the island of Java, is discussed as a Hindu-Buddhist state that controlled waterways with the help of sea nomads. The Majapahit's indirect rule through tributary states is contrasted with Srivijaya's direct control, highlighting the complex power dynamics of the region.

10:03

🏞️ Land-Based Kingdoms: Sinhala and Khmer Empires

This part of the video focuses on land-based kingdoms, starting with the Sinhala dynasties of Sri Lanka, which ruled from 543 BCE to 1815 CE. The Sinhala dynasties are noted for their self-sufficiency and the importance of the Buddha's tooth relic as a symbol of political power. The Khmer Empire, based in modern-day Cambodia, is described as a massive and influential state, with its capital at Angkor. The empire's shift from Hinduism to Buddhism is discussed as a factor in its decline, and its historical significance as the largest city in the world until the Industrial Revolution is highlighted.

15:05

📚 Resources for Further Learning

Emily concludes the video by reminding viewers of the additional resources available on her website, antisocialstudies.org, and encourages subscription for updates on new content. She also invites followers on Instagram for more engagement, emphasizing the continuous support and educational material she provides for those interested in the subject matter.

Keywords

💡South Asia

South Asia refers to the region comprising countries like India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. In the video, it is described as a diverse and complex area that was rarely unified until the British colonization in the 19th century. The term is crucial for understanding the historical context of the region, which is often fragmented and diverse, challenging to govern due to its multitude of ruling clans, ethnic groups, languages, and religious practices.

💡Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate was the first Islamic dynasty to rule over South Asia. It is mentioned in the script as a significant state that mainly controlled northern India. The Delhi Sultanate's significance lies in its role as a precursor to the Mughal Empire and its influence on the region's political landscape, despite not being able to establish a lasting and unified rule over all of South Asia.

💡Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire succeeded the Delhi Sultanate and is noted for its cultural and architectural contributions. The script highlights that, like the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire's rule was primarily over northern India and not the entire South Asia, reflecting the historical challenge of uniting the diverse regions of South Asia under one governance.

💡Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia encompasses both the mainland countries like Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, and the island nations such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The video discusses how this region's history is often intertwined with that of India and China due to its strategic location for trade. Southeast Asia's significance in the video is its role as a trade hub and the cultural diversity that resulted from its position between major trading regions.

💡Indian Ocean Trade

The Indian Ocean Trade was a significant maritime trading network that connected South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Africa. In the video, it is mentioned as a dominant factor in the rise of powerful states in Southeast Asia. The Indian Ocean Trade is central to understanding the economic and cultural exchanges that shaped the region's history and the development of its diverse societies.

💡Rajput Kingdoms

The Rajput Kingdoms were a collection of various Hindu clans that ruled over small regions in South Asia. They are mentioned in the script as an example of the semi-independent entities that existed alongside larger empires like the Delhi Sultanate. The Rajput Kingdoms illustrate the decentralized nature of power in South Asia and the challenges of establishing a unified rule.

💡Chola Dynasties

The Chola Dynasties were a Tamil dynasty that ruled parts of southern India and had significant influence on Southeast Asia. The video discusses their role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of the region, particularly through their maritime activities and trade. The Chola Dynasties are an example of how regional powers could exert influence beyond their immediate territories.

💡Vijayanagara Empire

The Vijayanagara Empire was a powerful South Indian state that thrived due to its strategic location along the Indian Ocean trade routes. The script mentions it as a state that benefited from trade and had a significant impact on the region's history. The Vijayanagara Empire exemplifies the rise of states in South Asia that were able to capitalize on their geographic advantages for economic and political gain.

💡Srivijaya

Srivijaya was a sea-based Buddhist state in Southeast Asia, primarily based on the island of Sumatra. The video describes it as having an enormous navy and being a dominant power in early Southeast Asia. Srivijaya's significance lies in its control over key waterways and its role in the maritime trade, which was crucial for the region's economic prosperity.

💡Majapahit

Majapahit was a Hindu-Buddhist state based on the island of Java, which rose to prominence after the decline of Srivijaya. The video explains that it ruled indirectly through a system of tributary states, asserting its dominance over a vast area. Majapahit's importance is tied to its ability to maintain control through a network of alliances and its role as a cultural and religious center in Southeast Asia.

💡Khmer Empire

The Khmer Empire, also known as the Angkor Kingdom, was a powerful state in mainland Southeast Asia, primarily in what is now Cambodia. The video highlights its capital city, Angkor, as the largest city in the world until the Industrial Revolution. The Khmer Empire's significance is marked by its architectural marvels, such as Angkor Wat, and its role as a major agricultural and trading state in the region.

Highlights

Emily Glankler introduces a deep dive into South and Southeast Asia for AP World History, focusing on areas that are often unfamiliar.

South Asia, including modern-day India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, has rarely been united due to its extreme diversity.

The Delhi Sultanate, the first Islamic dynasty in South Asia, had a tenuous rule, mainly over northern India.

The Rajput kingdoms, a collection of clans, ruled smaller regions within South Asia, indicating the difficulty of centralized control.

The Mughal Empire succeeded the Delhi Sultanate but also faced challenges in ruling the entire South Asia.

Southern India was influenced by the Chola and later the Vijayanagara Empire, which benefited from the Indian Ocean trade route.

Southeast Asia's history is often discussed in relation to India or China due to its strategic position between these powerful regions.

The Srivijaya empire, based in Sumatra, had a significant navy and was almost constantly at war with South Asian states.

The Majapahit empire, based on Java, ruled indirectly through tributary states and had a diverse religious makeup of Hinduism and Buddhism.

The Sinhala dynasties of Sri Lanka were predominantly Buddhist and had a long-lasting rule until the 19th century.

The Khmer Empire, based in modern-day Cambodia, was a powerful agricultural state with the capital city of Angkor being the largest city in pre-industrial times.

The tooth relic of the Buddha was a symbol of political power for the Sinhala dynasties, representing a unique form of divine right to rule.

The Khmer Empire's decline was partly due to a shift from Hinduism to Buddhism, which disrupted social structures.

Southeast Asian kingdoms rose and fell, often in a fluid and confusing manner, due to the difficulty of controlling the region.

The Srivijaya and Majapahit empires exemplify the sea-based kingdoms that controlled trade routes, while the Sinhala dynasties and Khmer Empire represent land-based powers.

Emily Glankler's resources and further discussions on these topics can be found on her website and social media for AP World History students.

Transcripts

hey welcome back to my whap

deep dive series i'm emily glankler of

antisocial studies

um hopefully you've already been

following along and so you've already

seen my unit one

overview and some of the other deep

dives i've done

but this one is going to be a little bit

more general than i normally do

um and it's just on what tends to be the

section

of unit one that students and teachers

have the hardest time with myself

included

because a lot of this in a lot of these

states are unfamiliar to

us so i'm just going to go in a little

bit of an overview

over south and southeast asia and the

different states that you might want to

know about

from an ap world history standpoint so

again before i start i'm a knowing

expert

on south and southeast asian history um

it's not something i ever learned about

in school which is why i'm super glad

that ap world has it in the curriculum

now but it's also why

a lot of teachers when they saw those

states went oh i've actually never heard

of those before

so um let's just go and talk about the

few states um that can

serve as a luster of examples of some

different trends happening

in this region which of course is sort

of dominated by the

indian ocean trade so first let's just

talk about

what we mean when we say south asia so

um a lot of times we call this india and

that's fine like it makes sense to us we

kind of know what that means

but really india doesn't exist until the

british make it exist

in the 1800s so one of the important

things to understand about

south asia which is today india pakistan

nepal bhutan bangladesh

is that it's a mess and i don't mean to

mess in a bad way i just mean it's

really almost nev it's never united uh

until the british

force it to be united in the 19th

century um it is incredibly difficult to

rule because it's so diverse

there's so many different ruling clans

and princes and regions and different

ethnic groups and different

languages and even different kind of

variations of hinduism that are followed

across the subcontinent

it is almost impossible for any state to

truly actually control all of south asia

so even when you're reading in your book

and you see something like oh the delhi

sultanate

conquered all of south asia not really

they might have conquered it for like a

year and then they

lost it again so and that's going to

happen throughout when they talk about

the mughal

empire that's really just in northern

what we think of today is india

so just keep that in mind as you go

through the course when you hear about

states that exist that sound like these

monoliths

that like rule all of modern-day india

no um that's basically impossible um

so with that let's just look this is

this is like in one in one slide what we

kind of might want to know about from

um late post-classical south asia

essentially the main

state that you're probably going to

learn about is the delhi sultanate

which is the first islamic dynasty to

come in and rule

in south asia but again what this map

shows is that

really they they for the most part only

rule northern india and even that they

rule it kind of tenuously

there are these other kingdoms called

the rajput kingdoms

which is again just a collection of

different um

clans and groups that sort of rule

each of their own small regions um so

even in this map even at the height of

the delhi sultanate they don't really

actually control

this part of um northwestern

today india um we also see that

yes when we look at the tan it's like

they did control most of south asia

in 1335 but then what we see is like but

in literally the next year

uh they have to get moved back to this

sort of red line because another empire

comes in

one of the reasons is because they have

to defend against the mongol invasions

from the north

um so again you have the delhi sultanate

which the leadership

is muslim however the population of

south asia

always is predominantly hindu and

the delhi sultanate and then the later

mughal empire which is going to replace

it

both really only firmly rule the

northern part of india

and at that point even not so much when

you have these different clans and

kingdoms that also are semi-independent

within it

oh it's a mess um in southern india

today

southern south asia um we have kind of

two dynasties that get mentioned

by at least the book that i use the

earlier one is called the chola

dynasties

again dynasties meaning it's kind of

this familial rule it's changing hands a

lot

but they kind of rule the southern part

of the subcontinent

they are going to have an impact on

southeast asia which we'll talk about in

a second

they're going to have an impact on um

modern-day sri lanka which again we'll

talk about in a second

um they get kind of taken away in

this delhi sultanate and then they kind

of fall apart as well

and they're gonna be replaced later by

the vijayanagara empire which is another

powerful um south indian state that gets

established and is gonna really benefit

from

being just like right sticking out in

the middle of the indian ocean trade

route

i mean they're going to exist for about

300 years

so again the general thing i want you to

take away from this about south asia

is that no one state ever truly rules

all of south asia

even today but that's a current events

issue for for another day

so now let's go to the part that really

i think is very unfamiliar to a lot of

people

um that grew up in at least the u.s

education system which is southeast asia

so southeast asia obviously is there's

part that are kind of connected to the

continent of asia which is modern day

cambodia laos

thailand vietnam but then it's also this

collection of islands which today would

be the philippines indonesia malaysia so

on and so forth

um and honestly we normally just talk

about southeast asia

in relation to the rest of asia we

normally talk about them either in

relation to india or in relation to

china

and part of that is just because that's

what dominated their history

they are are going to rise and they're

going to have these powerful states and

kingdoms

that really rise just because they are

in the middle

in between of these two really powerful

trading regions

of china east asia and india or south

asia

um so they capitalize on trade they

capitalize a lot of times on being sort

of the

guardians of a lot of these really

narrow waterways and straits

where if ships want to get over to china

they have to go through a lot of these

places

obviously until we discover we can just

go around but that's for a later date

um and this is also going to make it a

destination for a lot of merchants who

then want to set up shop permanently

so a lot of these states especially the

island

states are going to become very diverse

so you're going to see a lot of what we

call diasporic communities

meaning um you'll see even if it's

predominantly like a hindu kingdom or a

buddhist kingdom

you'll see probably a large population

of muslims set up especially in the

major

trading cities you'll see later on as

well a lot of

jews and jewish communities set up in

the trading cities as

merchants basically want to set up so

then they can trade back with their home

state

and so that makes it really diverse and

that makes the kingdoms also very

confusing

uh similar to south asia it's very

difficult if not impossible for someone

or one state to control all of southeast

asia

and so for the most part these states

and kingdoms are rising and falling and

existing at the same time sometimes in a

way that's

very fluid but also very confusing for

people

who don't have a lot of background

information on these different states

and who don't spend a lot of time

i just spent the last two hours and i

still don't feel

like i truly understand any of these

states but i can give us at least the

basics of what we need to know for ap

world

later on these are going to be nicknamed

by the dutch and other european traders

the spice islands

because not only are they important as

kind of

roots they're kind of the the guardians

of these roots between the indian ocean

and china

but they also are going to um they grow

a lot of spices that later on

and even during this time right the

europeans begin to want

okay so what you really want to think

about i think the easiest way to

approach these southeast asian kingdoms

is to think about them in two in two

parts there's sea based

kingdoms and there's land-based kingdoms

and so sea based kingdoms just mean

you know a kingdom that rules mostly on

these islands

and really the the way that they rule is

by dominating sea trade

a land-based kingdom is going to be a

more traditional it's typically like a

farming

um kingdom that really benefits from

trading the stuff they're growing and

farming to the rest of the world

so let's first look at two sea based

kingdoms um the first

is srivijaya um let me move my

head for a second so that i'm not uh

blocking okay so um we have srivijaya

which is going to be based predominantly

in um sumatra

which is kind of this island here

although as we can see

it's going to come out and influence a

lot of other places

they are predominantly a buddhist state

they have an enormous navy as you can

see right because they're able to

send expeditions all the way up to china

the gulf of tonkin

um expeditions all the way up into kind

of the khmer empire which we'll talk

about in a second

um they are const almost constantly at

war with

south asian states so they're a war with

the chola kingdoms

of the southern part of india they're

also going to

be at war with their rival the majapahit

or majapahit

which we're going to talk about on the

next slide um the majapahit are going to

be over here on this island and again

they sort of rise and exist at the same

time

the last prince of srivijaya is going to

first

um flee to um what's modern-day

singapore

and then eventually is going to

establish the sultanate of malacca

which i'm going to do a whole deep dive

just on that state um

in a few videos so so that's servijaya

it's buddhist

it controls a lot of these waterways

with this enormous navy

um and it is kind of the main power in

the early part of this time period

but then it's going to get somewhat

replaced in importance

by the um the majapahit or majapahit

um so this state um is based primarily

on java

which is going to be kind of like this

island here as opposed to this which is

where the servijaya were

um and they really rule um whereas the

survey jai have this enormous navy that

they control

the majapahit state controls with the

help of

sea nomads so basically nomadic people

who kind of

live most of their life on boats um

and they live they're often called sea

gypsies but that's not really a term

that we use anymore

we now call them c nomads and so they're

essentially what we might think of as

pirates

except our our idea of pirates is like

super negative and people that are

always going around and stealing other

people's stuff

but essentially they are kind of in

control of a lot of these waterways

and so the majapahit they rule a little

bit more indirectly they set up 98

tributary states which means all these

there's a you know

hundreds of other states that are

existing in southeast asia and the

majapahit just becomes kind of the most

powerful

right here in its core area on the

eastern half of java

but they go out and they kind of assert

their dominance over these other states

who then pay them tribute

so it's a little bit more indirect rule

as opposed to srivijaya

they were actually founded after they

defeated the mongol navy

so um the mongols at this moment are

ruling china

up here the yuan dynasty under kubla

khan

for context if you're familiar with this

other stuff marco polo's

traveling from italy over to china right

that's what's happening at this moment

um and so the mongols or the yuan

dynasty in china

actually send a naval fleet to conquer

this island

and the people and the different smaller

states on this island defend

and then they set up a new capital at

the village of

majapahit um they get visited later on

by

jungha from the ming dynasty but they're

going to decline in power when the ming

dynasty starts to support

the sultanate of melaka um which is

their trading rival

so again we sort of have this back and

forth between

um the island of sumatra the island of

java

and and essentially it's this constant

power struggle and really

whoever is going to come out on top is

typically the one that is being backed

by china okay so those are two

sea based kingdoms you'd want to know

you'll you might notice this one i said

is hindu

in parentheses also buddhist this can be

really confusing for a lot of people but

essentially

um hinduism and buddhism there are ways

that those two can co-exist

in a state at the same time so we see in

the majapahit kingdom

that there's really like there's two

different sort of variations of hinduism

and then

one variation of buddhism that all

coexist on the island

it's generally considered the last great

hindu

kind of southeast asian empire though so

primarily we might identify it as hindu

but again if we're talking about

diversity and syncretism

and all these different things that are

happening in southeast asia just the

fact that this state is identified as a

hindu buddhist

state would be evidence of that okay

um now i'm going to talk about two

land-based kingdoms and by land-based

i just mean that their power is

predominantly from the land

so where as srivijaya and majja bahit

their power came

predominantly from the sea controlling

those trading routes

these two are a little bit more

traditional they're either

self-sufficient like the sinhala

dynasties

or they're going to be kind of producing

crops and producing things

to trade with others like the khmer that

we'll talk about in a second

so the sinhala dynasties essentially

just rule what we know as today

of what we know of today as sri lanka

and i want us to notice how long these

sinhala dynasties ruled for

now there's constant change in the

dynasties during this time period

there's maybe six

seven or eight that rule but they exist

in some form

from 543 bce

before the year zero all the way up to

1815

when they're going to get essentially

conquered and taken over by the british

and named ceylon

um side note this year

might be a little bit of a stretch

because this happens to be

the year of the buddha's death and so

this might be part of sort of the myth

of the founding of this

you know powerful buddhist kingdom in

sri lanka is that they sort of set the

start date

they basically said that the first king

arrived in sri lanka on the day

of the buddhist death so like is that

exactly true

maybe that'd be like a really crazy and

cool coincidence but it also this might

be a little bit of like an ish sort of

date

right so they're ruled by the sinhalese

ethnic group

for the first half later they're going

to be ruled by the tamil ethnic group

which is still kind of an ethnic

minority in sri lanka they are buddhist

and they really claim their power from

being a buddhist state

in fact one of their most important or

really the most important relic that

they have

that has been that will go on to become

a symbol of their political power

is the tooth relic of the buddha so

essentially

um when the buddha died he was cremated

the story goes that one of his

followers took a tooth from the ashes

and then brought it down to these

sinhalese dynasties

and so essentially what happens is that

each ruler

or each new dynasty they'll set up their

capital in wherever their home

city or village is and then they will

move the tooth relic

to that place to sort of symbolize that

this is where the new center of power is

and so it's kind of an interesting and

unique example of this idea of like a

mandate of heaven man it from heaven or

the divine right to rule

that's kind of tied to this very

physical object that's believed to be

a relic of siddhartha gautama um they

are going to they never expand beyond

the island of modern sri lanka

and they're constantly competing with

these other southern kind of indian

states

but they are essentially self-sufficient

except for salt they have to trade for

salt from

you know south asia but otherwise

they're sort of able to exist on their

own

they never become incredibly powerful in

the region um but again

they exist in some form or fashion until

the 19th century which is pretty amazing

okay the last kingdom that you might

want to know about is the khmer

empire um this is just a massive

and kind of amazing empire that exists

in mostly modern day cambodia

it's also sometimes called the encore

kingdom

because um its capital city was encore

um and angkor wat is sort of a temple

and the main temple

and palace complex at in the city of

encore

so the khmer are hindu buddhist what

what that means here is that

they're founded as a hindu kingdom they

are still predominantly hindu

however at some point around midway

through their rule

the leadership converts to buddhism

that's actually

going to be one of the reasons why they

slowly declined is because

hinduism provides a lot of social

stability because there's a lot of

structure there

there were a lot of traditions a lot of

social hierarchy that was built in

then when the leadership changes to

buddhism

it just gets a little bit more confusing

it starts to break down

some of these traditions and structures

that it existed for a really long time

so it's one of the reasons why it goes

into decline their capital city of

encore

i want to say this correctly because i

want you to hear this it's an amazing

fact

the capital city of encore was the

largest city

ever in human history up until

industrial

london in like the 1800s what i mean is

in size so we can see from um

you know we can look at kind of the

remains of angkor

and by looking at how much land it

covered

not in terms of human population but in

terms of physical size

it's the largest city ever in the world

in all of human history

until the industrial revolution when

london is gonna take over that

um that mantle which is amazing right

and it might be a city you've never

heard of

it might be from a kingdom you've never

heard of they're gonna grow really

powerful

as this really important kind of

agricultural state

um that then is able to trade and assert

some its power in the region

they eventually come to control a lot of

the the kind of continental part of

southeast asia they fight wars with the

champa state in southern vietnam

you might know that from champa rice

they kind of pay tribute

to the song dynasty with champa rice

which leads to population explosion

within its boundaries they're going to

have rebellions from the thai groups

um that are gonna found the sukotai

state um and eventually

the the thai states that come after it

in the western part of this territory

are gonna become one of its main rivals

um by the end they have they kind of

become a tributary

state of the yuan dynasty so again this

state is existing at the same time

as like the foundation of the majapahit

right because the yuan are going and

trying to conquer that island

all of these are going on at the same

time roughly

um so again these are four examples in

southeast asia there are

more states that we could talk about but

really what i wanted us to walk away

with is that now we have

two examples of sea based empires two

examples of land-based empires in

southeast asia

and hopefully you can kind of pull from

those

um illustrative examples to find

evidence that you might need to talk

about the rise of these states

um so just a friendly reminder that i

have way more resources on my website

antisocialstudies.org make sure that

you're subscribed so that you can see

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great thanks