【世界遺産】シャルトルブルーの煌めき 「シャルトル大聖堂」
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、フランスのシャルトル・ノートルダム大聖堂の美しさと歴史を紹介しています。12-13世紀に建造されたこの大聖堂は、人間の創造的な才能を表現する傑作であり、多くのフランスの教会のモデルとなっています。ゴシックなヴォールトや美しいステンドグラス、そして謎に満ちた迷路などが、800年以上の長い歳月を経ても奇跡的に保存されています。このスクリプトは、訪れる人々を魅了し、その荘厳な建築と芸術作品を通じて、人間の精神性と信仰の力に触れています。
Takeaways
- 🏰 シャルトルのノートルダム大聖堂は、人間の創造的な才能を表現する傑作であり、フランスの多くの大聖堂のモデルとなっている。
- 🗓️ 1979年にフランスで最初に登録された世界遺産の一つであり、「ヴェゼレの教会と丘」とセットで登録されている。
- 🕍 大聖堂は、フランス革命や2つの世界大戦を経ても大きな被害を免れて、12-13世紀のオリジナルな姿を伝えている。
- 🌅 ゴシック拱門の美しさと、3階建ての構造は、重い石の天井を支え、人間を温かく包む比率のデザインとリズムを創造している。
- 🎨 ジャンパー・ゴッジによって制作された現代のaltar上の作品や、シャルトルの18世紀の彫刻家シャルル・ブリダンによる大理石の「聖母マリアの昇天」像が、大聖堂の芸術性を象徴している。
- 🌀 大聖堂の床には、人生の困難を象徴する迷路があり、30分かけて中央の花のようなゴールに向かってゆっくりと進むことができる。
- 🪟 チャートル大聖堂の脇窓は、1215年に作成された西側の脇窓を中心に、キリストが中心に、周囲に天使や弟子が囲まれている。
- 🔵 脇窓のブルーとレッドは、サファイアとルビーの輝きを模しており、教会全体を宝石で飾る試みがされている。
- 🖼️ チャートル大聖堂のステンドグラスには、2つのタイプがあり、大きなポスター形式の大きな人物の絵と、聖書の物語をコマで物語るアニメ形式がある。
- 🌌 ベル・ヴェリエは、12世紀の3つのパネルのみで構成されており、マリアの衣服の空の青とルビーのような赤で強いコントラストを生み出している。
- 🛕 暗い地下礼拝堂「クリプト」は、中世のpilgrimsがマリアの聖衣を訪れるために訪れた場所であり、学習の中心地として知られていた。
- 🏗️ 19世紀の鉄骨技術を取り入れた大聖堂の修復は、その時代の最新技術を組み合わせたものであり、驚くべき耐久性を持ち続けている。
Q & A
シャルトル大聖堂はどのようにして世界遺産に登録されたのですか?
-シャルトル大聖堂は、1979年にフランスで最初に登録された世界遺産の一つであり、3つの理由で選ばれました。それは人間の創造的な才能を表現する傑作であり、多くのフランスの教会のモデルとなり、特に他の建物とは異なる保管状態を持ち、宗教戦争やフランス革命、2つの世界大戦を経験しても大きな損害を蒙らなかったためです。
シャルトル大聖堂の特徴は何ですか?
-シャルトル大聖堂は12-13世紀に建造され、ゴシックなヴォールトや美しい骨組みの線が特徴で、その高さは当時フランス最大の教会でした。また、人間を優しく包むような広さと高さの比率、異なる形の柱が交互に配置され、視線や動きを祭壇に誘導する設計があります。
シャルトル大聖堂の祭壇にある現代の芸術家によって作られた作品とは何ですか?
-祭壇の上には、ジョージア出身の現代の芸術家Goudjiによって作られた、4メートル高さで天井からぶら下がった十字架があります。その中心には、様々な石で作られた赤い宝石、レッドジャスパーが取り付けられており、イエスの犠牲を象徴しています。
シャルトル大聖堂の床に描かれた迷路は何を意味していますか?
-迷路は、人生の難所や失敗、失望、病気、別れを象徴する比喩であり、人生の道は直接的ではないことを示しています。迷路を歩くことで、人々は一時的な瞑想を通じて、目標に近づく感覚を得ることができます。
シャルトル大聖堂のローゼ窓には何が描かれていますか?
-ローゼ窓の中心にはキリストが描かれており、周りには天使やイエスの弟子が囲まれています。1215年に作成された西側のローゼ窓や、15年後に作成された北側のローゼ窓があります。
シャルトル大聖堂のステンドグラスにはどのような種類がありますか?
-シャルトル大聖堂のステンドグラスには2つの種類があります。1つは2階にあり、大きな人物像が描かれたポスター形式で、教会で目立つ場所に表示されています。もう1つは1階にあり、聖書の物語をコマごとに物語る漫画形式です。
シャルトルブルーとは何ですか?
-シャルトルブルーは、12世紀のステンドグラスで使用された特別な空の青色で、コバルトという当時の高級素材が加えられています。この色は時代を超えて変質せず、世界中で称賛されています。
シャルトル大聖堂のステンドグラスにおける「良いサマリア人の物語」と「アダムとイブの物語」は何を物語っていますか?
-「良いサマリア人の物語」と「アダムとイブの物語」は、救済の物語を共有しており、どちらも人が悪から救われるプロセスを描いています。サマリア人は盗みのような悪から人々を救い、アダムとイブは楽園から追放され、労働と悪に満ちた世界で生きていますが、救い主が現れます。
シャルトル大聖堂の地下礼拝堂「Crypto」は何の特徴がありますか?
-Cryptoは、250メートルの通路を介して教会の周囲を囲い、中世の巡礼者たちが聖母マリアの聖衣を訪れるために訪れた場所です。セミ円形のヴォールトのロマネスクスタイルの天井があり、暗い長い通路を通過することで、天国への到達をシミュレートしています。
シャルトル大聖堂の屋根の材料は何ですか?
-シャルトル大聖堂の屋根は、1836年の火災後に鉛板から銅板に変更されました。銅板は、内部の腐敗を防ぐ効果があり、抗菌効果もあります。また、緑色のパチナは銅の表面が酸化して形成されます。
19世紀にシャルトル大聖堂はどのように修復されましたか?
-19世紀の修復では、当時の最新技術である鉄骨構造が使用され、木造屋根よりも優れた硬度と軽さを持つことができました。また、標準化された部品の組み立てのみが必要であり、コストが削減され、建設時間も短縮されました。
Outlines
🏰 シャルル大聖堂の歴史と意義
シャルル大聖堂は、12-13世紀に建造され、フランス初の世界遺産に登録された教会の一つです。この建築は人間の創造的な才能を表現する傑作であり、フランスの多くの教会のモデルとなりました。フランス革命や2つの世界大戦を経験しても大きな被害を免れて、その原始的な姿を伝えています。特にゴシック拱門や美しいラインが特徴で、当時フランス最大の高さを誇ります。
🌅 彩色ガラスの芸術と物語
シャルル大聖堂の彩色ガラスは、教会を宝石で飾る試みとして、青と赤が際立ちます。特にブルーとレッドの彩度が目を引く「シャルルブルー」は、12世紀のコバルトから来るとされています。教会の彩色ガラスには、2つの形式があり、2階には大きなポスター形式の聖人像が、1階には聖書の物語がコマで描かれたアニメ形式があります。
🎨 彩色ガラスの銘菓と象徴
教会の彩色ガラスには、物語だけでなく、銘菓や象徴も織り交ぜられています。例えば、「良いサマリア人」の物語や、「アダムとイブ」の創造物語が描かれており、これらは救済の物語として並行して描かれています。また、彩色ガラスのパターンには、花の3つの形が使われており、それぞれ悪、人、神を象徴しています。
📚 学問の背景と星座の彩色ガラス
シャルルは学問の中心地として知られ、教会の彩色ガラスには、学問の背景が反映されています。例えば、12人の星座や月を表す彩色ガラスがあり、農業や季節の労働を象徴しています。また、時間の創造者としてのイエスが描かれた彩色ガラスもあり、神の意志に従って正しい時間を大切にすることが示唆されています。
🛠️ 修復技術と未来への贈り物
シャルル大聖堂の修復は、19世紀に鉄骨構造が使用され、最新の技術が取り入れられています。屋根は銅板で覆われており、緑色のパチナは銅の表面の酸化による保護層です。また、彩色ガラスの修復では、接着剤が使用され、外側には透明のカバーで保護されています。800年もの間ほぼ無傷で残るこの教会は、人間の創造性と技術の傑出さを物語っています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡シャルル大聖堂
💡ゴシック
💡ロゼ・ウィンドウ
💡彩色ガラス
💡迷路
💡聖母マリア
💡フルーベール司教
💡地下教会
💡飛び梁
💡青銅鎖
Highlights
Chartres Cathedral is one of the World Heritage Sites since 1979, recognized for its unique architectural and cultural significance.
The cathedral is a masterpiece expressing the creative talents of mankind and served as a model for many subsequent French cathedrals.
Despite historical turmoil, including religious wars and the French Revolution, Chartres Cathedral has survived with minimal damage.
The cathedral's construction in the 12th-13th century makes it an 800-year-old architectural marvel.
The interior of Chartres Cathedral features a harmonious proportion and design that provides a welcoming atmosphere despite its grandeur.
The cathedral's pillars alternate between round and angular shapes, creating a rhythmic movement that guides visitors toward the altar.
A modern artwork by Georgian artist Goudji, suspended above the altar, features a red jewel symbolizing the sacrifice of Jesus.
The cathedral houses an 18th-century marble sculpture by Charles Bridan depicting the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.
A maze on the floor of the main nave represents a metaphor for life's journey, with its winding paths and central goal.
The rose windows of Chartres Cathedral, dating back to the 13th century, depict Christ and the Last Judgment surrounded by angels and disciples.
The cathedral's stained glass windows use blue and red prominently, symbolizing sapphire and ruby, to create a jewel-like effect.
Chartres Cathedral's stained glass includes both large poster format depictions of Catholic figures and cartoon-style narratives from the Bible.
The 'Good Samaritan and Adam and Eve' stained glass from the 13th century provides a dual narrative of salvation and the struggle between good and evil.
The 'Belle Verrière' stained glass, featuring the Virgin Mary and Jesus, is renowned for its vivid 'Chartres Blue' color, achieved with cobalt.
The cathedral's underground chapel, the Crypto, is a 250-meter passage that was a pilgrimage route for medieval visitors seeking the holy garment of the Virgin Mary.
The attic of Chartres Cathedral, accessible through guided tours, offers a unique view of the town and the cathedral's flying buttresses.
Modern restoration techniques, including adhesives and thermoforming covers, are used to preserve and protect the cathedral's stained glass.
The cathedral's roof, once wooden, was replaced with a copper plate after a fire in 1836, providing long-term protection and an antibacterial effect.
Chartres Cathedral's 19th-century restoration incorporated the latest technology of the time, including an iron skeleton for the roof, reflecting the era's industrial advancements.
Transcripts
On the hills of the city Towering high Chartres
Notre Dame Cathedral
This cathedral is "Mont Saint Michel and its bay" The earliest registered in France in 1979
with "Church and Hill of Vezelay" Became one of the World Heritage Sites
There are three reasons
This building Being a masterpiece that expresses the creative talents of mankind
After that Became a model for many cathedrals made in France
And it is a storage state like no other
Religious war French Revolution While going through two world wars etc. Without major damage
Chartres Cathedral miraculously tells us the original appearance
made in the 12-13th century A cathedral
that remains 800 years old
This time, such "Chartres Notre Dame Cathedral" Let me introduce you
Then everyone [ONYVA!]
Altar in front
Stained glass that shines on it
Guided by light Our line of sight goes up
What you can see there Gothic vault
The beautiful lines that form the skeleton Supports all heavy stone ceilings
The pillars make up a three-story structure
In the row on the 1st floor,
there is a stained glass via an intermediate point called Trifolium
on the 2nd floor of the human world. The 3rd floor leads to the world of God
37 meters high
At the time of construction It was the tallest cathedral in France
God is in heaven For those who were thinking at that time,
the desire to get closer to God gave birth to such advanced building technology
The relationship between width and height is also It
has a cozy proportion that wraps around humans as it is.
Despite the huge architecture I feel comfortable as if it is wrapped gently
Focusing on the pillars, the round type
and the angular type You can see that they are placed alternately
By alternating different shapes Create a rhythm and move us forward
So that not only the line of sight
but also our movements are guided toward the altar It's designed
Altar located in the center of the cathedral
On top of that You can see the cross as if it were floating in the air
This is a contemporary artist from Georgia Made by Goudji, 4
meters above the altar Suspended from the ceiling
A red jewel, Red Jasper, is fitted in the center of the cross
made of various stones. Symbolizes the sacrifice of Jesus
Under the cross is an 18th century French sculptor
By Charles Bridan Marble sculpture Assumption of the Virgin Mary
Hidden in the clouds Surrounded by many angels, by three angels Our
Lady's body is being carried to heaven
Our Lady spreads her hands Looking up to the heavens while being filled with joy
If you go to heaven, you can meet your son Jesus ...
Reunited with your son who is no longer on earth You can read the joy of motherhood
12 meters in diameter on the floor of the main nave A maze
made of winding roads remains From the start to the central goal in the shape of a flower Go slowly for 30 minutes
While walking this road You can do temporary meditation
I think I'm close to the goal After that, it goes away again
The curve of the road is It ’s a metaphor for the difficulties that you encounter in your life.
Failure, frustration, illness,
farewell, the same path as life is not straight
If you encounter difficulties, change the direction of travel Take a different perspective
The maze may be teaching us
One maze path
If you go step by step You can always go to the goal
When you reach the goal Please look back
There As if to celebrate the journey
The rose window is shining
This is the rose window on the west side
At the center of the rose window is Christ
the Last Judgment
In the surrounding area Surrounded by angels and disciples of Jesus
It was made in 1215
This is the rose window on the north side,
which was made 15 years later.
A vertically long window is provided at the bottom The gaps on the left and right are also filled with stained glass.
The stone part is decreasing The stained glass part is increasing steadily
What Chartres Cathedral dreamed of It was a shining cathedral
surrounded by stained glass all over.
They wanted to recreate the heavenly Jerusalem on the ground
For stained glass Blue and red stand out
The glow of blue is sapphire
The red glow Reminiscent of ruby
They tried to decorate the whole church with jewels.
The stained glass of Chartres Cathedral There are two types
One is located on the 2nd floor Poster format with large figures drawn
Full-body posters of big Catholic stars It is displayed in a prominent place in the church.
That's the image
The protagonist is of course the Virgin Mary on the altar
What is Notre Dame in Notre Dame Cathedral? Because it ’s the Virgin Mary.
To surround her Old Testament Prophets Line up with New Testament Saints
The other is located on the first floor Cartoon format that tells the story of the Bible in frames
The saints represented on the second floor What did you actually do
The story is It is drawn in the cartoon format below.
Only a part Let's read the stained glass together
Then everyone [ONYVA!]
This was created in the 13th century "Good Samaritan and Adam and Eve" It is a stained glass that is said
Stained glass Read from bottom to top from left to right
First at the bottom
Donor of this stained glass The shoemaker is shown
On the left and center A scene where a craftsman is making shoes
On the right are shoemakers Stained glass drawing It is a scene that is giving a present
From above The New Testament "Parable of the Good Samaritan" is spoken
Jewish legislative scholars Asking Jesus a question
"Love your neighbor in the Bible" But
who is the neighbor? "Jesus shined a cross in red. I will start this analogy
A man leaves Jerusalem They tried to go to the town of Jericho
A person trying to get out of the door of a town with a wall The main character of the parable
When walking on the road A robber who pulled out a knife from behind
attacked and stripped off his kimono They were half killed
After that, the robbers left
They were injured and can't move
The priest passed there
Levites also passed by
However, pretending that neither of them saw it Have passed
The next thing I passed by Was a Samaritan who was traveling
Samaritans and Jews hated it, they felt sorry for the injured person and gave first aid with a bandage. They
put it on livestock and took them to the inn
In the right frame The owner of the inn is welcome them and stretching his arms, right?
This analogy is It ends with the scene where the injured man is being cared for
Person in need Whoever sees someone in need of help It
’s an analogy to reach out.
On top of that is the Old Testament The creation of Genesis is depicted
God creates Adam and brings it to life
And let them live in the Garden of Eden
While Adam is sleeping Make Eve from the ribs
God advise them not to eat the fruit of wisdom
However, a red snake is wrapped around the tree. He is tempting Eve to eat
Eve sitting in the shade of a tree She also recommend Adam to eat
Adam who ate the fruit got stuck in his throat He is struggling painfully
Since then, men have had Adam's apples. Is supposed to be
In French, Adam's apple It ’s called Adam ’s apple.
The two who ate the fruit noticed that they were naked for the first time Now hides the genitals
As a punishment for breaking a promise The two are banished from the Garden of Eden
Chased by an angel Two people leaving the door are represented.
Since then, humanity had to work
Adam plows the land Eve is spinning the thread
Outside paradise It was also a world infested with evil
Children of Adam and Eve
My brother Cain has my brother Abel. Killed by jealousy
This was the first murder of humankind
in this way It is the central Jesus Christ that saves humans
living in a world infested with evil.
Also at the top of the stained glass It represents Jesus Christ reigning on the throne
These two completely different stories There is a reason why they are in parallel.
Both tell the story of salvation
When people leaves the city of Jerusalem Evil like a thief is rampant
It can hurt there A savior like a Samaritan appears and saves us
Adam and Eve are banished from paradise
Outside of paradise, the pain of labor and Full of evil such as murder
However, a savior appears and saves me
A human being living in a world with many evils God will save me someday
Both have such a story of salvation. I'm being told
Next time Please pay attention to the pattern of the stained glass
It's made of three flowers
The center is all It has a red background, right?
The bottom is a thief In other words, the devil
The person in the middle
And the top is God
People can also fall into evil You can also aim for the way of God
Human free will Can be read
This is called Belle Verrière The most famous stained glass
Embrace the little Jesus Virgin Mary
Only these three panels 12th century
Other than that, it's from the 13th century
Maria's garment with a brilliant sky blue and a ruby-like red
background I'm making a strong contrast
The sky blue of Maria's clothes Can you see that it is different from the blue that is close to dark blue around it?
Add minerals to color the glass
To get this sky blue Cobalt, which was a high-class material at that time, is used.
This blue does not deteriorate at all.
To say People in the 12th century also saw the exact same blue glow But it is that
The sky blue of this Maria's clothes
is praised from all over the world. It ’s called Chartres Blue.
At the bottom of this stained glass The temptation of the devil is expressed
The red devil whispers sweet words Trying to drag you into a bad road
And on top of that The wedding at Cana episode
Jesus Maria disciples were traveling
When they visited Kana in Galilee They are invited to a wedding
However wine is run out wine there
Maria consults with Jesus
There seems to be no wine
And Maria tells the servants "Follow what Jesus says" said
Jesus to the servants and told them to fill the water bottle there with water
A miracle happened when they did what they were told
Water had changed to wine
It ’s the first miracle he showed in front of his disciples.
This episode There is also a reason for being in this place
At the top Mary puts Jesus on her lap
You guys often listen to what this kid says in the future I'm telling you to do exactly that. According to Jesus If
you follow Jesus' words like the servants who could turn water into wine A
miracle will happen to you too I'm talking about
At the bottom of this stained glass There was a temptation of the devil
In other words, this means that if you listen to Jesus,
you can keep evil underneath. You can read it
In this way, from one stained glass Not
only telling Bible stories, but also allowing multiple readings Is made
At that time, I thought about these scenarios The priests
At the time of cathedral construction Chartres
is known for its academic background, and intellectuals from all over the country have gathered.
Among them, the most excellent priest It is believed that he was in charge of the scenario
Another work of the constellation and the moon was drawn Let's introduce stained glass
Since it is a stained glass sent from a grape farmer, at the bottom
is Pruning vines You can see the grape farmers
On top of that Constellation and corresponding lunar work continues
First of all, Aquarius
January Where the god of Janus is trying to open the door
Means the beginning of a new year
Janus is the god from which the name January is derived. With two faces, an old man and a young man It is often stated,
but here It is shown by three faces that indicate the past, present, and future.
Pisces in February people has't done anything yet Theyare warming your hands and feet in the fireplace.
Wear warm clothes and wear a hat
Aries in March It's time to prun the grapes
People still wearing a hat and it looks cold
Taurus in April The season when nature buds resume
Between the trees where flowers bloom, a woman who symbolizes nature
has a bouquet in both hands
Gemini in May A soldier's horse in armor is eating freshly grown grass
Cancer in June Mowing the grass with a sickle with a blue blade
Leo in July Wheat Harvest Virgo in
August People is hitting grains with flail
Threshing work
Various farm tools are drawn in the background
Libra in September Grape harvesting and squeezing
Two people enter the barrel Squeezing the harvested grapes
Scorpio in October A person who became a horseman packed wine made in a barrel
Sagittarius Slaughter pigs to prepare for winter
And Capricorn in December Year-end meal
On the table Bread, wine and fish are on it
Even now at the end of the year You have a Christmas meal and a year-end party, right?
And at the top is as the creator of time Jesus
Alpha and omega letters in the hand
Time is linear and at the same time Means to circulate
If God imagined time Doing the right job at the right time also means acting
according to God's thoughts.
To that extent, it leads to the prayer of God.
This is Chartres's pride The largest underground chapel in France, Crypto
From the north tower to the south tower Go around the perimeter of the church Formed by a 250 meter passage
Came for the holy garment of the Virgin Mary Medieval pilgrims
First, cross this dark and long corridor
The ceiling is a semi-circular vault Romanesque style
like a kamaboko.
It was the order to build the crypto Bishop Chartres at the time was Fulbert
He was in Europe in the early 11th century One of the most important scholars
Not just theology He was also familiar with medicine, mathematics, musicology, and grammar.
To receive his teaching Students from all over Europe
gathered in Chartres for a while Says it became the center of learning
Follow the dim passage with chapels in some places
And finally if you climb the stairs Go to a church that shines with stained glass
Fulbert is at the end of a long darkness I was directing it to pilgrims
who visited the simulated experience of reaching heaven.
Finally, go up to the tower on the north side We can't usually see it
With the back of the stained glass Let me show you the attic
Then everyone [ONYVA!] I came to the top of the transept tower
on the north side.
By participating in a tour guided by the cathedral's exclusive guide You can climb up to here
Overlooking the town of Chartres
Support the stone ceiling from the outside Flying buttress is also visible in front of you! Well,
here Let's look at the stained glass from the outside
Glass with different colors like this It is connected by a lead bar
The combined colored glass Hold it from the outside and inside
with a flat iron rod. Fixed to the window
For fixing iron rods Small metal fittings are used
Here, the color of the glass is different in some places
The black glass has been restored
Other than that is original
When repairing broken glass In the past, glass was connected by adding lead bars.
However, the more crosspieces you have, the more When viewed from the inside, black lines will increase
and it will become difficult to read the stained glass.
Therefore, the current restoration uses an adhesive. It seems that they are connecting broken glass
Currently for the protection of stained glass Cover the outside
with a transparent cover that reproduces perfect unevenness using thermoforming technology Protects stained glass
You can see the green roof in front of you
Oh yeah, people with a fear of
heights Don't look down! The roof is now Copper plate is used
What looks green is It is a film patina
formed by oxidizing the surface of copper.
This patina has the effect of preventing internal corrosion Has an antibacterial effect
In fact, Chartres Cathedral is like Notre Dame Cathedral
in Paris Due to the fire of 1836 Cathedral lost the wooden roof
Before the fire, the roof The roof was used a lead plate, but the roof was changed to a copper plate.
It cost money
Considering that it will protect the building for hundreds of years in the future This seems to be more economical
Gifts for future children What a place, such as
This is the attic
The skeleton of the roof that was once made of wood One year after the fire
1837 Repaired by an iron skeleton
Excellent hardness By using strong cast iron,
it is better than a wooden roof A light skeleton is now possible
Also, since it is only necessary to assemble parts of the same standard,
there is no cost. The construction time was also shortened
19th century: An era when the steel industry is developing It is a restoration that incorporates the latest technology of the time.
The Eiffel Tower is built Completed 50 years ago
12th century 13th century Built by the amazing techniques of medieval craftsmen
and colored by the keen insights of the priests
Chartres Notre Dame Cathedral
Architectural sculpture stained glass The fact that it remains almost unbroken
even after 800 years It can only be called a kind of miracle.
One of the masterpieces that expresses the creative talents of mankind
That splendor If you could share it with everyone I am very honored
Please see [ONYVA!] Again this time. Thank you very much
also See you at the next [ONYVA!]
Then everyone A bientôt!
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【岡本太郎ー後編ー】天才ピカソに叩きつけた挑戦状!その代表作を一挙解説ッ!!
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