【日英字幕付き】総長が行く「知の探訪」Vol.1「恐竜研究5つの価値」寳金清博 総長 × 小林快次 教授

北海道大学【公式】
25 Dec 202315:33

Summary

TLDRこのビデオ脚本は、恐竜の絶滅と現代の生き物が急激に減少している問題に焦点を当てた対話を提供しています。小林教授は、恐竜から鳥類への進化過程を研究しており、特に消化系、脳、翼、育児などの変化に興味を寄せています。また、彼は北海道大学の「フロンティア精神」を持ち、学生たちに自由な研究を行ってもらう一方で、教育、科学、経済価値をバランス良く追求しています。脚本は、小林教授の研究に対する情熱と、大学や社会全体に貢献する意欲を示しています。

Takeaways

  • 🌏 第六次大規模絶滅が現在進行中であり、地球は驚くべき速さで動物を失っている。
  • 🦕 過去の5回目の大規模絶滅は恐竜の絶滅であり、人類は自らが問題を作り出している。
  • 📊 過去50年で脊椎動物の総数は約70%減少しており、これは国連のデータによる。
  • 🧐 科学者としての研究は、恐竜の化石を掘り起こすことから始まり、その道を模索している。
  • 🏫 科学者の親への反対や懸念はなく、他人に役立つことを重視する教育を受けた。
  • 🌄 研究の最も楽しい点は、新しい世界への道が開かれる瞬間であり、月への一歩のような感覚を経験する。
  • 🔍 研究の焦点は、恐竜が鳥類へと進化する過程を調べることであり、消化系、脳、翼、子育てなどを研究している。
  • 🌐 研究は世界各地で行われており、特に隕石の衝突直前、70〜90百万年前の地球の状況に注目している。
  • 🍽️ 恐竜の食生活から始まり、消化系を通じて彼らが食べていたものとそれがどのように生態系に影響を与えたかを探求している。
  • 🏛️ 北海道大学博物館は、日本でトップクラスの大学博物館であり、多くの人々を魅了し、教育的価値を提供している。
  • 📚 科学者としての研究だけでなく、教育、歴史的価値、PR、経済的価値をバランス良く追求している。
  • 📈 経済的な循環が不足すると停滞が生じ、次の研究の誕生が困難になるため、経済的価値を探求し、努力を続けることが重要である。

Q & A

  • 第五次大絶滅が何を指しているのですか?

    -第五次大絶滅は恐竜の絶滅を指しており、これは生物の歴史における重要な一連の絶滅イベントの一つです。

  • 現在の地球はどのような状況にあるとされていますか?

    -現在、地球は第六次大絶滅と呼ばれる状況にあり、動物種の急速な減少が起こっています。過去50年で脊椎動物の種群は約70%減少しているとされ、国連のデータによると、私たちは絶滅の真っ只中にあります。

  • コバヤシさんはなぜ恐竜に興味を持ちましたか?

    -コバヤシさんは幼い頃から仏像に興味があり、中学生になると福井県での化石発見が増え、高校1年生の時に初めて恐竜の化石を掘り起こし、恐竜への道を歩むようになりました。

  • コバヤシさんの研究テーマは何ですか?

    -コバヤシさんはマクロ進化の過程、特に恐竜が鳥類に進化する過程を研究しており、消化系、脳、翼、子育てなどの進化を調べています。

  • コバヤシさんはなぜ消化系に注目していますか?

    -消化系から始めて、恐竜が何を食べていたか、それがどのように彼らの世界と生態系を形成していたかを知りたいと考えています。単純で理解しやすい研究を通して、進化の過程を理解を目指しています。

  • コバヤシさんは北海道大学の強みは何だと思われますか?

    -コバヤシさんは北海道大学のフィールド研究が強みであり、特に恐竜研究が学生に人気があると述べています。また、水産科学や農業の研究も重要だと考えています。

  • コバヤシさんは研究で使用する道具にはどのようなものがありますか?

    -コバヤシさんは研究でハンマーやロックドリル、デンタルピック、カメラ、ドローンなどの道具を使用しており、特にドローンは最新のデバイスで空からのデータを収集するのに使われています。

  • 北海道大学博物館の役割は何ですか?

    -北海道大学博物館は日本でもトップクラスの大学博物館であり、学問や科学に興味を持つ訪れた人々に情報を提供し、大学の活動や魅力を広める役割を果たしています。

  • コバヤシさんはメディア出場の意義は何だと思われますか?

    -コバヤシさんはメディア出場が恐竜の魅力を伝える上で重要なミッションであり、特にNHKのディレクターの中には自分のもとを出た者がおり、良いプログラムの作成に寄与していると述べています。

  • コバヤシさんは持続可能性のために重要な要素は何だと思われますか?

    -経済的な循環の欠如は停滞を生み出し、持続可能性を損なうとコバヤシさんは考えており、大学として持続可能な計画を立て、社会に取り入れていくべきだと述べています。

  • コバヤシさんは北海道大学博物館の将来についてどう思われますか?

    -コバヤシさんは北海道大学博物館が大学のPRや社会への貢献の重要な役割を果たしており、さらに大学と密接に連携し、社会開発能力を高めるモデルとなると期待しています。

Outlines

00:00

🌏 第六次大絶滅と人類の危機

この段落では、コバヤシ氏は恐竜の絶滅を第五回の大絶滅と位置づけ、現在の地球が第六回の大絶滅を迎えていると述べています。過去50年間で脊椎動物の種群が70%減少し、人類は自らの行動により絶滅の危機に瀕していると警告しています。コバヤシ氏は、恐竜が天体からの衝撃によって絶滅したのに対し、人類は自らが持つ問題を作り出し、それによって自らを窒息させていると指摘しています。また、コバヤシ氏は、大学の総長として研究者と話す機会が少なく、このエピソードでは研究者の意見を聞きたいと述べています。

05:02

🦖 恐竜研究への道とフィールドワークの魅力

コバヤシ氏は、幼少期から仏像に興味を持ち、中学生になると福井県の化石発見により恐竜への関心を持ちました。高校生の時に初めて恐竜の化石挖掘に参加し、その道を歩むようになりました。コバヤシ氏は、仏像と恐竜の間には経過時間という共通点があり、その経過時間を感じることが好きだと語っています。また、研究の楽しさについては、海外の研究地でヘリコプターから降り立つ瞬間が新しい世界への道が開かれるような感覚だと述べています。

10:03

🔍 恐竜の食性生活とマクロ進化の研究

コバヤシ氏の研究は、恐竜が鳥類へと進化する過程を研究するマクロ進化に焦点を当てています。消化システム、脳、翼、子育てなどの進化を通じて、彼らが爬虫類から鳥類へと進化する過程を探求しています。さらに、ア拉斯カやカナダ、モンゴル、ウズベキスタンなどでの特定の期間、つまり隕石の衝撃直前の70〜90百万年前に焦点を当てた研究も行っています。コバヤシ氏は、研究を通じて恐竜の食生活から彼らの世界と生態系を理解し、その過程の進化を追及しています。

15:10

🏛️ 北海道大学博物館の役割とコミュニケーションの重要性

コバヤシ氏は、北海道大学博物館の副館長として、博物館が大学のPRや社会への貢献において重要な役割を果たしていると語っています。博物館は、科学や学問に興味を持つ人々を魅了し、大学の活動や魅力を広めるためのサイクルを形成しています。コバヤシ氏は、博物館が持つ科学的价值、教育价值、歴史的价值、PR价值、経済价值をバランス良く発揮し、研究だけでなく、教育や社会への貢献を通じて持続可能性を追求していると述べています。

🤝 大学と博物館の連携と持続可能性

コバヤシ氏は、大学と博物館が密接に連携し、持続可能性を追求するべきだと考えています。経済圏の形成や、大学の魅力を広めるためにも、PRや経済価値の追求が重要だと強調しています。また、コバヤシ氏自身が北海道大学の魅力を伝えるために、メディアとの協力を通じて貢献している例も示されています。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡大絶滅

大絶滅とは、生物の多様性に対する大きな打撃を意味し、このビデオでは特に第五回目の大絶滅における恐竜の絶滅に言及されています。ビデオのテーマは、現在の地球が第六回目の大絶滅を経験しているという現実と、過去の恐竜の絶滅との比較を通じて、人類が直面する環境問題とその意義を探求しています。

💡第六回目の大絶滅

ビデオでは、現在の地球が第六回目の大絶滅の進行中であると示唆しており、これは人類自身が原因となっている問題であると強調しています。この概念は、人類が地球の未来に与える影響と、過去の恐竜時代との対比を描き出しています。

💡脊椎動物の減少

ビデオでは、過去50年間に脊椎動物の種群が約70%減少したとU.N.のデータから報告されています。この減少は、地球の生物多様性の損失を象徴しており、現在の環境問題の深刻さを示しています。

💡恐竜

恐竜は、このビデオの主なテーマの一つであり、過去の生物の絶滅を象徴するとともに、現代の生物学者である小林博士の研究対象となっています。ビデオでは、恐竜の化石発見や進化過程が、彼の研究の中心テーマとして取り上げられています。

💡マクロ進化

マクロ進化とは、生物の長い時間の進化過程を指し、ビデオでは特に恐竜が鳥類へと進化する過程について触れられています。小林博士の研究では、消化器官や脳、翼、子育てなどの進化を通じて、彼らが爬虫類から鳥類へと進化する方法を探求しています。

💡フィールド研究

フィールド研究とは、実際の現場で行われる研究を指し、ビデオでは小林博士がアラスカやゴビ砂漠などでの恐竜の化石調査を通じて、新しい世界への道を開くような感覚を体験していると語っています。この経験は、彼の研究に対する情熱と、未知への挑戦の精神を表しています。

💡ホッカイドウ大学

ホッカイドウ大学は、ビデオの中で小林博士が所属する大学であり、彼の研究活動やその大学博物館に対する取り組みが触れられています。ホッカイドウ大学は、フィールド研究において強い力を持つ大学として紹介されており、小林博士自身もその強みを誇示しています。

💡科学普及

科学普及は、専門的な知識を一般に伝えることを指し、ビデオではホッカイドウ大学博物館がその役割を果たしていると示されています。博物館は、大学の研究活動を広く理解しやすく伝える場として、教育的価値やPRの価値を提供しています。

💡経済価値

経済価値は、ビデオの中で小林博士が提唱する5つの価値の1つであり、研究活動が持つ経済的な側面を指しています。彼は、研究だけでなく、教育的価値、歴史的价值、PRの価値をバランス良く提供することで、持続可能な研究活動を築くべきだと述べています。

💡メディア

メディアは、ビデオの中で小林博士の研究を広める手段として触れられています。NHKの特集やインタビューなど、メディアでの露出は、彼の研究の魅力を伝えるだけでなく、ホッカイドウ大学の魅力を広めることにも貢献しています。

💡博物館

ホッカイドウ大学博物館は、ビデオの中で重要な役割を果たしており、大学の研究活動を社会に伝える一つの窓口となっています。博物館は、多くの訪問者を魅了し、教育的価値、科学の普及、そして経済的価値を提供する場所として描かれています。

Highlights

The current Earth is experiencing the sixth mass extinction, following the one that led to the dinosaurs' extinction.

Vertebrate populations have declined by about 70% in the past 50 years according to United Nations data.

Human activities are creating problems that threaten our own survival, unlike the uncontrollable meteorites that caused the dinosaurs' extinction.

Dr. Kobayashi's interest in paleontology began with Buddhist statues and evolved through fossil discoveries in Fukui Prefecture.

Dr. Kobayashi's first dinosaur fossil excavation occurred during his first year of high school.

His parents encouraged him to be useful to others and pursue any kind of research for the sake of others.

Dr. Kobayashi enjoys the pioneering aspect of his research, feeling like he's the first to explore new territories for dinosaur discoveries.

His research focuses on macroevolution, including the evolution of the digestive system, brain, wings, and child-rearing of dinosaurs.

Dr. Kobayashi investigates a specific period just before the meteorite impact, around 70-90 million years ago.

He simplifies his research as the 'evolution of dietary' to understand dinosaur diets and their impact on the world and ecosystem.

Hokkaido University is recognized as one of the best universities in Japan for its support of free research.

Dr. Kobayashi believes in the importance of field research and its contribution to Hokkaido University's appeal.

He uses primitive tools and heavy machinery for his physically demanding excavation work.

Dr. Kobayashi has encountered grizzly bears multiple times during his fieldwork and uses a shotgun and whistle for safety.

He utilizes modern technology like drones for gathering data and constructing 3D structures of dinosaur excavation sites.

Media appearances are seen as a way to raise awareness and contribute to the field of paleontology beyond direct research.

Dr. Kobayashi emphasizes the importance of balancing research with educational, historical, PR, and economic values for sustainability.

He aims to promote Hokkaido University and its charm through his research and media presence.

Transcripts

play00:04

[Music]

play00:23

[Kobayashi] The extinction of the dinosaurs is called the fifth mass extinction.

play00:28

The sixth mass extinction is now occurring.

play00:32

The fifth was the dinosaurs?

play00:33

Yes. Within the history of life, the fifth mass extinction was the dinosaurs’ and the present is the sixth.

play00:39

Today, the Earth is losing animals at an incredible rate.

play00:43

For example, in the past 50 years population of vertebrates has declined by about 70%

play00:49

according to the data from the United Nations.

play00:51

Life is disappearing at such a rapid rate that we are in the midst of becoming extinct.

play00:59

[Houkin] I see.

play01:00

[Kobayashi] Are we going to become extinct like the dinosaurs? What are we going to do?

play01:04

The human population has now grown to a staggering 8 billion

play01:08

which is clearly putting pressure on the Earth.

play01:10

In the case of dinosaurs,

play01:13

the extinction was caused by meteorites beyond their control.

play01:16

But in the case of humans, we ourselves are creating problems that strangle us.

play01:22

So, I always wonder, “Are we going to extinct like the dinosaurs?”

play01:28

Despite working in the university as the president,

play01:31

I don’t get many chances to talk to researchers

play01:33

who are actually doing the research.

play01:37

So, in this first episode, I would like to hear from you.

play01:39

With pleasure.

play01:41

Firstly, I heard that you are from Fukui Prefecture

play01:45

and that you have been interested in this field since childhood.

play01:49

How did you end up arriving in this field?

play01:52

Could you please tell that story once more?

play01:55

I was not a “dinosaur boy” at first.

play01:59

As an elementary school boy, I liked Buddhist statues.

play02:05

Upon entering middle school there were more fossil discoveries in Fukui Prefecture.

play02:11

My first dinosaur fossils excavation was in the first year of high school

play02:15

which led to my path to dinosaurs.

play02:17

Buddhist statues and dinosaurs might look completely unrelated.

play02:21

But since I was young, I liked feeling the time that has elapsed

play02:26

between the statues created centuries ago and my present self.

play02:33

I see.

play02:34

With dinosaurs, they are simply much older,

play02:36

tens of millions of years ago, but it is the same feeling.

play02:41

Was there any worry or any opposition from your parents?

play02:43

“What can you do with that?” or any sort of reluctance?

play02:48

My parents only said, “Whatever you do, be useful to other people,”

play02:55

and “You can do any kind of research and anything you like but do it for the sake of others.”

play03:02

What do you enjoy the most in this work? I am sure that there are many.

play03:06

Yes, there are many.

play03:06

I am sure other researchers are thinking similarly

play03:09

but whenever I go overseas for research,

play03:12

like Alaska or the Gobi Desert,

play03:15

when I step down from the helicopter, I feel that I might be the first person ever

play03:21

to arrive there in search for dinosaurs.

play03:26

My first step might feel like the first step on the moon

play03:30

when the road to a new world is unveiled at that moment.

play03:33

By that definition it is related to Hokkaido University’s “Frontier Spirit.”

play03:38

I am the person to have done so, in terms of the survey, discovery, research,

play03:45

and I am delighted to deliver this information to everyone.

play03:53

That’s exactly the feeling of pioneering something.

play03:55

You can’t get that pleasure anywhere else.

play04:01

My research actually involves many things.

play04:05

Simpy put, I look into the process of macroevolution, like how dinosaurs evolved into birds.

play04:12

For that we look at the evolution of the digestive system, brain, wings, child-rearing, etc

play04:20

to know how they evolved from reptiles to birds.

play04:25

So they are about the timeline.

play04:27

Another topic is rather a global scale.

play04:29

I go to Alaska, Canada, Mongolia, and Uzbekistan.

play04:34

My research focuses on a specific period just before the meteorite impact,

play04:39

which is some 70-90 million years ago.

play04:44

I would like to know what happened on Earth within that period of time.

play04:49

Is there a reason why you look into the digestive system?

play04:53

What I say to myself and my graduate students is to do simple, easy-to-understand research.

play05:02

For me, it is “dietary.”

play05:04

It might sound complicated if I say “digestive system” but dinosaurs’ diet--

play05:09

- [Houkin] Is it about what they were eating? - [Kobayashi] That’s right.

play05:11

So, from the digestive system, that also involves the brain,

play05:15

I wish to know what they were eating and how that created their world and ecosystem.

play05:22

I am pursuing to understand the evolution of those processes.

play05:28

I always tell my students to do research that can be summed up in simpler words.

play05:31

Mine is the “evolution of dietary.”

play05:35

18 years have passed since I first came here

play05:39

and I have been able to do any kind of research that I like.

play05:42

The students also can conduct research freely.

play05:46

For that reason, I truly believe that Hokkaido University is one of the best universities in Japan.

play05:51

I am delighted to hear that. [Laughs]

play05:54

But about that, I happen to be the university’s president right now.

play06:00

I do think that field research, built up by our predecessors, is this university’s strength.

play06:06

Each university has its own strengths and weaknesses, none is capable of everything.

play06:12

For instance, Tokyo University and Kyoto University also have field research,

play06:15

but relative to their sizes, Hokkaido University’s fields are stronger.

play06:19

I believe that the research on dinosaurs is one of the major reasons

play06:27

why students of all ages who are interested in field research would like to study at Hokkaido University.

play06:33

I also think that we should value the research in fisheries sciences and agriculture as well.

play06:41

Completely different from your research, the tools are not at all cutting-edge.

play06:45

I only use primitive tools.

play06:47

It is a physically-demanding work, such as using a hammer like this.

play06:52

May I see?

play06:53

So you really use this?

play06:56

We actually use heavy machines and rock drills.

play06:59

With small items like this, I always use dental picks.

play07:04

Like what the dentists use.

play07:07

For the last bit, right?

play07:09

Yes, to remove the last bits I use these in excavations.

play07:13

For documentation, for obvious reasons I use a camera for a long time.

play07:19

This is dustproof and won't easily break if dropped.

play07:25

Also, I often go to Alaska where grizzly bears often appear.

play07:30

So, I use these binoculars to keep an eye out for bears.

play07:34

And if it appears, I have this whistle.

play07:36

You have encountered bears, for sure.

play07:37

Many times. Not just once. Like, seven times a day.

play07:42

Many times I saw a grizzly bear appearing right before me.

play07:45

I carried a shotgun with me, but I never shot at it. I only scared it off.

play07:50

It became a part of my daily life.

play07:53

For documentation, I use not only the camera but also a drone.

play07:57

This is our most cutting-edge device to gather data from the air.

play08:05

With that we can take pictures and data from the air that could not be taken in the past

play08:08

to easily construct 3D structures.

play08:11

I think appearing in the media to make people aware of your activities is an important mission.

play08:18

In your case, what is it like?

play08:20

They must be cutting down on your precious time for research.

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Appearing in NHK and interviews is important, but what do you think?

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Well, for me, students coming to--

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Oh, let me take it back.

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I have many students coming wanting to do research on dinosaurs,

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but I always say that doing research is not the only way to contribute to the dinosaurs,

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there are many other ways.

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Actually, the media is one way of doing it.

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And actually, four of NHK's directors graduated from my laboratory.

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Really?

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Yes. The person who created the NHK Special is my former student.

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Having people with basic knowledge of research join NHK's science section

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allows them making really good programs.

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In that sense, the media is on the same side with us.

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That also gives a PR boost to the university.

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Actually, I don’t like appearing in the media,

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but doing so can convey the appeals of dinosaurs.

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And if the name of Hokkaido University is mentioned,

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the University’s appeal will also be conveyed.

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So, I am working well together with the media.

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You're the appointed deputy director of the Hokkaido University Museum.

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The Hokkaido University Museum is one of the top university museums in Japan.

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To satisfy the visitors who are interested in academia and science must be difficult

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but I believe that the Museum is gradually approaching that level.

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Before the coronavirus pandemic, we reached over 200,000 visitors per year

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and were one of Sapporo’s top 15 tourist attractions.

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I believe that by having more and more people coming

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and sharing Hokkaido University’s activities, appeal, and pool of knowledge,

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there will be more young people joining the University.

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That kind of cycle is beginning to form.

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Personally, I would like to see the University make more use of the museum.

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I mean, of course we belong to the University,

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but I hope we can get even closer.

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We have the power of PR and of giving back, so I hope that we can work together.

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I see.

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Few universities have such fine and socially recognized museums as their flagship.

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Yes, only a few.

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By presenting Hokkaido University's excellent research

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in an easy-to-understand manner to the public,

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in terms of social development capabilities I find the Museum as a model

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that the University is aiming to be.

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I always say that there are 5 values.

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First, talking about dinosaurs,

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there is an inherent scientific value in dinosaurs,

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which is what we are studying and publishing papers on.

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Next is educational value.

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This is not just for students and graduate students but also for lifelong learners.

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We have volunteers who are, like, elderly and housewives,

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who are learning things through dinosaurs.

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Citizen science, right?

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Yes. Next is the inherent historical value.

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For instance, there are national treasures and cultural heritage

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whose values are not convertible to money.

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The last remaining two are: PR value and economic value.

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If these five values are fulfilled, I believe that my dinosaur research will take form.

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By balancing not only research but also the educational, the inherent values,

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the economical, and the PR values,

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like what my parents said, I continue to do things for the benefit of others.

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I see. That's exactly important for sustainability.

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In other words, the lack of economic circulation will create stagnancy,

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there will be no continuation.

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Both within university and society there has to be a system that can circulate money well,

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allowing the birth of the next research.

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From today’s talk, I am surprised that Dr. Kobayashi had such an idea.

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I thought you were like a dinosaur geek and would not talk about the economy,

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but it is indeed important.

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I do think it is.

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Even if things do not work well, we have to make efforts.

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Never say, “My field is not economy, so I can’t do it.”

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We should look for economic value and make an effort.

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I think that as a university,

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when creating sustainable plans and implanting them into society,

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we have been weak on that aspect until now.

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Today we have many PR people so we would like to make it happen.

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As the president of the University, he must be busy

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but he listened to my stories on dinosaur research and was very interested.

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I also enjoyed talking to him very much.

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With all due respect, I also wish to do something for the University,

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to have more students coming to the University,

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and to convey the charm of Hokkaido University.

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Since of course the president would like to convey that charm too,

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I hope that from now on, together with the Museum,

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we can do whatever we can for Hokkaido University.

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From now on, I will talk to more researchers. This first episode was delightful.

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Dr. Kobayashi has made paleontology, an area which did not gather many researchers before,

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a field that is now popular in Japan.

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He's one of the representative scientists of Hokkaido University.

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Also, as I said earlier,

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I initially thought that his research was to fulfill a personal interest,

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but it turned out that was not the case.

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He is looking at the University as a whole, promoting paleontology,

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and placing himself in a good position within the University.

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I think he has a very good balance.

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