Observation as a Participatory Action Research method

Summary

This video lecture explores the importance of observation as a research method, focusing on both structured and unstructured techniques. It discusses the value of observation in participatory research and its ability to cross-check data from other methods. Key types of observation, such as participant and naturalistic observation, are explained, along with structured methods like event and time sampling. The lecture also emphasizes the importance of planning and ethical considerations, including gaining access to research sites and analyzing collected data. Finally, the advantages and challenges of using observation are highlighted, making it clear that while powerful, it requires careful execution.

Takeaways

• 😀 Observation is a crucial research method, particularly in participatory research, and helps cross-check interview data.
• 😀 In Africa, people traditionally climb trees to observe situations like rain, politics, or events like football matches for better perspectives, though this is not a recommended method for researchers.
• 😀 There are two main types of observation: structured and unstructured. Unstructured observation includes participant and naturalistic observation, while structured observation is more focused and testable.
• 😀 Structured observation is useful for creating baselines, allowing researchers to measure change over time by observing the same situation before and after an intervention.
• 😀 Observation can be used alongside other research methods such as interviews, focus groups, and photo elicitation to gather richer data on non-verbal communication and group dynamics.
• 😀 Unstructured observation involves immersing the researcher into a social setting, whereas structured observation is more controlled and aims to measure specific behaviors or phenomena.
• 😀 Key methods for recording observational data include event sampling (tracking how often specific behaviors occur), time sampling (measuring events at specific intervals), and rating scales (assessing behaviors on a low, medium, or high scale).
• 😀 Researchers need to carefully plan their observation methods, including defining clear questions, choosing appropriate locations and participants, and obtaining permission from gatekeepers (local authorities).
• 😀 Misconceptions about the researcher's role in the community can be a challenge. It's important to present oneself clearly to avoid misunderstandings about the research's purpose.
• 😀 Observation can provide rich, valid data, but researcher biases (such as gender or appearance) can affect how the community responds to the observer and influence the data interpretation.

Q & A

What is the main purpose of using observation in participatory research?

Observation in participatory research serves as a method to cross-check data gathered during interviews. It helps researchers validate findings by providing insights that might not be captured through interviews alone.

Why does the speaker mention climbing trees for observation in Africa?

The speaker uses the example of climbing trees in Africa as a metaphor for how people sometimes need a high vantage point to observe situations more clearly. It illustrates the importance of unobtrusive observation, though the speaker suggests it may not be practical or advisable in modern research.

What are the two main types of observation discussed in the video?

The video distinguishes between structured and unstructured observation. Structured observation is focused and looks selectively at specific phenomena, while unstructured observation allows for a broader, more naturalistic approach to capturing events in real-world settings.

What is the difference between participant observation and naturalistic observation?

In participant observation, the researcher immerses themselves in the social setting, gathering data through both observation and interaction. In contrast, naturalistic observation focuses on observing events in their natural context without interference from the researcher.

How can observation be used in combination with other research methods?

Observation can be combined with methods like interviews, transect walks, focus groups, and photo or video elicitation. It enhances the research by providing non-verbal cues and environmental context, helping researchers gain a fuller understanding of the subject.

Why is it important to create a baseline before conducting structured observation?

Creating a baseline helps measure changes over time. By observing a situation before a project begins, researchers can compare it with later observations to determine if and how the situation has changed as a result of the intervention.

What are some methods for analyzing observation results?

The video suggests using event sampling, time sampling, and rating scales to analyze observation results. These methods allow researchers to organize data into measurable forms, such as counting occurrences of an event or assessing the intensity of behaviors.

What is event sampling, and when is it used?

Event sampling involves recording the frequency of specific events during observation, especially when the chronological order is not important. It is useful when researchers want to track how often certain behaviors or occurrences happen.

What role do gatekeepers play in the observation process?

Gatekeepers, such as village leaders or council members, control access to the research site. They are crucial for obtaining permission to conduct observations and ensuring that the researcher can observe without interference or resistance from the community.

What are some disadvantages of using observation as a research method?

Disadvantages include the potential for misconceptions about the researcher's purpose, observer bias due to differing interpretations, challenges related to gender or appearance affecting access, and the risk that people's behavior may change when they know they are being observed.