REPÚBLICA OLIGÁRQUICA - RESUMO DESENHADO

Summary

The video explores Brazil's First Republic (1889-1930), a period dominated by rural oligarchies, particularly powerful coffee and dairy landowners. Key events include the Proclamation of the Republic, the implementation of the 'coffee with milk' politics, and the Revolt of the Vaccine. It covers military and social unrest, such as the Revolta da Chibata and the Contestado War. The script also touches on the economic impacts of World War I and the rise of movements like the Tenentismo, leading to the 1930 Revolution and Getúlio Vargas's ascent to power. The video provides a comprehensive look at Brazil's political and social transformations during this era.

Takeaways

• 😀 The First Republic (1889-1930) in Brazil was dominated by rural oligarchies, especially coffee growers and landowners, who controlled the country's politics.
• 😀 The military played a key role in the proclamation of the republic in 1889, which followed a period of institutional crises under the monarchy of Dom Pedro II.
• 😀 The coffee economy, particularly in São Paulo, led to the political system known as 'café com leite', where the presidency alternated between São Paulo and Minas Gerais for 36 years.
• 😀 The political system during this period was heavily manipulated, with widespread electoral fraud and the use of local political bosses (coronéis) to control rural votes through coercion and violence.
• 😀 The Revolta da Vacina (1904) occurred when the government forced vaccinations to curb epidemics, leading to public rebellion due to mistrust of government intervention.
• 😀 The Brazilian coffee industry faced a crisis of overproduction in the early 1900s, leading to the 'Convênio de Taubaté', an agreement to limit surplus and stabilize prices.
• 😀 The Revolta da Chibata (1910) was a military uprising by sailors protesting against corporal punishment, symbolizing the social and racial inequality of the time.
• 😀 Brazil’s involvement in World War I in 1917 was influenced by attacks on its ships by German submarines, but the war negatively impacted the country’s coffee export economy.
• 😀 Economic crises in the 1920s, particularly the Great Depression, led to the collapse of the coffee-dependent economy and the weakening of the oligarchic political system.
• 😀 The 'tenentista' movement, led by figures like Luís Carlos Prestes, sought to reform the military and government, culminating in the 1930 Revolution that brought Getúlio Vargas to power.

Q & A

What was the main characteristic of the First Brazilian Republic?

The First Brazilian Republic was primarily dominated by rural oligarchies, particularly large coffee producers and landowners, who controlled the country's politics.

What led to the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889?

The Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 was due to several institutional crises within the Empire, including discontent among coffee planters in São Paulo over lack of autonomy, dissatisfaction with the abolition of slavery, and military opposition to the Empire's centralization of power.

What was the 'Café com Leite' policy?

'Café com Leite' was a political arrangement where the presidency alternated between São Paulo and Minas Gerais, with São Paulo's coffee growers and Minas Gerais' dairy producers exchanging political favors to maintain power.

Who were the 'coronéis' in the context of the First Republic?

The 'coronéis' were powerful rural landowners who had significant influence over local politics and used their power to manipulate elections, often through coercion, vote buying, and violence.

What was the Revolta da Vacina, and why did it occur?

The Revolta da Vacina (Vaccination Revolt) occurred in 1904 due to a mandatory vaccination campaign against smallpox and yellow fever. The population, unaware of the purpose or process of the vaccination, resisted the intervention, leading to riots and protests.

What economic problem did Brazil face in the early 1900s related to coffee production?

Brazil faced a crisis of overproduction in the coffee industry. The supply of coffee exceeded global demand, causing a drop in prices and significant economic losses for coffee growers.

What was the Convênio de Taubaté and how did it aim to resolve the coffee crisis?

The Convênio de Taubaté was an agreement where the Brazilian government intervened to purchase surplus coffee in order to stabilize prices and reduce the financial losses faced by coffee producers.

What was the Revolta da Chibata, and who was involved?

The Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Whip) in 1910 was a rebellion led by sailors in the Brazilian Navy protesting against the corporal punishment (whipping) they received. Many of the sailors were from poor, Afro-Brazilian backgrounds and were protesting against the social and racial inequalities of the time.

What was the Guerra do Contestado, and what were its causes?

The Guerra do Contestado (Contested War) was a conflict in the southern region of Brazil involving poor settlers (sertanejos) who resisted the encroachment of land by a railway company. It was driven by the pressure of large landowners and the displacement of local populations.

How did the First World War affect Brazil’s coffee economy?

The First World War disrupted the global coffee market, as European countries focused on war efforts, reducing their demand for Brazilian coffee. This led to a financial crisis in the coffee sector, with Brazilian exports dropping significantly.

What role did Luís Carlos Prestes play in the military and political movements of the time?

Luís Carlos Prestes was a military officer who became a key figure in the Tenentist movement, which aimed to end the oligarchic control of the Republic. He led the Prestes Column, a guerrilla movement that traveled across Brazil promoting the end of the Old Republic and later became a communist revolutionary.

What was the Revolução de 1930, and what were its outcomes?

The Revolução de 1930 was a political coup in Brazil led by Getúlio Vargas and the Aliança Liberal against the incumbent president, Washington Luís. It resulted in Vargas assuming the presidency, marking the end of the First Republic and the beginning of the Vargas Era.