1921: The Tulsa Race Massacre | GOIN' BACK TO T-TOWN | American Experience | PBS

Summary

The Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 stands as a grim testament to racial violence in America. As the prosperous Black community of Greenwood faced mounting hostility, a misunderstanding led to the arrest of Dick Roland, sparking outrage and resistance among residents. What began as a defense against potential lynching escalated into a violent assault by white mobs, resulting in the destruction of over 35 blocks and the displacement of thousands. While official death tolls were minimized, the true impact resonated deeply within the community, showcasing both the brutality of racism and the resilience of those determined to rebuild from the ashes.

Takeaways

• 😀 By 1921, Tulsa's Black population reached nearly 11,000, fostering a vibrant and independent community in Greenwood.
• 😀 The Greenwood community boasted numerous Black-owned businesses, including grocery stores, drugstores, schools, and churches.
• 😀 Racial tensions were exacerbated by the presence of the Ku Klux Klan and widespread racial violence in the United States from 1917 to 1921.
• 😀 On May 31, 1921, an incident involving a Black man and a white elevator operator triggered a violent response from the white community.
• 😀 Tensions escalated when rumors of a potential lynching prompted the Black community to organize for protection.
• 😀 The confrontation began at the courthouse, leading to violence and looting by white residents as the situation deteriorated.
• 😀 Many Black families attempted to flee the violence, but faced threats and direct attacks from white mobs.
• 😀 Reports of the riot varied widely, with the Red Cross estimating over 300 deaths, while local officials minimized the toll to 36.
• 😀 The riot resulted in the destruction of more than 35 blocks of Black Tulsa, leaving over 4,000 people homeless.
• 😀 Despite the devastation, many residents of Greenwood chose to remain in their community rather than flee.

Q & A

What was the state of the Black community in Tulsa by 1921?

By 1921, Tulsa's Black population had grown to almost 11,000, and the Greenwood community was thriving with numerous businesses, schools, and churches, indicating a degree of financial and social independence.

What triggered the Tulsa Race Massacre?

The massacre was triggered by an incident involving Dick Roland, a young Black man who was arrested after a misunderstanding with a white elevator operator. Rumors of a potential lynching escalated tensions within the Black community.

How did the Black community respond to the rumors of a lynching?

The Black community organized to protect themselves, gathering armed groups to confront the potential threat and prevent the lynching of Dick Roland.

What role did the Ku Klux Klan play in the events leading up to the massacre?

The Ku Klux Klan had a significant presence in Tulsa, with members among political leaders and the police, contributing to the hostile racial atmosphere and ultimately inciting violence during the riot.

How did eyewitnesses describe the violence of the Tulsa Race Massacre?

Eyewitnesses described chaotic scenes of violence, including white mobs looting and burning homes and businesses, while families sought refuge and attempted to protect one another from the marauding attackers.

What were the estimated casualties of the Tulsa Race Massacre?

While local newspapers reported nearly 100 deaths, the Red Cross estimated that more than 300 people were killed, showcasing the scale of the tragedy.

What happened to the Greenwood community during the massacre?

Over 35 blocks of the Greenwood community were burned to the ground, and more than 4,000 residents were left homeless due to the destruction.

What did survivors express about their feelings during and after the massacre?

Survivors expressed a mix of fear, disbelief, and resilience. Many focused on the loss of their community but also emphasized the importance of sticking together and supporting one another.

How did the massacre impact the collective memory of the event?

The massacre has often been overshadowed in history, leading to a collective memory that downplayed the violence and suffering of the Black community, making it essential to acknowledge and honor these experiences.

What does the Tulsa Race Massacre illustrate about race relations in America?

The Tulsa Race Massacre illustrates the severe racial tensions and violence that characterized the early 20th century in America, highlighting the ongoing struggles for civil rights and justice that continue today.