Revolusi Hijau #materidaringsejarahIndonesia

Summary

The script discusses the Green Revolution, a shift from traditional to modern farming methods using science and technology to boost food production. Originating from Malthus' theory on population growth outpacing food production, it led to initiatives like family planning and agricultural research. The Green Revolution in Indonesia involved programs like Panca Usaha Tani, focusing on superior seeds, fertilization, irrigation, pest control, and land processing. It resulted in superior crop varieties, increased farmer income, and economic growth, but also increased dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, high production costs, and reduced job opportunities in rural areas.

Takeaways

• 🌾 The Green Revolution refers to a shift from traditional to modern agricultural practices, aiming to increase food production using scientific knowledge and technology.
• 👨‍🌾 It is also known as the agrarian revolution and marked a reduction in farmers' reliance on weather and natural conditions.
• 📉 The background includes factors like war-damaged agricultural lands, rapid population growth, and the need to increase food production.
• 📊 Economist Thomas Robert Malthus influenced the Green Revolution by highlighting the disparity between population growth (geometric progression) and agricultural output (arithmetic progression).
• 🌽 The Green Revolution focused on developing high-yielding crops, such as cereals (rice, maize, wheat, and soybeans) through research in institutes like the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).
• 🚜 In Indonesia, various programs like Inmas, Bimas, Insus, and Opsus aimed to boost agricultural production through farmer participation and expanding arable land.
• 👨‍🔬 The ‘Panca Usaha Tani’ program included selecting superior seeds, regular fertilization, adequate irrigation, pest control, and improved land management.
• 🧑‍🌾 Main approaches in the Green Revolution included intensification (maximizing yield from existing land), extensification (expanding farmland), diversification (growing multiple crops), and rehabilitation (restoring degraded lands).
• 💡 Positive impacts include the emergence of high-yielding crops, increased farmer income, enhanced technology awareness, and economic growth.
• ⚠️ Negative impacts involve dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, increased production costs, benefits mainly for wealthy farmers, and reduced employment opportunities due to mechanization.

Q & A

What is the Green Revolution?

The Green Revolution refers to a shift in agricultural practices from traditional methods to modern, science-backed techniques aimed at increasing food production. It is also known as the agricultural revolution.

What are the key features of the Green Revolution?

The Green Revolution is characterized by a decrease in farmers' dependence on weather and natural conditions, replaced by the role of science, knowledge, and technology to boost food production.

Who is Thomas Robert Malthus and what is his contribution to the concept of the Green Revolution?

Thomas Robert Malthus is known for his theory that poverty occurs due to the imbalance between population growth and food production. He stated that population growth follows a geometric progression, while agricultural production follows an arithmetic progression, leading to the need for specific strategies to increase agricultural yields.

What does Malthus' theory imply about population growth and agricultural production?

Malthus' theory implies that population growth is exponential (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32), while the growth of agricultural production is linear (e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11), hence the need for strategies to increase agricultural yields to match population growth.

How did Malthus' ideas influence policies related to the Green Revolution?

Malthus' ideas influenced policies such as family planning to control population growth, exemplified by Indonesia's 'Two Children is Better' program, and efforts to increase food production through the use of superior seeds and various agricultural technologies.

What is the relationship between the Green Revolution and the development of cereal crops?

The Green Revolution is associated with the development of cereal crops, such as rice, corn, wheat, and soybeans. It involves the cultivation of grain-based food crops through research sponsored by institutions like the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations.

What was the role of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Green Revolution?

The IRRI, located in Los Baños, conducted research on rice, leading to the development of high-yielding varieties like IR8 or PB8 through crossbreeding. These varieties had short growth cycles, multiplied production, and were adaptable to various environments under certain conditions.

What are the components of the 'Five Works of the Land' program in Indonesia?

The 'Five Works of the Land' program in Indonesia includes the selection and use of superior seeds, regular fertilization, sufficient irrigation, intensive pest control, and improved agricultural land processing techniques.

What are the main strategies implemented by the Indonesian government to apply the Green Revolution?

The Indonesian government implemented strategies such as the 'Five Works of the Land' program, the INMAS (Intensification of Mass Guidance), Bimas (Mass Guidance), INFUS (Intensification of Special Groups), and OPSUS (Special Operations) to increase farmer participation, utilize agricultural land, and expand productive agricultural areas.

What are the impacts of the Green Revolution in Indonesia?

The impacts of the Green Revolution in Indonesia include the emergence of superior crop varieties, increased farmers' income, raised awareness about the importance of technology, and economic growth. However, it also led to increased dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, higher production costs, and a decrease in rural job opportunities due to mechanization.

What recognition did Indonesia receive for its success in the Green Revolution?

In 1988, Indonesia received an award from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) under the United Nations for successfully achieving food self-sufficiency through the Green Revolution.