STRUKTUR ATOM : PARTIKEL SUB ATOM

Summary

This video explains atomic structure, covering subatomic particles like protons, electrons, and neutrons. It delves into their properties, with protons having a positive charge, electrons a negative charge, and neutrons being neutral. The video also discusses atomic and ion notation, mass and atomic numbers, and how to calculate protons, electrons, and neutrons for different elements and ions. Additionally, concepts like isotopes, isobars, isotones, and isoelectrons are introduced, with examples to clarify their distinctions. The video concludes with a complex isotopic problem involving neutron calculations and periodic elements.

Takeaways

• 📘 The atom consists of subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons, with protons having a positive charge, electrons a negative charge, and neutrons being neutral.
• 🔬 Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass, which is around 1000 times greater than the mass of electrons.
• ⚖️ Proton, electron, and neutron masses are in a ratio of 1:0:1, with protons and neutrons located in the atom's nucleus, and electrons in the atomic shell.
• 🔭 Protons were discovered by Goldstein in 1886, electrons by Thomson in 1897, and neutrons by Chadwick in 1932.
• 🧲 Protons are deflected toward the negative pole in a magnetic field, electrons toward the positive pole, and neutrons are unaffected.
• 🧮 The deflection of particles in a magnetic field is inversely proportional to their mass and directly proportional to their charge.
• 🧑‍🔬 Atomic notation consists of the mass number (A), the atomic symbol (X), and the atomic number (Z). The mass number is the total of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• ⚛️ For neutral atoms, the number of protons equals the number of electrons. For ions, positive charges indicate electron loss, and negative charges indicate electron gain.
• 🔢 Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers, and isotones have the same number of neutrons.
• 🧮 Isoelectronic species have the same number of electrons, even though they may differ in other atomic or ionic properties.

Q & A

What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?

The three subatomic particles that make up an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons.

What are the charges of protons, electrons, and neutrons?

Protons have a positive charge (+), electrons have a negative charge (-), and neutrons have no charge (neutral).

Why do protons and neutrons have more mass compared to electrons?

Protons and neutrons have a mass that is approximately 1000 times greater than the mass of electrons, making them more massive and less affected by electrical fields.

How are particles like protons, electrons, and neutrons affected by a magnetic field?

In a magnetic field, protons are deflected toward the negative pole, electrons are deflected toward the positive pole, and neutrons are not affected because they are neutral.

Who discovered the proton, electron, and neutron, and when?

The proton was discovered by Goldstein in 1886, the electron was discovered by Thomson in 1897 through the cathode ray experiment, and the neutron was discovered by Chadwick in 1932.

How is the atomic mass of an atom calculated?

The atomic mass is the total sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, as electrons have negligible mass.

What is the significance of atomic number and mass number in an atom's notation?

The atomic number (Z) represents the number of protons in an atom, which is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom. The mass number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus.

How do you determine the number of neutrons in an atom?

The number of neutrons is determined by subtracting the atomic number (number of protons) from the mass number: Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number.

What happens to the number of electrons in an ion compared to its neutral atom?

In a positive ion, the atom loses electrons, so the number of electrons decreases. In a negative ion, the atom gains electrons, so the number of electrons increases.

What are isotopes, isobars, and isoelectrons?

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isobars are atoms with the same mass number but different atomic numbers. Isoelectrons are atoms or ions with the same number of electrons.