Parkinson's Disease (Shaking Palsy) - Clinical Presentation and Pathophysiology

Armando Hasudungan
17 Mar 201613:53

Summary

TLDREste video trata sobre la enfermedad de Parkinson, un trastorno neurodegenerativo que afecta al 0.3% de la población mayor de 40 años. Se analizan los síntomas principales, como los temblores, la rigidez, la bradicinesia y la inestabilidad postural. Además, se profundiza en la anatomía y el papel de los ganglios basales en la coordinación del movimiento, explicando cómo la disminución de dopamina afecta este proceso en los pacientes con Parkinson. También se mencionan los factores de riesgo genéticos y ambientales, así como los factores protectores, como el ejercicio y el café.

Takeaways

  • 🧠 El Parkinson es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que afecta aproximadamente al 0.3% de la población mayor de 40 años, con unos 7.5 millones de personas afectadas en todo el mundo.
  • 🫵 Los síntomas cardinales del Parkinson incluyen temblores, rigidez, bradicinesia e inestabilidad postural.
  • 👤 Otros síntomas incluyen hipomimia (falta de expresión facial), disfagia, hipofonía y problemas visuales como visión borrosa y dificultad para abrir los párpados.
  • 🧠 El daño ocurre en el núcleo basal o ganglios basales, que son responsables del control del tono muscular y de los movimientos suaves y aprendidos.
  • 🔄 El movimiento normal implica una señal del córtex cerebral a los ganglios basales, que luego envían señales de vuelta al córtex motor para coordinar un movimiento controlado.
  • ❌ En la enfermedad de Parkinson, la falta de dopamina impide que las señales sean transmitidas correctamente, lo que causa movimientos no suaves y descoordinados.
  • 💡 La patología incluye la degeneración de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en la sustancia negra, provocada por apoptosis, estrés oxidativo o disfunciones mitocondriales.
  • ⚠️ Factores de riesgo incluyen genética, exposición a pesticidas, mientras que fumar, el café y el ejercicio vigoroso pueden ser factores protectores.
  • 🧬 Las mutaciones en genes como GBA, SNCA, LRRK2 y PINK1 están asociadas a un mayor riesgo de desarrollar Parkinson.
  • 🔬 La presencia de cuerpos de Lewy, compuestos principalmente de proteínas mal plegadas como alfa-sinucleína, es un marcador patológico clave de la enfermedad.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué es la enfermedad de Parkinson y cuánta gente la padece?

    -La enfermedad de Parkinson es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que afecta al 0.3% de la población mayor de 40 años, lo que equivale a unas 7.5 millones de personas en todo el mundo.

  • ¿Cuáles son los cuatro síntomas cardinales de la enfermedad de Parkinson?

    -Los cuatro síntomas cardinales son: temblores, rigidez, bradicinesia (lentitud en los movimientos) e inestabilidad postural.

  • ¿Qué otras características pueden observarse en personas con Parkinson?

    -Algunas características adicionales incluyen hipomimia (falta de expresión facial), disfagia (dificultad para tragar), hipofonía (voz débil), problemas visuales como visión borrosa y dificultades para abrir los párpados, además de alteraciones en la marcha, como pasos cortos y congelación.

  • ¿Qué parte del cerebro está afectada en la enfermedad de Parkinson?

    -La enfermedad de Parkinson afecta principalmente los ganglios basales, una región del cerebro que regula el tono muscular y facilita movimientos suaves y controlados.

  • ¿Qué función tienen los ganglios basales en el movimiento?

    -Los ganglios basales ayudan en el control subconsciente del tono muscular y en la coordinación de patrones de movimientos aprendidos. Reciben señales del cortex cerebral y, tras procesarlas, las devuelven para ejecutar movimientos suaves y controlados.

  • ¿Cómo afecta el Parkinson a la señalización entre los ganglios basales y el córtex cerebral?

    -En el Parkinson, la señal de salida desde los ganglios basales hacia el tálamo y luego de vuelta al córtex cerebral está alterada, lo que impide que los movimientos sean suaves y coordinados.

  • ¿Qué sucede en la vía dopaminérgica en los pacientes con Parkinson?

    -En el Parkinson, las neuronas dopaminérgicas de la sustancia negra se degeneran, lo que reduce la liberación de dopamina. Esto afecta los receptores de dopamina D1 y D2, alterando la inhibición y activación necesarias para el control del movimiento.

  • ¿Qué teorías explican la muerte de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en el Parkinson?

    -Las teorías sobre la muerte de las neuronas incluyen el mal plegamiento de proteínas, agregación y toxicidad, disfunción mitocondrial, estrés oxidativo y proteólisis defectuosa.

  • ¿Qué cambios patológicos se observan en el cerebro de una persona con Parkinson?

    -En la enfermedad de Parkinson, se observa pérdida de mielina, pérdida neuronal y gliosis en la sustancia negra. También se encuentran cuerpos de Lewy, que son inclusiones intracelulares formadas principalmente por proteínas alfa-sinucleína.

  • ¿Cuáles son algunos factores de riesgo y factores protectores en la enfermedad de Parkinson?

    -Entre los factores de riesgo se incluyen predisposición genética, exposición a pesticidas y mutaciones en genes como GBA, SNCA y LRRK2. Entre los factores protectores están el consumo de café, el tabaquismo, el ejercicio vigoroso y el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos.

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Introducción a la enfermedad de Parkinson y sus síntomas

El video comienza con una introducción a la enfermedad de Parkinson, una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que afecta al 0,3% de la población mayor de 40 años, con 7,5 millones de personas afectadas a nivel mundial. Los síntomas clave incluyen temblores, rigidez, bradicinesia (lentitud de movimiento) e inestabilidad postural. También se describen otros síntomas que afectan el rostro, como la disminución de la expresión facial (hipomimia), problemas visuales y dificultades en la marcha, que están relacionados con daños en los ganglios basales del cerebro.

05:00

🧬 Estructura cerebral implicada en el Parkinson

Se explica la anatomía básica del cerebro, destacando estructuras como el hipocampo y la amígdala, pero enfocándose en los ganglios basales, que controlan el tono muscular y los movimientos suaves. El Parkinson afecta esta área del cerebro, interrumpiendo las señales entre la corteza cerebral y el cuerpo, lo que lleva a problemas con el control del movimiento. La falta de señales adecuadas desde los ganglios basales hacia la corteza cerebral es la raíz de los movimientos no controlados en la enfermedad de Parkinson.

10:02

🧪 El papel de la dopamina en la enfermedad de Parkinson

Los ganglios basales funcionan enviando señales de ida y vuelta entre la corteza cerebral y el cuerpo, con la dopamina desempeñando un papel clave. En el Parkinson, la producción de dopamina se reduce, lo que interfiere con la capacidad de iniciar movimientos suaves. Se describe cómo la dopamina actúa sobre los receptores D1 y D2, y la importancia de estas interacciones en el control de los movimientos musculares. En el Parkinson, la falta de dopamina conduce a una actividad inhibitoria excesiva que bloquea la capacidad de la corteza cerebral para controlar el movimiento.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Enfermedad de Parkinson

La enfermedad de Parkinson es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa que afecta a aproximadamente el 0.3% de la población mayor de 40 años a nivel mundial. Se caracteriza por la pérdida progresiva de control motor debido a problemas en los ganglios basales, lo que resulta en síntomas como temblores y rigidez. En el video, se detalla cómo esta enfermedad afecta la capacidad del cerebro para controlar movimientos suaves y coordinados.

💡Ganglios basales

Los ganglios basales son una estructura en el cerebro responsable del control del tono muscular y los movimientos aprendidos. Son esenciales para iniciar y coordinar movimientos suaves. En la enfermedad de Parkinson, los ganglios basales están alterados, lo que contribuye a la aparición de los síntomas motores característicos. El video explica cómo la interrupción en los ganglios basales afecta el movimiento en pacientes con Parkinson.

💡Temblores

Los temblores son uno de los principales síntomas de la enfermedad de Parkinson, caracterizados por movimientos incontrolables y repetitivos de una parte del cuerpo, como las manos o la cabeza. Estos temblores resultan de la disfunción de los ganglios basales y son una de las manifestaciones visibles más comunes de la enfermedad. El video menciona los temblores como un síntoma que afecta el movimiento suave y controlado.

💡Bradicinesia

La bradicinesia es la lentitud de los movimientos voluntarios, otro de los síntomas característicos del Parkinson. Los pacientes encuentran dificultades para iniciar movimientos, lo que afecta su capacidad para realizar tareas cotidianas. El video discute cómo la bradicinesia es una consecuencia de la reducción de señales desde los ganglios basales hacia la corteza motora.

💡Rigidez

La rigidez es un aumento en la resistencia muscular, lo que limita la amplitud de los movimientos en las personas con Parkinson. Esta rigidez es uno de los cuatro síntomas cardinales de la enfermedad. En el video, se explica cómo la rigidez afecta el control motor y es el resultado de la alteración de las vías neuronales en los ganglios basales.

💡Hipomimia

La hipomimia se refiere a la reducción de la expresión facial, otro síntoma común en los pacientes con Parkinson. A menudo, las personas afectadas presentan una 'cara de máscara', con poca o ninguna expresión visible. Este síntoma se debe a la falta de control muscular en las áreas craneofaciales, como se describe en el video.

💡Substancia nigra

La substancia nigra es una región del cerebro que juega un papel clave en la regulación del movimiento a través de la producción de dopamina. En la enfermedad de Parkinson, las neuronas dopaminérgicas de esta área se deterioran, lo que conduce a una falta de dopamina y a la manifestación de los síntomas motores. El video describe cómo la degeneración en la substancia nigra es central en la fisiopatología del Parkinson.

💡Dopamina

La dopamina es un neurotransmisor crucial para la coordinación del movimiento. En la enfermedad de Parkinson, la disminución de dopamina en los ganglios basales interfiere con la transmisión de señales motoras entre el cerebro y los músculos. El video menciona cómo la falta de dopamina provoca una inhibición excesiva en los ganglios basales, afectando el control del movimiento.

💡Corteza motora

La corteza motora es la región del cerebro responsable de generar las señales necesarias para la ejecución de movimientos voluntarios. En el Parkinson, la conexión entre los ganglios basales y la corteza motora está alterada, lo que dificulta el inicio y la coordinación de los movimientos. El video describe el rol de la corteza motora dentro del bucle de retroalimentación con los ganglios basales.

💡Apoptosis

La apoptosis es el proceso de muerte celular programada, y en la enfermedad de Parkinson, se cree que la apoptosis de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en la substancia nigra es una de las causas principales de la enfermedad. El video menciona cómo la apoptosis, junto con otros factores como el estrés oxidativo y la disfunción mitocondrial, contribuye a la degeneración neuronal en el Parkinson.

Highlights

Parkinson's disease affects 0.3% of the population over the age of 40, amounting to approximately 7.5 million people worldwide.

The four cardinal features of Parkinson's disease are tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.

Other symptoms include hypomimia (reduced facial expressions), dysphasia, hypophonia (lowered voice volume), blurred vision, and eyelid opening problems.

Gait abnormalities in Parkinson's include shuffling steps, festination, and freezing of movement.

Parkinson's disease is caused by problems in the basal ganglia, a brain region responsible for muscle tone and smooth movement.

The basal ganglia help coordinate learned movement patterns and ensure smooth, controlled movements by processing signals from the cerebral cortex.

Parkinson's disease disrupts the normal output of signals from the basal ganglia, resulting in abnormal, uncoordinated movements.

Key components of the basal ganglia involved in Parkinson's disease include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra.

Dopamine produced in the substantia nigra plays a critical role in facilitating movement by interacting with receptors in the basal ganglia.

In Parkinson's disease, the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leads to reduced dopamine levels, affecting movement control.

Reduced dopamine affects both excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the brain, resulting in abnormal output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus and cortex.

The hallmark pathological features of Parkinson's disease include demyelination, neuronal loss, and gliosis in the substantia nigra, along with the presence of Lewy bodies in neurons.

Lewy bodies are intracytoplasmic inclusions made up of proteins such as alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin, commonly found in neurons of Parkinson's patients.

Risk factors for Parkinson's include genetic mutations (GBA, SNCA, LRRK2, PINK1) and exposure to pesticides.

Protective factors against Parkinson's disease include smoking, coffee consumption, vigorous exercise, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Transcripts

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hello in this video we're going to talk

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about Parkinson's disease um which is a

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neurodegenerative disease about 0.3% of

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the population over the age of 40 um has

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this um disease it's about 7.5 million

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people

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worldwide so let's look at the firstly

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signs and symptoms of Parkinson's and

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here I'm drawing a patient um who shows

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who presents with tremors

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shaking and he presents like this due to

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a condition called Parkinson's disease

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that affects the brain the Cardinal

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features of Parkinson's disease there

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four these include Tremors rigidity

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Brady kinesia postural

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instability there are other features

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which affect the cranial facial areas

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which include hypomimia which is

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basically decrease in facial expression

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dysphasia hypophonia reduction in uh

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basically the tone of the voice volume

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Vis uh other features include visual

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problems such as blurred vision and

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eyelid opening

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aaia um other features also include gate

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you can have shuffling festations and

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freezing so all these signs and symptoms

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are a result of um uh problems that

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occur within the brain particularly in

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an area of the brain known as the basil

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ganglia so let's just quickly revise

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some important anatomical structures of

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the brain so here we have the phonic

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which is an important part of the lyic

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system we have the hippocampus which is

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for memory the amydala for emotions but

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we will mainly concentrate on this

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yellow uh structure here which is known

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as the basil ganglia or the basil

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nucleus medially to the basil ganglia is

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the thalamus which essentially is a

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connection between the cortex and the

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brain stem spinal cord

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so again Parkinson's disease is a result

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of problems that occur within the basil

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ganglia or the basil nucleus because

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this area is responsible for um muscle

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tone as well as the ease of um movement

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so to it helps in a smooth movement and

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learned movement patterns so let's just

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take a cross-section chronal section of

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the brain here and look at the basil

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gangle in a bit more details and it's

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comp components so here we looking at a

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section of the brain here in green is

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the thalamus just to orientate where we

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are all these structures in yellow here

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they are part of the basil

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ganglia so basil ganglia is made up of

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the C nucleus C pamin pamin the Globus

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paladis of which we have an external and

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internal

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part we also is made up of the nucleus

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accumbens which I have not drawn here um

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and we have also have the subthalamic

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subthalamic nucleus and the substantia

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which is consists of two parts and

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just to complete this image we all we

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have the amig um the amydala here as

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well as the

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hippocampus so we will mainly Focus

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again on the basil ganglia which is

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disrupted in Parkinson's disease so what

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does the basil ganglia do so let's just

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have a quick General overview of what it

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does

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so here again we have the brain and this

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yellow structure is a basil ganglia

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essentially what happens is um the

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cortex when it wants to in when it when

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it wants to initiate a movement it will

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send signals first to the basil ganglia

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and the basil ganglia will send signals

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back to the CeX particularly the Moto

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cortex and then when the signals are

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sent back to the Moto cortex the M

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cortex can then you know initiate these

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signals uh send the signals down the

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spinal cord um and then you know out

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through the ventral Horn of the spinal

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cord to that skeletal muscle to you know

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initiate a smooth controlled movement

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okay now let's uh look at that in a bit

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more detail so again the cerebral cortex

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um is it wants to initiate a voluntary

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movement it will it will first send

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signals to the Bas Bas ganglia and the

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basil ganglia will help in the

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subconscious control of sub skeletal

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muscle tone as well as the coordination

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of learned movement

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patterns this information will then be

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sent back to the cereal cortex through a

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loop it will be sent to the thalamus

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first and then the thalamus will send

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this info to the cerebral cortex the

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cerebral cortex will then um send the

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movement signals the smooth controlled

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movement signals down the spinal cord to

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the skeletal muscle and thus we have a

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normal movement

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pattern two important parts in this

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diagram the input from the cerebral

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cortex to the basil ganglia and the

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output from the basil ganglia to the

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thalamus back to the cortex in

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Parkinson's disease the output number

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two there's a problem in the output and

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thus we do not have a normal controlled

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movement pattern it is not smooth so now

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let us go back to the big diagram and

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learn about the interconnection that

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occur within the basil ganglia and how

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and the disruption that occurs and how

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this results in Parkinson's

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disease so in this diagram um we're

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going to look at all the components of

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the basil ganglia so to start the kodate

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nucleus and kodate pamin is also known

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as the kodate striatum so here the

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rectangular structure I'm drawing is the

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cordate striatum this is the cortex and

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all these other structures here are part

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of the basal ganglia we have the

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substantial nigras compacta the Globus

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palus internal the substantial Nigro

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pars reticula the Globus paladis

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external the subthalamic nucleus and the

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thalamus now I'm going to start drawing

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the interconnections that occur within

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this region but firstly I I want to I

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want you to uh learn three main points

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the input from the cortex to the basil

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ganglia is uh to the striatum to the

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cordate striatum first so the input is

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is to the cordate strium the output from

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the basil ganglia occurs in the Globus

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paladis interna that's point two so the

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Globus palus interna is the output from

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the baso ganglia to the thalamus and

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then the thalamus will then send this

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information to the cortex back to the

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cortex in that Loop and this is three

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the cortex will then send

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this information to the skeletal muscle

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down the spinal cord to to you know to

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cause a smooth movement

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pattern coordinated movement pattern so

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those are the three main points the

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input to the basil ganglia the output

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from the basil ganglia and then the

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output from the from the cortex again to

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the

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muscle now within the basil ganglia

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there's a lot of interconnections

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happening between the glutaminergic

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neurons which are the excited

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neurons as well as the gabanergic

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neurons which are your inhibitory

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neurons but the most important thing in

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uh in this diagram are is within the

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substantial nraas compacta because here

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we have dopaminergic neurons that

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arise and these dopaminergic neurons

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they release dopamine

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into the cordate

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striatum so dopamine can bind onto two

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types of receptor D1 dopamine 1 or

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dopamine 2 and depending on which

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receptor it binds to it it is either

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excitatory or inhibitory so if dopamine

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binds onto D1 receptor it is

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excitatory if so it will stimulate that

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neuron if dopamine binds to dd2

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receptors dopamine will inhibit that

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neuron so if we were to follow it step

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by

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step uh the dopamine nergic neurons

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releases do dopamine dopamine binds onto

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the D1 receptor which is

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excitatory so it will stimulate the

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gabanergic neuron here and it will

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directly inhibit this gab gabanergic

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neuron allowing the thalamus to send

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signals to the cortex so thus the cortex

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can um you know um send signals to the

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skeletal muscle for a controlled

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movement pattern

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so that is what occurs normally but

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unfortunately in pinson's disease there

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is there's not much dopamine the

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dopamine nergic neurons die so in

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Parkinson's disease you have a reduced

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uh dopamine in the substantial

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and the pathogenesis probably

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involves apoptosis or necrosis of

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dopaminergic

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neurons and it is it is a result of the

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death of these neurons can be due to uh

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protein misfolding AG aggregation and

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toxicity it can be due to defective

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proteolysis it can be due to

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mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative

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stress these are all

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theories regardless of the cause the

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result is that we have reduced dopamine

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in the in this area in the basil

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ganglia okay now let's go back to the

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diagram and look at what happens if we

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have reduced dopamine if we have reduced

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dopamine dopamine does not bind onto the

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D2 receptor which normally inhibits this

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gabanergic

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neuron thus the gabanergic neuron here

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is now overactive and secretes Gaba

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which inhibits the second gabanergic

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neuron because this gabanergic neuron is

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now inhibited it cannot inhibit the

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glutaminergic neuron in the subthalamic

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nucleus and so the subthalamic nucleus

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glutaminergic neuron neuron will secrete

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glutamate which will

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stimulate this gabanergic neuron in the

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Globus palus

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interna similarly because we have no

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dopamine the dopamine does not bind onto

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the D1

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receptor and so the gabanergic neuron

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that normally inhibits uh the globous

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paladis interna neuron is not

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stimulated and as a result we have a

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overactive um gabanergic neuron from the

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Globus palus interna to the

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thalamus so we have excessive inhibitory

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input to the thalamus Thalamus

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inhibition

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causes

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suppression um of the theal corticos

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spinal pathway and because of

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this um the signals that the basil

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ganglia should have sent back to the

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cortex

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doesn't doesn't really happen and so as

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a result when the when you want to

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initiate a movement it's not smooth

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coordinated controlled and and thus you

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result in thus it results in the

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clinical manifestations of Parkinson's

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disease I hope that all made sense now

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let's look at the pathology of

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Parkinson's disease so let's zoom into

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the substantial area here which is

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which can be which is basically located

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on the midbrain here's a cross-section

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of the midbrain

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and let's compare pinson's disease um uh

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substanti nagra to the one of a normal

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patient what we see in Parkinson's

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disease is we see demyelination neuronal

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loss and gliosis within the substantial

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another pathological Hallmarks is

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uh the presence of Louis bodies within

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the Soma of the neuron so here we have

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the S of the neuron and this blue

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structure here are Louis

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bodies and Louis IES are round eopc

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intracytoplasmic occlusions in the

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nucleus uh in the nuclei of the neuron

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um the Louis bodies are made up of

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mainly um Alpha sincan proteins

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ubiinsulin now let's talk about the risk

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factors as well as the protective

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factors of Parkinson's

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disease so the risk factors of

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Parkinson's disease um include um family

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risk factors there are genetic risk

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factors which include GBA

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cnca um lurk to park 2 and pink one as

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well as there's shown that pesticides

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can cause Parkinson's disease protective

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factors include smoking coffee vigorous

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exercising as well as the use of

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non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Dr

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drugs so that concludes this video on

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Parkinson's disease we looked at the

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signs and symptoms we looked at the some

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neuro anatomy of the basil ganglia we

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looked at the function of the basil

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ganglia as well as what occurs in

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Parkinson's disease and then we looked

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at the the pathophys as well as the

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pathology and the risk factors and

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protective factors thank you for

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watching I hope you enjoy this video

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ParkinsonNeurodegeneraciónSíntomasAnatomía cerebralDopaminaGanglios basalesTratamientoFactores de riesgoPrevenciónNeurociencia
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