What Is a Sentence Fragment? English Writing & Grammar
Summary
TLDRDans cette vidéo, Adam aborde le problème des fragments de phrases en anglais, qui sont courants même chez les locuteurs natifs. Il explique qu'un fragment de phrase ressemble à une phrase mais manque d'une clause indépendante, c'est-à-dire d'un sujet et d'un verbe. Il illustre les erreurs courantes avec des exemples et montre comment les corriger, soulignant l'importance de reconnaître et de corriger ces erreurs pour éviter de perdre des points en grammaire et en cohésion dans les évaluations écrites.
Takeaways
- 😀 Une phrase fragmentée ressemble à une phrase complète mais manque d'une proposition indépendante.
- 🤔 Les verbes transitifs doivent avoir un objet pour former une phrase complète.
- ✍️ Les phrases longues peuvent facilement devenir des fragments si l'on perd le contrôle de la structure.
- 📘 Une proposition dépendante ne peut pas constituer une phrase complète en soi.
- 💡 L'ajout d'un sujet et d'un verbe indépendants corrige souvent les fragments de phrases.
- 📚 Les erreurs dans l'utilisation des gérondifs et des participes peuvent conduire à des fragments.
- 🚫 Un manque de ponctuation adéquate peut entraîner des fragments de phrases involontaires.
- 🧐 Les transitions mal gérées peuvent interrompre la fluidité des idées, entraînant des fragments.
- 🔍 Il est important d'identifier les erreurs courantes comme les fragments et les phrases longues pour améliorer la cohérence de l'écriture.
- 📝 Corriger les fragments et les phrases longues aide à améliorer la grammaire et la cohésion dans les écrits.
Q & A
Qu'est-ce qu'un fragment de phrase?
-Un fragment de phrase est une séquence de mots qui semble être une phrase complète avec une majuscule au début et un point à la fin, mais qui ne contient pas de proposition indépendante. Il manque soit un sujet, soit un verbe, soit les deux, rendant la phrase incomplète.
Quelle est la différence entre une phrase complète et un fragment de phrase?
-Une phrase complète contient une proposition indépendante avec un sujet et un verbe, ce qui permet de transmettre une idée complète. Un fragment de phrase, en revanche, manque d'une de ces composantes, ce qui rend la phrase incomplète et difficile à comprendre.
Comment un verbe transitif peut-il transformer une phrase en fragment de phrase?
-Un verbe transitif doit être suivi d'un objet pour former une phrase complète. S'il n'y a pas d'objet, la phrase reste incomplète. Par exemple, dans 'Un étudiant peut se permettre', il manque l'objet après 'se permettre', ce qui rend la phrase un fragment.
Que se passe-t-il lorsque l'on utilise des clauses dépendantes sans proposition indépendante?
-Lorsque l'on commence une phrase par une clause dépendante (comme 'Une fois que ces conducteurs...') et que l'on ne termine pas avec une clause indépendante, la phrase reste un fragment. Il est essentiel d'ajouter une clause principale pour former une phrase complète.
Comment corriger un fragment de phrase avec une clause dépendante?
-Pour corriger un fragment de phrase, il suffit de transformer la clause dépendante en clause indépendante en ajoutant un sujet et un verbe, par exemple : 'Une fois que ces conducteurs reçoivent des amendes, cela sert d'avertissement.'
Comment un participe présent peut-il créer un fragment de phrase?
-Un participe présent (par exemple, 'Voyant ces gens souffrir') ne forme pas de proposition indépendante, car il manque un sujet explicite. Pour le corriger, il faut soit le joindre à une proposition principale, soit reformuler la phrase pour ajouter un sujet et un verbe.
Quelle est la différence entre une phrase avec un gérondif et une phrase avec un participe présent?
-Un gérondif sert de nom et peut être le sujet de la phrase, par exemple, 'Voir ces gens souffrir est triste.' Un participe présent, en revanche, ne peut pas être le sujet d'une phrase indépendante et nécessite d'être lié à une clause principale, par exemple, 'Voyant ces gens souffrir, ils ont perdu espoir.'
Pourquoi la ponctuation est-elle cruciale pour éviter les fragments de phrase?
-La ponctuation marque la fin d'une phrase, mais si le contenu avant ou après est incomplet (par exemple, commencer une phrase avec 'Par exemple' sans ajout d'une proposition indépendante), cela crée un fragment. Il est donc crucial de vérifier que chaque partie séparée par un point est une phrase complète.
Quelles sont les erreurs de transition courantes qui mènent aux fragments de phrase?
-Les transitions comme 'Ainsi' ou 'Par conséquent' peuvent créer des fragments si elles ne sont pas suivies par une clause indépendante. Par exemple, 'Ainsi, rendant la mobilité plus facile' est un fragment. Il faut ajouter une clause principale, comme 'Cela rend la mobilité plus facile.'
Comment éviter les fragments de phrase lors de l'écriture d'essais académiques?
-Pour éviter les fragments, assurez-vous que chaque phrase contient un sujet et un verbe, et qu'elle forme une idée complète. Relisez votre texte pour identifier les clauses dépendantes, les verbes transitifs sans objet, et les erreurs de ponctuation qui pourraient transformer une phrase en fragment.
Outlines
📝 Introduction à la reconnaissance des fragments de phrase
Dans cette introduction, Adam présente le sujet de la vidéo : les fragments de phrase, un problème courant en écriture. Il explique que les fragments de phrase, comme les phrases longues, sont une erreur fréquente non seulement pour les locuteurs non natifs, mais aussi pour les anglophones. Il souligne l'importance d'inclure une clause indépendante dans chaque phrase, et commence à définir ce qu'est un fragment de phrase : une phrase qui semble correcte mais qui manque d'une clause indépendante.
📚 Différence entre verbes transitifs et intransitifs
Adam aborde ici les erreurs courantes liées aux verbes transitifs et intransitifs. Il explique que certains verbes, comme 'afford' (permettre), nécessitent un objet pour compléter le sens de la phrase. Il donne un exemple d'une phrase incorrecte où l'objet manque, ce qui crée une phrase incomplète. Il propose une correction simple en ajoutant l'objet nécessaire pour rendre la phrase complète.
🧩 Fragment de phrase lié aux clauses dépendantes
Dans ce paragraphe, Adam présente un exemple où un écrivain perd le contrôle de sa phrase en utilisant une clause adverbiale au début et une clause adjectivale à la fin, mais en omettant une clause indépendante au milieu. Il montre comment corriger ce type de fragment en ajoutant une clause indépendante. Il rappelle également l'importance d'éviter ces erreurs lors de tests comme l'IELTS ou le TOEFL où le manque de fluidité nuit à la cohésion.
🔄 Gerund et participe dans les phrases
Adam commence à discuter de l'utilisation des gérondifs et des participes. Il explique comment certaines phrases peuvent être confuses lorsque l'auteur tente d'utiliser un gérondif ou un participe sans respecter la structure correcte. Il montre deux exemples où une phrase avec 'seeing' est mal construite et propose une correction en fusionnant les phrases pour former une construction correcte, soit avec un gérondif soit avec un participe.
❌ Problèmes de ponctuation dans les fragments de phrase
Ici, Adam met en lumière les erreurs fréquentes de ponctuation qui mènent à des fragments de phrase. Il utilise un exemple où un écrivain crée une série de fragments en séparant mal les phrases avec des points. Il propose des solutions simples pour corriger ces erreurs, comme l'utilisation de la ponctuation appropriée (point-virgule, virgule) ou en introduisant des clauses indépendantes pour compléter les phrases.
🚦 Problèmes avec les transitions et les fragments
Dans ce dernier paragraphe, Adam examine comment les transitions mal utilisées peuvent causer des fragments de phrase. Il présente un exemple où une phrase de transition conduit à un fragment en omettant un sujet ou un verbe. Il propose deux solutions : fusionner la transition avec la phrase précédente en utilisant une virgule, ou bien commencer une nouvelle phrase complète avec une clause indépendante pour éviter les fragments.
👋 Conclusion et conseils finaux
Adam conclut la vidéo en rappelant l'importance d'éviter les fragments de phrase et les phrases longues pour améliorer la grammaire et la cohésion. Il mentionne que ces erreurs peuvent coûter des points dans les examens. Il invite les spectateurs à poser des questions dans les commentaires, à s'abonner à sa chaîne, et à revenir pour plus de conseils sur la grammaire, le vocabulaire et les tests.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Fragment de phrase
💡Proposition indépendante
💡Prédicat incomplet
💡Verbe transitif
💡Verbe intransitif
💡Coordination des clauses
💡Gérondif
💡Participe présent
💡Ponctuation
💡Clause dépendante
Highlights
Introduction to the importance of recognizing sentence fragments and run-on sentences in English writing.
Sentence fragments are common problems even for native English speakers.
Definition of a sentence fragment: a sequence with a capital letter and a period but lacking an independent clause.
Every sentence should have an independent clause with a subject and a verb.
Incomplete predicates are a common type of sentence fragment where the object of a transitive verb is missing.
Example of an incomplete sentence due to a missing object after the transitive verb 'afford'.
How to fix an incomplete predicate by adding the missing object to the transitive verb.
Long sentences can lead to sentence fragments if the writer loses control.
Example of a sentence fragment caused by losing control in a complex sentence structure.
Fixing sentence fragments by ensuring there is an independent clause with a subject and a verb.
Special note on gerunds and participles and their role in sentence fragments.
Correcting sentence fragments by joining dependent clauses to form an independent clause.
The importance of punctuation in distinguishing between sentence fragments and complete sentences.
Example of a sentence fragment caused by incorrect use of 'for example' and how to fix it.
The impact of sentence fragments on grammar and cohesion in writing assessments.
How transitions can lead to sentence fragments if not used correctly.
Example of fixing a sentence fragment by turning a transition into a gerund or starting a new sentence.
Encouragement to watch the video about run-on sentences for a comprehensive understanding of sentence structure.
Invitation for viewers to ask questions and engage with the content on the YouTube channel.
Transcripts
hi welcome to another write to the top
video I'm Adam
today I want to continue looking at
English writing and grammar and for
those of you who saw my video about the
run-on sentence which is actually very
important there's a link up there if you
haven't already seen it this is a
complement or complimentary video
because the two ideas go hand-in-hand
so today I'm going to look at sentence
fragments or incomplete sentences like
the run-on sentence it's a very common
problem that people have when writing
and again native speakers they make this
mistake as well it's not only non-native
English users it's very important to
recognize sentence fragments it's very
important to recognize run-on sentences
okay
sentence fragments however should be a
little bit easier to recognize and we'll
see you why so first of all what is a
sentence fragment first of all a
sentence fragment is something that
looks like a sentence you have a capital
letter at the beginning you have a
period at the end but what you don't
have in between those is an independent
clause and when you don't have an
independent clause you don't actually
have an English sentence okay so very
important to make sure that every
sentence in your writing has an
independent clause with a subject and a
verb and sometimes people are missing
either the subject or the verb sometimes
they're missing both and we're going to
look at some examples now keep in mind
when you have an incomplete predicate
means that you have most of the
independent clause you have your subject
and your verb but your predicate the
thing that ends at your object your
complement your adverb something is
missing there and when you have an
incomplete predicate technically you
still have an incomplete sentence and
we're going to look at examples of that
as well so let's start with the
incomplete predicate and the most common
situation the most common error that
people make is that they don't know the
difference between a transitive and an
intransitive verb now a transitive verb
is a verb that must take an object if it
doesn't have an object it's incomplete
okay
education has become very expensive and
not every student can afford so what you
have here you have you have one
independent clause so technically you
have a sentence so you might not realize
that this is an incomplete sentence
because then you have your coordinating
conjunction your and followed by another
independent clause with student and can
afford what you don't realize or what
some people don't realize is that the
verb afford must take an object to be
complete without it the reader is left
not a weekend student can afford what
okay so that what is your object so how
do you fix it add it okay very simply we
get rid of these add the object to the
transitive verb afford and you have a
complete sentence no problem otherwise
technically an incomplete sentence now
the more in the most common situation in
which people have sentence fragments is
when they have a very long sentence and
they lose control of it now take up
before I explain it take a second if you
want you can press pause on your video
player read the sentence and try to
figure out what is wrong with it and all
the examples I'm giving you are taken
from actual essay samples that people
have sent me for assessment okay
so look at it and then I'll explain to
you what the problem is once these
drivers okay so you're starting with
once who break laws you have an
adjective clause receive strict
punishments so these drivers is the
subject but this once you're making this
into an into a dependent clause an
adverb dependent clause receive
punishment such as fines revoke license
says even jail time which will be like
an alarm to watch so now you have
another in sorry another adjective
clause so what is missing here is an
independent clause and generally the
problem is right here this is where the
person lost control of a sentence he
started with an adverb clause he
finished with an adjective clause he
didn't put an independent clause
anywhere in the middle oh sorry so let
me get rid of these so now how do I fix
this
very simple put a subject get rid of the
adjective clause make an independent
clause it will be like an alarm so once
this happens this or it will be like an
alarm to warn them to comply with the
statutes one word is all it takes but
again remember just like with a run-on
sentence if this which if I'm the reader
and I'm you know I'm reading generally
pretty fast and those of you taking the
IELTS and the TOEFL your graders they're
they're spending 5 minutes on your
writing section they're reading quickly
if they have to stop mid-sentence and
try to figure out you know what went
wrong what are you trying to say what's
missing right there you lost not only
points in grammar in the grammar
category because of the wrong use of
sentence structures you also lost points
in cohesion because you're flowe your
ideas didn't follow didn't flow through
easily enough right so two ways to lose
there just make sure you have an
independent clause it will be like and
you're good to go now
a special note Jared and participial and
I'm gonna make a video about this
because it's very complicated gerron's
participles and using the ing words in
all kinds of different situations and
compared to infinitive verbs I know
someone's waiting for this video it's
coming so Jerrod's versus part of slow
let's look at the sentences first seeing
these people suffer as they struggle to
feed themselves and their children
period it is truly heartbreaking so what
do you have here in the beginning part
you don't actually have a sentence you
don't have any independent cause you
don't have a subject you don't have a
verb seeing these people suffer as they
struggle now here seeing is being used
as a gerund ism now okay how am I going
to fix this sentence well first thing
I'm gonna do I'm gonna join these two
parts cuz I do have my independent
clause here so let me erase this again
seeing these people suffer as they
struggle to feed themselves and their
children is the entire subject is truly
heartbreaking so seeing seeing what and
then so seeing is your gerund noun
subject seeing something is verb truly
heartbreaking and then you have a
complete sentence with a good solid
gerund phrase subject okay let's look at
the second one seeing these people
suffer as they struggle to feed
themselves and their children so you
exist again this exact same beginning
except now this seeing the person who
wrote this was trying to use it as a
participle not as a gerund okay some
volunteers quit - a lack of hope again
I'm gonna squeeze the two together and
I'm gonna get rid of this guy seeing
people suffer as they do as they
struggle to feed themselves and their
children some volunteers quit due to a
lack of hope so now what's the
difference between these two some
volunteers this is your subject of your
independent clause it is also the
subject of your participle when they see
people suffer so this seeing means when
they see squeezed into a participle into
an active participant and when you're
using a participle to begin a sentence
the subject of the independent clause
must be the same so there's volunteers
and this volunteers and the seeing
includes the same subject although the
participle of course doesn't have a
subject it's a participle phrase so the
beginning part participle phrase here I
had an gerund phrase subject so I hope
that's clear but again I'll make a video
about this punctuation sometimes people
make mistakes just because they miss the
punctuation okay students who are able
to speak a foreign language have more
advantages and benefits than those who
do not period for example working on
international projects business trips
abroad and plenty of other things here
from for example until the end you put
it between two periods but you don't
have a sentence there's no clause
anywhere in this piece right
so you can join it by a semicolon and
then for example and then you still need
a new dependent clause after the
semicolon right so how would I fix this
sentence one way first well do not than
those who do not the person for God so
I'll just fix that anyway start an
actual independent clause these include
for example being able to work dot dot
dot another way to fix it for example
comma they will be able to work put in a
subject and a verb that's all you need
to do to get an independent clause and
then go on with your list or join the
two things together don't use for
example put such as as part of your
basically it flows right it flows into
so I go from here comma I go into my
list of examples and I this whole list
is part of the original independent
clause and you have a complete sentence
and there's no problem there ok so
that's what the ways to fix it be
careful about punctuation periods means
you've ended a sentence make sure that
what comes after is a new sentence
semicolons also mean you've ended a
sentence make sure that what comes after
is a new sentence if you have colon if
you have the two dots something here is
something here after the two dots you
don't necessarily need a colon you can
just put a list but that's something
entirely different right transitions so
sometimes transitions let make people
forget where they are they again they
lose control instead governments should
use the money gathered dot dot dot all
the way until trains so they should look
actually I'm gonna read the whole thing
because it makes a difference instead
governments should use the money
gathered from tolls
for instance to invest more in their
public transportation by providing more
buses more subway lines and more
connections between buses subways and
trains now the person wanted to say that
all of the all of these actions will
lead to making citizens mobility easier
however making mobile
making citizens mobility easier between
two periods you don't have a subject you
don't have a verb you don't have an
independent clause you do have a
sentence fragment
okay so again how do you join how do you
fix this join the things together
comma thus making citizens mobility so
I'm just taking the transition
thus for all this situation all these
examples and I'm reaching a conclusion
thus making citizens and I change the
make to making us or the making to
making a get cetera as part of leave
that transition making it into a gerund
or start a new sentence this will make
citizens mobility easier simple sentence
independent clause subject verb no
problem and that's it so what we have
here sentence fragments make sure you
watch the video about run-on sentences
again there'll be a link up here and at
the end of the video you can see a link
as well these two errors the run-on
sentences the sentence fragments will
cost you points in the grammar section
and the cohesion section so you
definitely want to avoid those if you
have any questions please come to the
YouTube my YouTube page you can ask me
questions in the comment section below
if you liked the video please give me a
like don't forget to subscribe to my
channel if you haven't already and come
back for more vocab grammar writing test
tips etc see you soon bye bye
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