Shaping a New Republic (APUSH Period 3 Topic 3.10)
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the early years of the United States under the Constitution, focusing on key events during the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams. It covers the establishment of important precedents, such as the presidential cabinet and Alexander Hamilton's economic policies, including the controversial National Bank. The video also delves into foreign policy issues, like the French Revolution, Jay's Treaty, and the XYZ Affair, which led to growing political divisions between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. It concludes with Washington's Farewell Address and Adams' efforts to maintain American neutrality.
Takeaways
- 📜 The early years under the U.S. Constitution saw significant political developments, particularly under George Washington and John Adams, as key leaders shaped institutions and set precedents.
- 👥 The establishment of the presidential cabinet set a precedent, with Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State (handling foreign affairs) and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury (managing the nation’s finances).
- 💰 Alexander Hamilton's economic plan included assuming state debts from the American Revolution, passing tariffs, and creating a national bank, which sparked opposition from Thomas Jefferson due to constitutional concerns.
- 🏛️ Hamilton’s economic plan led to debates over the scope of federal power, with Jefferson advocating a strict interpretation of the Constitution and Hamilton supporting a loose interpretation.
- 🍾 The Whiskey Rebellion arose in response to an excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating the authority of the new federal government when Washington deployed troops to suppress the revolt.
- ⚔️ Tensions with foreign powers, such as Spain and Great Britain, influenced early U.S. diplomacy, with significant treaties like Pinckney's Treaty (granting U.S. access to the Mississippi River) and Jay’s Treaty (addressing British forts on U.S. soil).
- ⚖️ The French Revolution divided American opinions, with Jefferson supporting the French, while Hamilton opposed their radical actions, leading Washington to issue the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793.
- 🚢 British and French harassment of American ships threatened U.S. neutrality, culminating in the XYZ Affair, where French officials demanded bribes, leading to the Quasi-War with France.
- 🇺🇸 George Washington’s Farewell Address warned against political factions and foreign alliances, setting a precedent for future U.S. policies and establishing the two-term limit for the presidency.
- 🗳️ The era saw the rise of the first party system in the U.S., with Federalists and Democratic-Republicans emerging due to disagreements over the nation’s economic policy and the power of the federal government.
Q & A
What was one significant precedent set by George Washington's administration?
-One significant precedent set by George Washington's administration was the establishment of the presidential cabinet, with various executive agencies advising the president.
Who were two key members of Washington's cabinet, and what roles did they serve?
-Thomas Jefferson served as Secretary of State, focusing on foreign affairs, and Alexander Hamilton served as Secretary of the Treasury, managing the nation's economy.
What was the main goal of Alexander Hamilton’s Assumption Plan?
-The main goal of Alexander Hamilton’s Assumption Plan was for the federal government to assume state debts from the American Revolution, freeing up state funds for business and trade while strengthening the federal government’s power.
How did Hamilton propose to generate revenue for the federal government?
-Hamilton proposed to generate revenue through a tariff on imported goods and an excise tax on items such as whiskey.
Why did Thomas Jefferson oppose Hamilton's economic plan?
-Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton's plan because he believed it favored urban manufacturing interests over agricultural ones and worried about increasing the federal government's power.
What constitutional debate did the creation of the National Bank spark?
-The creation of the National Bank sparked a debate over whether it was constitutional. Jefferson argued for a strict interpretation, stating that the Constitution did not explicitly allow for a national bank, while Hamilton advocated for a loose interpretation, using the Necessary and Proper Clause.
What was the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion, and how did Washington respond?
-The Whiskey Rebellion was significant because it challenged the federal government’s authority. Washington responded by leading troops to suppress the rebellion, demonstrating the federal government’s power under the new Constitution.
What foreign policy challenge did the United States face regarding Spain and the Mississippi River?
-The U.S. faced a challenge when Spain restricted American shipping on the Mississippi River. This was resolved by Pinckney's Treaty, which allowed the U.S. access to the river and the port of New Orleans.
How did the French Revolution affect U.S. foreign policy under George Washington?
-The French Revolution divided U.S. political leaders. Jefferson supported the revolution for its Enlightenment ideals, while Hamilton opposed it due to its radical nature. Washington ultimately declared neutrality in 1793.
What was the XYZ Affair, and how did it affect U.S. relations with France?
-The XYZ Affair involved French officials demanding bribes from American diplomats to negotiate. This led to outrage in the U.S. and resulted in an undeclared naval conflict known as the Quasi-War between the U.S. and France.
Outlines
📜 Establishing the Early U.S. Government and Economic Foundations
In this section, the video introduces the early years of the U.S. under the Constitution, particularly during the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams. It discusses the formation of key governmental structures, including the presidential cabinet with key figures like Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton’s economic plans are highlighted, such as the Assumption Plan, which centralized state debts, and the establishment of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the nation's finances. The debate between Jefferson and Hamilton regarding federal power and the constitutionality of the national bank reflects the broader conflict between strict and loose interpretations of the Constitution.
🥃 The Whiskey Rebellion and Growing Divisions in Early America
This paragraph discusses the Whiskey Rebellion, which arose in response to an excise tax on whiskey, part of Hamilton’s financial plan. Farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax, leading Washington to demonstrate the power of the federal government by sending troops to quell the revolt. This event contrasts with the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, showing the federal government’s newfound strength. The paragraph also explores how international issues, like Pinckney's Treaty with Spain, helped American trade, and how political disagreements, especially regarding the French Revolution, fueled the rise of political parties.
⚓ U.S. Neutrality, Jay’s Treaty, and Washington's Farewell
Here, the focus is on the challenges the U.S. faced in maintaining neutrality during conflicts between France and Great Britain. Jay’s Treaty with Britain addressed some issues but failed to stop British harassment of American ships, causing discontent. Washington’s Farewell Address, delivered as he stepped down after two terms, warned against political factions and foreign entanglements, establishing crucial precedents for future U.S. leadership. These developments underlined the growing divide between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.
⚔️ John Adams, the XYZ Affair, and the Quasi-War with France
This final section covers John Adams’ presidency, focusing on continued threats to American neutrality as France and Britain seized American ships. The XYZ Affair, in which French officials demanded bribes to start diplomatic negotiations, enraged Americans and led to the Quasi-War, an undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France. The video concludes by setting up the next discussion on the aftermath of the XYZ Affair.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Presidential Cabinet
💡Assumption Plan
💡National Bank
💡Strict Construction
💡Loose Construction
💡Whiskey Rebellion
💡Federalists
💡Democratic-Republicans
💡Jay's Treaty
💡XYZ Affair
Highlights
Introduction to George Washington and John Adams' early presidencies, setting the stage for key political developments.
Establishment of the presidential cabinet by George Washington as a key precedent for future administrations.
Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of State, focused on foreign affairs, and Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of the Treasury, handled economic challenges.
Hamilton's Assumption Plan proposed that the federal government assume all state debts from the American Revolution to stabilize the economy.
The plan aimed to increase federal power and give creditors a vested interest in the success of the new nation.
Congress passed tariffs and excise taxes, including a tax on whiskey, to generate revenue for the new government.
The creation of the First Bank of the United States was central to Hamilton's economic vision for national financial stability.
Jefferson's opposition to Hamilton's National Bank plan, arguing it was unconstitutional due to a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Hamilton used the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) to justify the constitutionality of the National Bank.
The first political parties, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, formed as a result of these economic and constitutional debates.
The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 demonstrated the federal government's ability to enforce laws under the new Constitution, unlike during Shays' Rebellion.
Pinckney's Treaty with Spain allowed the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans, marking a diplomatic success.
The French Revolution split American opinion, with Jefferson supporting the French and Hamilton opposing their radicalism.
Jay's Treaty with Britain failed to fully address British interference with American ships, but it helped maintain neutrality.
George Washington's Farewell Address advised against political factions and permanent foreign alliances, establishing important precedents for future presidents.
Transcripts
what's up beautiful people welcome to
joe's productions in this video we're
going to take a look at the first years
under the constitution and we're going
to take a look at the important events
that took place in the 1790s under
george washington and john adams it is
during george washington and john adams
presidential administrations that
various political leaders created
institutions and precedents that put the
ideas and principles of the constitution
into practice one such precedent is the
establishment of the presidential
cabinet the purpose of the different
executive agencies were to advise the
president washington's cabinet included
thomas jefferson that served as
secretary of the state this position
dealt largely with foreign affairs
another significant figure was alexander
hamilton hamilton served as secretary of
the treasury the job of the treasury
department was to handle the nation's
economy you might recall the economy of
the us was a mess there was debt from
the american revolution and creditors
wanted to get paid back not to mention
there wasn't a lot of trade going on
with other nations in response to the
economic problems facing the nation
hamilton drafted various reports to
congress that outlined his vision for a
economic program that secured the
financial stability and credit of the
new nation in the report on public
credit hamilton advocated that the
federal government should assume all of
the individual state debts from the
american revolution this plan known as
the assumption plan was meant to deal
with the problem you can see in the
graphic there as you can see on the
graphic not only was the national
government in debt but also many states
owed millions of dollars under the
assumption plan the us government would
take on the debt of the states the idea
behind this was that this would free up
state money for business and trade
another perk of this plan was the
creditors or people who are owed money
now have a stake in the success of the
new nation in addition this act would
further reinforce the power of the
federal government something the
federalists like alexander hamilton
truly believed in now this alone would
not fix all of the economic problems so
in addition to the assumption plan
hamilton proposed additional actions to
raise revenue congress passed a tariff
to bring in money a tariff as a tax on
goods imported into the united states
the goal of the tariff was not only to
generate revenue but by making foreign
products imported into the u.s more
expensive the hope was this would help
american manufacturers and an excise tax
on goods such as whiskey was also passed
to generate revenue perhaps the most
important part of hamilton's economic
vision was the creation of a national
bank the idea behind the bank of the
united states was that revenue generated
by the tariff or excise taxes on goods
such as whiskey would be deposited into
the first bank of the united states the
bank of the us would provide loans to
businesses especially those in
manufacturing and industry and the idea
behind all of this bank stuff was that
the money coming in and going out will
stimulate the economy of the new nation
jefferson opposed hamilton's plan which
he felt promoted urban manufacturing
interest over those of the agricultural
interests jefferson also originally
opposed the assumption plan because some
states had already paid off their state
debt and he was worried about a powerful
federal government in addition the
creation of the national bank of the
united states raised constitutional
questions was the creation of the bank
of the u.s constitutional jefferson said
the national bank was unconstitutional
article 1 section 8 of the constitution
lists the enumerated powers of the
legislative branch and nothing in
article 1 section 8 mentions that the
legislature can create a bank jefferson
and his supporters believed in a strict
interpretation or strict construction of
the constitution and what this meant was
the government can only do what is
specifically mentioned in the
constitution since the constitution did
not give congress the explicit power to
create a bank the national government
cannot do it hamilton though argued that
article 1 section 8 provided the
government the power to create a bank he
argued that the national bank was
necessary for dealing with the financial
health of the nation to defend his
position hamilton used what is known as
the necessary and proper clause to
justify creation of the bank of the u.s
also known as the elastic clause this
part of the constitution states that
congress shall have the power to make
all laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the
powers that are enumerated in the
constitution hamilton argued since
congress has the power to tax and
regulate trade it makes sense congress
has the power to create a national bank
hamilton and his supporters believed in
a loose construction this stated the
constitution gave the federal government
broad powers to do what is necessary for
running the country ultimately the bank
issue was important not because of
disagreements over the bank but rather
how different individuals interpret this
new constitution as a result of these
issues the first party system would
develop during the 1790s as
disagreements emerged over the direction
of the new nation's economic policy and
debates about the power of the federal
government the two parties that will
dominate this era will include the
federalists and the democratic
republicans hit pause to get a quick
review of the big ideas we just covered
the whiskey rebellion is another event
that shows the division within the
united states in the 1790s part of
hamilton's financial plan included an
excise tax on whiskey the purpose of
this tax was to generate revenue for the
federal government in response to the
excise tax farmers in western
pennsylvania refused to pay it
federalists see the whiskey rebellion as
a challenge to the authority of the new
federal government and its ability to
govern for some this was giving them
flashbacks to the failure of the
articles in dealing with shae's
rebellion in contrast to shae's
rebellion though during the whiskey
rebellion washington demonstrated the
power of the federal government by
leading thousands of troops to western
pennsylvania to stop the revolt while
critics such as thomas jefferson were
disturbed by the use of force this show
of force demonstrated that this new
federal government under the
constitution would be able to govern
effectively it would not just be
domestic disputes that would help
contribute to the growth of political
parties you may recall under the
articles of confederation the young
republic faced threats from various
foreign nations one challenge occurred
when the u.s sought free navigation of
the mississippi river you may recall
under the articles spain banned american
shipping along the river but a
breakthrough came with picnics treaty
between the u.s and spain the treaty
helped the development of u.s trade
since spain agreed to allow the u.s to
use the mississippi river and the port
of new orleans and made the northern
boundary of florida the 31st parallel
this was a diplomatic win for the young
nation under george washington another
big problem for the young republic was
the french revolution the revolution
presented challenges to the us over
issues of free trade and foreign policy
the overthrow of king louis was
initially supported by many americans
but the reign of terror and france
fighting darn near the rest of europe
made some rethink their support for the
french revolution washington's own
cabinet was split over the french
revolution his secretary of state thomas
jefferson was all about supporting the
french jefferson felt the enlightenment
ideas and the formation of another
republic was a good thing for both
countries not to mention the french
helped us during the american revolution
so it was only fair that we returned the
favor opposition to the french
revolution was led by alexander hamilton
in his mind the revolution was way more
radical than we were comfortable with
you know the reign of terror heads were
being chopped off and starting in 1792
france was fighting most of the
monarchies of europe including great
britain folks like hamilton worried that
this fighting would disrupt trade during
this time france attempted to restart
the franco-american alliance and in
response washington issued the
neutrality proclamation of 1793. in it
he said the us would be neutral and the
rationale was we are a young nation the
last thing we need is getting into one
of europe's wars these challengers
further fueled political disagreements
over the best way to respond to both the
french revolution and the war that
followed while these issues with france
and spain were going on george
washington also had to deal with
estranged former mama great britain as
u.s settlers migrated west beyond the
appalachian mountains they came into
contact with british threats
britain openly defied the peace treaty
of 1783 by maintaining a chain of forts
on u.s soil while there the british sold
firearms to local indian tribes that
would then be used to pose a threat to
american settlers on the frontier the
presence of the british on north
american soil was seen as a threat to
american settlement and peace out in the
west not to mention in the 1790s both
england and france began impressing u.s
ships and sailors neither side liked
that we were neutral and sought to trade
with both countries so they began taking
our ships in semen in the midst of all
this chief justice john jay was sent to
negotiate with great britain to preserve
u.s neutrality and deal with this threat
the result of that meeting was jay's
treaty of 1794 while britain did agree
to leave the forts they occupied on
american soil they don't really do this
in a timely manner and jay's treaty said
nothing about great britain stopping the
harassment of american ships jay's
treaty was celebrated by federalists for
keeping the us neutral but condemned by
many others including the jeffersonians
for not really addressing the problems
between the us and great britain by 1796
george decided to leave the presidency
and in doing so began the tradition of
the farewell address in leaving office
after two terms washington established
another precedent of voluntarily
stepping down from the presidency after
two terms washington felt it was
important to step aside because the
constitution created a republic and
serving too long may seem to like a king
plus he was old and wants to just go and
chill in mount vernon in washington's
farewell address he encouraged national
unity and warned the nation against
political factions and washington also
warned about the dangers of permanent
foreign alliances this tradition of
avoiding entangling alliances with
europe will be followed by subsequent
presidential administrations following
george washington's retirement fellow
federalist john adams is elected
president and like washington adams had
to deal with violations to american
neutrality as both france and great
britain continued to seize american
ships adams wanted to avoid a war with
france and set us diplomats to france to
negotiate however french officials known
as x y and z attempted to get the
americans to bribe them in order to
start negotiations with foreign minister
taliran this incident known as the xyz
affair outraged many americans as a
result an undeclared naval war between
the us and france began known as the
quasi war and in our next video i'll
take a look at what happens after the
xyz affair until next time thanks for
watching have a beautiful day peace
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