Federalist Era: Part II Washington & Adams - Foreign Policy and Partisan Politics
Summary
TLDRThis video script covers the Federalist era, focusing on the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams. It discusses the challenges faced by the early United States, including Western expansion, European interference, and Native American conflicts. It also highlights the formation of political factions, the impact of the French Revolution, Washington's neutrality policy, and the rise of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. The script concludes with the XYZ Affair and the Alien and Sedition Acts, setting the stage for the Jefferson era.
Takeaways
- 🏛️ The Federalist era saw the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams, focusing on establishing the new government and dealing with early challenges.
- 🌳 Western expansion led to conflicts with Native Americans over land, particularly in the Northwest Territory.
- 🤝 Washington sought treaties with Native Americans but faced resistance and violence, leading to military engagements like St. Clair's defeat.
- 🔥 General Anthony Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers helped secure the Northwest Territory for the U.S.
- 🌍 The French Revolution influenced American politics, dividing support between the French and the British.
- 🚢 British impressment of American sailors was a significant point of conflict, straining U.S.-British relations.
- 📜 Washington's neutrality proclamation aimed to keep the U.S. out of foreign wars, setting a precedent for future foreign policy.
- 🏢 Political factions emerged, with the Federalists favoring a strong central government and the Democratic-Republicans advocating for states' rights.
- 🗳️ The election of 1796 was the first contested presidential election, reflecting the growing divide between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.
- 📜 The Alien and Sedition Acts were controversial laws passed in response to the XYZ Affair, targeting immigrants and limiting free speech.
Q & A
What was the main focus of the Federalist era part two discussed in the script?
-The script focuses on the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams, dealing with early challenges faced by the United States, including foreign policy, the rise of political factions, and the impact of European affairs on the new nation.
How did Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton differ in their visions for the United States?
-Hamilton wanted a strong federal financial policy, including the creation of a national bank and tariffs on imports, while Jefferson was worried that these policies favored manufacturers and traders over southern farmers.
What was the Whiskey Rebellion and how did President Washington respond to it?
-The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the aftermath of which President Washington used military force to enforce the law, demonstrating the strength of the federal government under the new Constitution compared to the Articles of Confederation.
What challenges did the United States face in the Northwest Territory?
-The Northwest Territory faced challenges such as British and Spanish encouragement of Native American attacks on American settlers, disputes over land treaties, and the formation of a confederacy under Chief Little Turtle to protect their lands from further white settlements.
Who was General Anthony Wayne and what was his significance in the script?
-General Anthony Wayne, nicknamed 'Mad Anthony,' was a Revolutionary War figure who led the successful Battle of Fallen Timbers against Native American forces, resulting in the Treaty of Greenville that ceded most of present-day Ohio to the United States.
How did the French Revolution impact American politics?
-The French Revolution initially found support among Americans but as it became more violent, support divided. It also led to a conflict between pro-French and pro-British factions within the U.S., exacerbating the division between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.
What was the significance of President Washington's neutrality proclamation?
-President Washington's neutrality proclamation aimed to keep the United States out of the war between England and France, reflecting a policy of non-entanglement in foreign conflicts that would influence American foreign policy for some time.
What was Jay's Treaty and why was it controversial?
-Jay's Treaty was a treaty negotiated with Britain that aimed to normalize relations and prevent war. It was controversial because it was seen as favoring British interests and was unpopular with those who supported the French, particularly Jefferson's Republicans.
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts and why were they enacted?
-The Alien and Sedition Acts were a set of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress aimed at suppressing dissent and limiting the influence of foreign immigrants, who were often sympathetic to the French and voted Republican. The Sedition Act, in particular, was used to prosecute those who criticized the government.
How did the election of 1796 reflect the growing political divide in the United States?
-The election of 1796 was the first contested presidential election, with John Adams (Federalist) running against Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican). The close electoral vote reflected the deepening political divide between those who favored a strong central government and those who favored states' rights and a more agrarian society.
What was the XYZ Affair and how did it affect American sentiment towards France?
-The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident where French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats in exchange for peace negotiations. The revelation of this scandal, named for the anonymity of the agents (X, Y, Z), greatly angered Americans and increased anti-French sentiment.
Outlines
🏛️ Federalist Era: Early U.S. Presidency and Challenges
This paragraph discusses the early years of the United States under the Federalist era, focusing on the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams. It covers the aftermath of the American Revolution, including the Treaty of Paris and the challenges of establishing a new nation. The paragraph highlights the creation of the executive branch with Washington's inauguration in 1789 and the differing visions of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton for the country's future. It also details the Whiskey Rebellion, which demonstrated the strength of the federal government, and the early foreign policy challenges faced by the new republic, including European and Native American issues in the Northwest Territory.
🌍 Foreign Policy and the Rise of Political Factions
This section delves into the foreign policy challenges faced by the early United States, particularly the tensions with European powers and Native Americans. It discusses Washington's efforts to maintain neutrality amidst conflicts between Britain and France, as well as the impact of the French Revolution on American politics. The paragraph also covers the rise of political factions, namely the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, and their differing views on economic and foreign policy. The summary includes the controversy surrounding Jay's Treaty and the Pinckney Treaty, as well as Washington's Farewell Address, which warned against permanent alliances and the dangers of political parties.
🗳️ Election of 1796 and the Quasi-War with France
This paragraph focuses on the election of 1796, which was the first contested presidential election in the United States, and the subsequent political developments. It details the platforms of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties, highlighting their contrasting views on the economy, government power, and foreign relations. The section also covers the Quasi-War with France, which was sparked by French aggression against American shipping and the XYZ Affair, a diplomatic incident that further strained relations between the two nations. The Alien and Sedition Acts, passed in response to the XYZ Affair, are also discussed, along with their impact on American politics and the rise of the Democratic-Republicans.
📚 Review and Preview of the Jefferson Era
In this concluding paragraph, the script reviews key points from the previous discussion, including the British and Spanish encouragement of Native American attacks on American settlers, the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the French Revolution's impact on American politics, and the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties' positions on various issues. It also reviews the Quasi-War with France and the XYZ Affair, as well as the Alien and Sedition Acts. The paragraph ends with a preview of the upcoming discussion on the Jefferson era, encouraging viewers to subscribe for the next installment of the series.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Federalist era
💡Whiskey Rebellion
💡Thomas Jefferson
💡Alexander Hamilton
💡Northwest Territory
💡Impressment
💡Jay's Treaty
💡French Revolution
💡Quasi-War with France
💡XYZ Affair
💡Alien and Sedition Acts
Highlights
The Federalist era continued with the presidencies of George Washington and John Adams.
European nations, including Britain, were not ready to relinquish North America.
George Washington's presidency saw the creation of the executive branch and the establishment of a strong federal government.
Cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had contrasting visions for the United States.
Hamilton advocated for a strong federal financial policy, while Jefferson opposed it, fearing it favored manufacturers over farmers.
The Whiskey Rebellion was a significant event where President Washington used military force to enforce law.
Western expansion led to early challenges for the new nation as settlers moved into the Northwest Territory.
Native Americans, encouraged by the British and Spanish, attacked American settlers in the Northwest Territory.
General Anthony Wayne's victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers led to the Treaty of Greenville, securing land for settlers.
The French Revolution divided American support, with some favoring the French and others the British.
Washington's neutrality proclamation aimed to keep the U.S. out of European conflicts.
Jay's Treaty with Britain was unpopular, especially among Jefferson's Republicans.
The Pinckney Treaty with Spain allowed the U.S. to use the Mississippi River and ship from New Orleans.
Washington's Farewell Address warned against permanent alliances and the dangers of political parties.
Washington's retirement set a precedent for a peaceful transfer of power and a two-term limit for future presidents.
The election of 1796 was the first contested presidential election, with John Adams and Thomas Jefferson as candidates.
The XYZ Affair, where French agents demanded bribes, led to public outrage and a quasi-war with France.
The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed in response to the XYZ Affair, targeting immigrants and free press.
The rise of political parties, the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, reflected differing views on national governance and economy.
Transcripts
hi welcome back to Mr Raymond's Social
Studies Academy where today we will look
at part two of the Federalist era
covering the presidencies of George
Washington and John Adams in previous
lessons we learned how the United States
won their independence from Britain with
the Treaty of Paris but today we'll see
how European nations including the
British were not ready to give up on
North America last time we looked at the
newly created executive branch with our
new president George Washington sworn in
in 1789 in New York City and we saw how
two members of his cabinet Thomas
Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had
very different Visions for how the
United States should be run Hamilton
wanted to encourage a strong federal
financial policy creating the national
bank and enacting tariffs or taxes on
Imports both of which Jefferson and his
followers were worried favored
manufacturer ERS and Traders over
Southern Farmers finally we learned how
President Washington put down a
rebellion that had Arisen over these
economic policies using the military to
enforce the law in what was known as the
Whiskey Rebellion demonstrating to the
country that this was a more powerful
federal government than it had been
under the Articles of Confederation
again we need to learn how Washington
and Adams dealt with the early
challenges faced by our Republic and
today we'll focus more on the foreign
policy and the rise of political
factions and just a remind our teachers
that this PowerPoint with a wide variety
of activities are available at Teachers
Pay Teachers just click the link of the
notes below this video or search for Mr
Raymond Social Studies Academy at
Teachers Pay Here are some key terms
that we will be using during this lesson
impressment partisan Alien and Sedition
so hit pause if you want to write down
these definitions so let's start with
Western expansion by 1790 settlers had
been pouring into the area of land
between the Appalachian Mountains and
the Mississippi River within a few years
Kentucky and Tennessee would become
States meanwhile tens of thousands more
poured into what was known as the
Northwest Territory and this led to some
early challenges for America after
Washington had used Force to shut down
the Whiskey Rebellion he set his sights
on European and Native American problems
in the Northwest Territory the British
and Spanish had been encouraging the
Native Americans to attack American
settlers Washington signed treaties with
the Native Americans promising them land
in the Northwest Territory when settlers
ignored these treaties and moved into
this region anyway the two groups
attacked each other this territory was
surrounded by the British to the North
and the Spanish to the South the natives
of the Northwest Territory rallied
behind a chief of the Miami people named
little turtle who formed A Confederacy
with the shaune Delaware and other
native bands they were determined to
protect their lands from further white
settlements and they would Ambush
General Arthur St Clare's Army who was
sent out by Washington after a
devastating loss in what is known as St
Claire's defeat in which 600 US soldiers
were killed in 1791 the Americans again
turned to France oping their Alliance
might help them gain control of the West
however in response the British built a
fort in present day Ohio and encourage
more Native American attacks again the
British did not want to give up this
territory and this would not be settled
until the War of 1812 in 1794 Washington
turned to General Anthony Wayne who had
earned the nickname Mad Anthony in the
Revolutionary War for his military
exploits and a fiery personality during
the Battle of Fallen Timbers Wayne
destroyed the Native Americans near
present day Toledo Ohio the Native
Americans were forced to sign the Treaty
of Greenville surrendering most of
present day Ohio these were the first in
many treaties the Native Americans would
be forced to sign throughout the 1800s
giving up land to American settlers
meanwhile events in Europe were changing
drastically in 1789 the French
Revolution broke out at first most
Americans applauded the French in
following their lead of declaring
Revolution however as the revolution
became more bloody Americans became
divided in their support for the French
after King Louis V 16th and queen Marie
Antoinette literally lost their heads
other monarchical European nations panck
in 1793 England and France were back at
war with each other and the American
public and politicians became divided
over for who to support the French who
had backed Us in the revolution or the
British our recent adversary Washington
hoped to stay neutral the French
Revolution became an issue which would
help divide these new burgeoning
political parties factions had broken
out behind those who supported Hamilton
known as the Federalist and Jefferson's
supporters called the Democratic
Republicans who mostly called themselves
Republicans although this party had
nothing to do with either today's
Democrats or Republicans the Federalists
for the most part favored England in
this conflict and Republicans favored
the French both the French and the
British wanted the Americans to help
them fight the war the French tried to
recruit Americans while the British
tried to block trade with the French
President Washington issued a
proclamation of neutrality but this
Proclamation didn't hold much weight the
British began capturing American ships
and forcing Sailors to join the British
Navy in a practice called impressment
this greatly angered many Americans
Washington sent the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court John Jay to negotiate a
treaty with the British known as Jay's
Treaty it called for quote Amity or
friendship Commerce and navigation in
other words Freedom of the Seas
Washington's agreement with the British
was very unpopular with some especially
Jefferson's Republicans worried after
the J treaty that the US and Britain
might take over their North American
Holdings the Spanish signed pink KN
treaty this allowed the US to use the
Mississippi River and ship from New
Orleans this was a treaty applauded by
Western Farmers despite the unpopularity
of Jay's Treaty Washington kept the
United States out of war after 8 years
as President Washington stepped down as
our first first executive in his
farewell address he warned Americans to
quote steer clear of permanent alliances
with any portion of the foreign world
this policy of neutrality would last in
America for a long time mostly up until
the world wars in the 1900s by stepping
down after two terms as president
Washington established a precedent that
no future president would break until
1941 when Franklin WR Roosevelt began
his third term signed in 1947 following
Roosevelt the 22nd amendment was passed
making it law that presidents could only
serve two terms but it speaks to the
reputation of Washington that no future
president except one would want to break
that precedent established by the father
of America of course his retirement
demonstrated one more important concept
it demonstrated what we call the
peaceful transfer of power that is the
American system Washington returned to
his beloved Mount Vernon where he died 3
years later in 1799 he had at times
reluctantly served his country since
1775 his sacrifices in holding together
this fledgling Union truly earned him
the title of father of the country in
his will he decreed that his 300 slaves
would be freed upon the death of his
wife so who would lead next with this
remarkable transfer of power the
question faced the nation over who would
take over as president this was another
test of the American democratic system
in a time where violence and family
lineage usually decided the next
executive by now political parties were
in full effect political parties were
often called factions in those days and
two groups had evolved made up those who
supported Alexander Hamilton's economic
policies again the Federalist and those
who supported Jefferson and a less
powerful national government and those
were the Democratic Republicans while
there is nothing about political parties
in the Constitution some felt that it
was a natural progression for those who
held different positions on the issues
most of the public didn't like parties
and even George Washington had warned
about the danger of political factions
or parties exclaiming the need to watch
out for the quote banful effects of the
Spirit of party here's a look at where
the two parties differed while
Federalists thought the national
government was Supreme Republicans
thought it was the state governments who
should be more powerful Federalists
favored manufacturing while Republicans
farming Federalists thought power should
be held by the wealthy the educated the
business owners and Republicans thought
that all male land owners should have
power Federalists like tariffs
Republicans hated them and finally
Federalists wanted a loose
interpretation of the Constitution with
its implied powers and Republicans
wanted a strict interpretation with the
government only having those powers
expressed in the Constitution by the way
many of these issues are exactly the
same ones that modern Democrats and
Republicans argue about today if you
want an easy way to remember think
Federalists believing that manufacturing
and trade were the basis of national
wealth and power while Republicans
believe believed in an agrarianism or
that farmers who are land owners are
independent with ideal social values and
make up the best of what America should
be all of this would take us to the
election of
1796 the election of 1796 was the first
contested presidential contest the
Federalist nominated Vice President John
Adams while the Democratic Republicans
rallied around Thomas Jefferson anger
over Jay's Treaty by those who favored
France almost gave the election to
Jefferson but Adams won by 71 to 68
electoral votes the way the Electoral
College worked in those days Jefferson
would become the vice president Adams
would inherit what would become called
the Quasi war with France angered by the
J treaty the French started intercepting
American ships and while some
Federalists called for war with France
Adam sent John Marshall Charles pikney
and Elbridge giri to negotiate peace in
1797 there they were to meet with French
foreign minister Charles Maurice to
tally Rand however Scandal would break
out around this Mission when three
agents saying they represented T Rand
told the Americans that they would need
a bribe of
$250,000 and a $12 million loan Adams
told Congress about the event referring
to the agents as X Y and Z and this
event became known as the XYZ Affair
Americans became outrage this cartoon
from the time depicted the event the
United States is represented by the
women being plundered by the French and
the group of men to the right represent
the European nations watching many
American citizens began demanding war
with France in response to the XYZ
Affair Congress suspended trade with
France and told us ships to capture
French vessels in essence the two
countries were at War this Quasi War
with the French impacted Politics as
well Adams was able to avoid war and
sign a treaty with France but the
conflict had become extremely political
Federalists who again often sided with
the British and suffered the political
consequences of Jay's Treaty now saw a
chance to pounce on the Republicans here
we see a fight that broke out on the
floor of Congress in which Federalist
Roger Griswald attacked Democratic
Republican Matthew Lion at the height of
anger with the French the Federalist
Congress pushed through a set of laws
known as the Alien and Sedition Acts
aliens are people living in the US who
are not citizens and Sedition is when
you print or say bad things about the
government the alien Acts were aimed at
French and Irish immigrants who were
often anti-british and often voted
Republican the Sedition Act was meant to
avoid rebellions but allow
Anti-Federalist newspaper writers to be
arrested for printing bad things about
them and some were sadly in times of war
or crisis immigrants and the Free Press
have sometimes been targets up next
we're going to look at how backlash of
the alien sedition acts as well as the
Federalists gave rise to the age of
Jefferson and that's where we'll pick up
next time but before we do let's review
what did the British and Spanish
encourage the native Americans to do to
American settlers attack them when the
Americans turned to France for help with
the British and Spanish what did the
British do they built a fort in Ohio and
they encouraged more Native American
attacks What battle did General Anthony
Wayne defeat the Native Americans in the
Battle of Fallen Timbers what event
broke out in Europe in 1789 which would
have a major impact on American and
European Politics the French Revolution
which side did the Federalist favor
between the British and the French the
British which side did Washington favor
in the war between the British in the
French neither he wanted to stay neutral
what controversial treaty stopped the
British from capturing our ships and
forcing our Sailors to join their Navy
the J treaty what did Washington warn
about in his farewell address foreign
alliances and political parties what
were the two major parties that
developed behind Jefferson and and
Hamilton the Federalist and the
Democratic Republicans which party
favored manufacturing the Federalist
which party favored agriculture that's
easy the Democratic Republicans which
party wanted a more powerful national
government the Federalists what was it
called when the United States was
essentially at war with France the Quasi
War what was the scandalous event called
when the French min ERS tried to get the
US to bribe them the XYZ Affair what
laws were passed by the Federalist in
response to the XYZ Affair the Alien and
Sedition Acts and that's it I want to
thank you guys for watching be sure to
subscribe because up next we're going to
look at the Jefferson era and just a
reminder teachers at this PowerPoint
with worksheets Smartboard activities
quizzes Cahoots guided notes flip class
video and additional resources are
available at teacher space teachers just
click the link of the notes below this
video or search for Mr Raymond Social
Studies Academy at Teachers Pay Teachers
keep up that good work guys and you're
going to ace that exam
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