Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Summary
TLDRIn this video, Rafael discusses Krashen's five hypotheses on second language acquisition: Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, Monitor Hypothesis, Input Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, and Natural Order Hypothesis. The script highlights the importance of meaningful interaction, natural communicative input, and affective variables like motivation and self-confidence in language learning. It also touches upon the silent period and the natural progression of language acquisition, emphasizing the need for an understanding of these theories to enhance teaching practices.
Takeaways
- 📚 Krashen's theory consists of five main hypotheses: Acquisition-Learning, Monitor, Input, Affective Filter, and Natural Order.
- 🧠 The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis suggests two systems: subconscious acquisition and conscious learning.
- 🗣️ Language acquisition occurs through meaningful interaction, focusing on communication rather than form.
- 📈 The Monitor Hypothesis explains how learned knowledge can correct and improve spontaneous language production.
- 🕒 Effective use of the Monitor requires sufficient time, focus on form, and knowledge of rules.
- 👥 Different learners have varying Monitor usage: optimal, over, and under users, influenced by personality traits.
- 🌐 The Input Hypothesis posits that language acquisition progresses with input slightly beyond the learner's current competence.
- 🔄 The Affective Filter Hypothesis states that motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety affect language acquisition.
- 📅 The Natural Order Hypothesis indicates that language structures are acquired in a predictable sequence.
- 🔄 Errors in language use can be corrected by providing more input containing the targeted structure.
- 🤫 The Silent Period is a phase where learners understand without speaking, important for language acquisition without pressure.
Q & A
What are the five main hypotheses of Krashen's theory of second language acquisition?
-The five main hypotheses of Krashen's theory are: 1) The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, 2) The Monitor Hypothesis, 3) The Input Hypothesis, 4) The Affective Filter Hypothesis, and 5) The Natural Order Hypothesis.
What is the difference between language acquisition and language learning according to Krashen?
-Language acquisition is a subconscious process similar to how children acquire their first language, focusing on meaningful interaction. Language learning is a conscious process resulting from formal instruction and focuses on conscious knowledge about the language, such as grammar rules.
How does the Monitor Hypothesis explain the relationship between acquisition and learning?
-The Monitor Hypothesis states that the acquisition system initiates speech, while the learning system acts as a monitor or editor, which corrects deviations and polishes speech under certain conditions: sufficient time, focus on form, and knowledge of the rules.
What are the three specific conditions that allow the monitor to function effectively?
-The three conditions are: 1) sufficient time, 2) focus on form, and 3) knowledge of the rules.
What does the Input Hypothesis suggest about the role of input in language acquisition?
-The Input Hypothesis suggests that learners improve and progress when they receive input that is one step beyond their current linguistic competence.
How does the Affective Filter Hypothesis relate to the success of language acquisition?
-The Affective Filter Hypothesis posits that variables such as motivation, self-confidence, anxiety, and personal traits play a facilitative role in language acquisition. High motivation, self-confidence, and extroversion are conducive to success, while low motivation, anxiety, and introversion can hinder it.
What does the Natural Order Hypothesis propose about the acquisition of grammatical structures?
-The Natural Order Hypothesis proposes that grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable order, with some structures being acquired earlier than others. It also accounts for student errors as a part of the learning process.
What is the Silent Period in second language acquisition?
-The Silent Period is a phase where learners acquire language knowledge by listening and understanding without producing speech. It is a receptive phase where learners should not be pressured to speak until they are ready.
How does Krashen suggest correcting students' mistakes in language acquisition?
-Krashen suggests providing more input containing the structure in question as the best way to correct students' mistakes, rather than consciously organizing the order of language items.
What is the significance of understanding Krashen's hypotheses for language teachers?
-Understanding Krashen's hypotheses helps language teachers improve their practices by promoting meaningful interaction, providing comprehensible input, and understanding the natural process of language acquisition, including the silent period.
What does Krashen recommend for designing a language syllabus?
-Krashen recommends designing a syllabus based on topics, functions, and situations rather than organizing language items consciously.
Outlines
📚 Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition
Rafael introduces Krashen's theory of second language acquisition, which comprises five main hypotheses. These are the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, Monitor Hypothesis, Input Hypothesis, Affective Filter Hypothesis, and Natural Order Hypothesis. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis explains the difference between language acquisition (subconscious, similar to first language learning) and language learning (conscious, formal instruction). The Monitor Hypothesis discusses the relationship between acquisition and learning, with the acquisition system initiating speech and the learning system acting as an editor under specific conditions: sufficient time, focus on form, and knowledge of rules. Krashen also identifies different types of language learners based on their use of the monitor. The Input Hypothesis suggests that language acquisition progresses naturally when learners receive input slightly beyond their current linguistic competence. The Affective Filter Hypothesis posits that motivation, self-confidence, and other affective variables facilitate language acquisition, while low motivation and high anxiety can impede it. Lastly, the Natural Order Hypothesis states that the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a predictable sequence, and errors are a natural part of this process.
🗣️ The Silent Period and Language Acquisition
This paragraph discusses the Silent Period in language acquisition, a phase where learners understand and absorb language without speaking. It emphasizes the importance of not pressuring students to speak before they are ready and allowing them to naturally progress to a point where they feel confident to participate orally. The paragraph concludes by stressing the importance of understanding theories to improve teaching practices, focusing on meaningful interaction, providing comprehensible input, and respecting the natural learning process, including the silent period. It suggests that these practices help in planning classes effectively and naturally.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Hypotheses
💡Acquisition Learning Hypothesis
💡Monitor Hypothesis
💡Input Hypothesis
💡Affective Filter Hypothesis
💡Natural Order Hypothesis
💡Silent Period
💡Comprehensible Input
💡Motivation
💡Self-Confidence
💡Anxiety
Highlights
Krashen's theory consists of five main hypotheses about second language acquisition.
The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis states two independent systems of foreign language performance: language acquisition and language learning.
Language acquisition is a subconscious process similar to children acquiring their first language.
Language learning is a conscious process resulting in conscious knowledge about the language.
The Monitor Hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and learning and defines the influence of the latter on the former.
The Monitor acts in a planning, editing, and correcting function under specific conditions: sufficient time, focus on form, and knowledge of the rules.
Krashen distinguishes language learners based on monitor use: over-users, under-users, and optimal users.
The Input Hypothesis suggests that learners improve when they receive input slightly beyond their current linguistic competence.
Natural communicative input is key to designing a syllabus according to the Input Hypothesis.
The Affective Filter Hypothesis states that motivation, self-confidence, anxiety, and personal traits play a role in second language acquisition.
High motivation and self-confidence facilitate language acquisition, while low motivation and anxiety can impede it.
The Natural Order Hypothesis suggests a predictable order for the acquisition of grammatical structures.
Mistakes in language learning can be corrected by providing more input containing the structure in question.
The Silent Period is a receptive phase where learners acquire language knowledge by listening and understanding without producing it.
It's important not to pressure students to speak during the Silent Period; they should begin to speak when they are ready.
Understanding the Silent Period helps in planning classes and allowing students to participate orally at their own pace.
Krashen's theories are essential for improving language teaching practices and understanding the student's learning process.
Meaningful interaction in the target language and comprehensible input are necessary for language acquisition.
Motivating students and understanding their learning process will help plan classes effectively.
Transcripts
hello this is rafael
today we are talking about the five
hypotheses
of krashen's theory of second language
acquisition
this theory consists of five main
hypotheses
number one the acquisition learning
hypothesis
number two the monitor hypothesis number
three
the input hypothesis number four
the effective filter hypothesis and
number five
the natural order hypothesis
[Music]
the acquisition learning hypothesis
according to prussian there are two
independent systems
of foreign language performance number
one the language acquisition
and number two the language learning
the language acquisition is the product
of a subconscious process
very similar to the process children
undergo when they acquire their first
language
it requires meaningful interaction in
the target language
that is natural communication
here speakers are concentrated not in
the form
of their utterances but in the
communicative act
the language learning it is the product
of formal instruction
so it is a conscious process which
results in conscious knowledge
about the language for example knowledge
of grammar rules
it is necessary to say that a deductive
approach in a teacher center setting
produces learning while an inductive
approach in a student-centered setting
leads to acquisition
to monitor hypothesis
it explains the relationship between
acquisition
and learning and defines the influence
of the letter on the former
according to crushing the acquisition
system is the utterance initiator
while the learning system performs the
role of the monitor
or the editor this monitor acts in a
planning
editing and correcting function where
three specific conditions
are met the three
specific conditions are sufficient time
focus on form and knowledge of the rules
so the role of the monitor it is to
correct deviations
from normal speech and to give speech
a more polished appearance russian
[Music]
crushing also identifies language
learners with regard to monitor
use he distinguishes those learners that
use the monitor
all the time over users those learners
who have not learned
or who preferred not to use their
conscious knowledge
under users and those learners that use
the monitor
appropriately optimal users usually
extroverts are on their users while
introverts
and perfectionists are over users
lack of self-confidence is frequently
related to the
overuse of the monitor
the input hypothesis
it is crashing's attempt to explain how
second language acquisition takes place
according to this hypothesis the learner
improves and progresses
along the natural order when he receives
second language input
that is one step beyond his current
stage of linguistic
competence here we discovered that
natural communicative input
is the key to designing a syllabus
the affective filter hypothesis
this hypothesis says that a number of
affective variables play a facilitative
with no causal role in second language
acquisition
these variables include motivation
self-confidence anxiety and
personal traits russian claims that
learners with high motivation
self-confidence a good self-image
a loud level of anxiety and extroversion
are better equipped for success in
second language
acquisition on the contrary
low motivation low self-esteem anxiety
introversion and inhibition can raise
the effective filter
and form a mental block that impedes
language acquisition
so for acquisition to take place
positive effect is necessary but not
sufficient
on its own natural
order hypothesis
[Music]
this hypothesis suggests that the
acquisition of grammatical structures
follows a natural order which is
predictable
for a given language some grammatical
structures
tend to be acquired early while others
late this hypothesis also accounts for
students mistakes and errors that is
students make mistakes when the
structure used
has not been completely acquired
however students can use their learned
competence to modify their production
so the best way to correct the students
mistakes
is to provide more input containing the
structure
in question we must
then take into consideration that we
don't need
to change the order of presentation of
language items
in fact russian suggests that we present
the language without
any conscious effort to organize it
on the contrary he recommends a syllabus
based on topics
functions and situations
the silent period
[Music]
this is a receptive moment in which
learners acquire some
language knowledge by only listening and
understanding without
producing here is important not pressure
students to speak
after a while they should begin to speak
making sense
when the student is ready to speak
that's when deciding period for that
student
will end at this point
the student will have the confidence to
participate orally
in class we will still make mistakes
when speaking conclusion
it is necessary to know the theories to
improve our practices
it is always important to start a
meaningful
interaction in the target language by
means of natural communication
comprehensible input is necessary for
the acquisition of the language
knowing aspects like the silent period
give us an idea to
understand the student's process of
learning
and motivating all these
aspects will help us to plan our class
get the most out of the situation and do
it in a natural way
[Music]
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video please
give me a big thumbs up
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