Historia de la farmacia (parte 2)

EVILAF Escuela Para Farmaceuticos

25 Jan 201712:24

Summary

TLDRThis script explores the transformative journey of pharmacy from the Renaissance to the modern era, highlighting key figures like Paracelsus who advocated chemical treatments for diseases. It discusses the introduction of new substances from the New World, the development of pharmacopeias as symbols of governmental health protection, and the impact of scientific advancements on drug discovery and pharmaceutical practices. The script also touches on ethical principles and consumer protection in drug regulation, emphasizing the continuous evolution of pharmaceuticals for human health.

Takeaways

🌟 The Renaissance marked a significant shift in scientific thought, with Paracelsus introducing chemical processes to medicine, emphasizing the chemical nature of vital processes and the therapeutic use of chemicals.
🔍 Paracelsus prepared a variety of chemical substances and tinctures, advocating for treating diseases rather than just symptoms, which was in stark contrast to the Galenic approach of 'cure by contraries'.
🌿 The exploration of the New World led to the introduction of new substances into Europe, which were included in the first official pharmacopeias of England, Germany, Russia, and Portugal, expanding the range of available medicinal remedies.
📚 The development of pharmacopeias in the Modern Era symbolized government intervention in public health, ensuring the quality and safety of prescribed medications.
💉 The smallpox vaccine and advancements in pharmaceutical education, as well as the purification and remodeling of pharmacopeias, were key events that shaped the field of pharmacy.
🌱 The use of medicinal plants like colchicum, aconite, and stramonium highlighted the importance of botanicals in pharmaceutical development.
🛠️ The Industrial Revolution greatly impacted pharmacy, with the manufacturing of remedies moving from individual pharmacies to industrial laboratories, and the chemical industry taking over the production of synthetic drugs.
🏭 The patent system and the introduction of Registered Trademarks facilitated the growth of pharmaceutical advertising and the sale of over-the-counter drugs, sometimes with exaggerated therapeutic claims.
🔬 The 20th century saw further scientific and technological advancements in pharmacy, including the synthesis of new compounds, the study of hormones and neurotransmitters, and the development of chemotherapy and immunology.
🛡️ Ethical principles and consumer protection led to the establishment of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which enforces drug safety and efficacy through regulatory measures.
🚀 The future of pharmacy is expected to continue evolving with the development of new drugs, analogs of existing products, and advancements in molecular biology that will refine therapeutic techniques.

Q & A

What significant changes occurred during the Renaissance that led to a revolution in the field of medicine?
-During the Renaissance, there were major changes that led to a revolution in medicine, such as the introduction of chemical processes in vital processes by Paracelsus, who believed that studying chemistry could lead to curing diseases, and the introduction of chemical substances for therapeutic purposes.
Who was Paracelsus and what was his contribution to the field of medicine?
-Paracelsus was a scientist who introduced the use of chemical substances for therapeutic purposes. He prepared various compounds through distillation and extraction processes, including metals like sulfur, lead, iron, antimony, and copper. He also prepared alcohol tinctures and a variety of extracts, advocating for the treatment of diseases rather than just symptoms.
What concept did Paracelsus introduce that was in opposition to the Galenic concept of 'cure by contraries'?
-Paracelsus introduced the concept of 'like cures like', which was in direct opposition to the Galenic concept of 'cure by contraries'. This meant treating the disease itself rather than just the symptoms.
How did the exploration of the New World impact the development of the Western pharmacopeia?
-The exploration of the New World allowed for a large number of substances to be introduced to Europe by various European navigators. These substances were included in the first official pharmacopeias approved in England, Germany, Russia, and Portugal, significantly expanding the range of available remedies.
What role did the government play in the development of pharmacopeias during the early Modern Age?
-In the early Modern Age, pharmacopeias became a symbol of government intervention in the protection of public health. They ensured that pharmacists dispensed prescribed medicines, thus guaranteeing the quality and safety of medications.
What was the significance of the use of the word 'pharmacy' and the development of a more complex science as reflected in the pharmacopeias of London and Paris?
-The use of the word 'pharmacy' and the development of a more complex science in the pharmacopeias of London and Paris signified the professionalization and formalization of the field. It reflected the growing understanding and sophistication in the preparation and use of medicinal substances.
How did the scientific and technological advancements of the 19th century impact the practice of pharmacy?
-The scientific and technological advancements of the 19th century had a direct impact on pharmacy by discovering new substances for better treatment of diseases. The industrialization of medicine and pharmacy led to the manufacturing of remedies moving from the pharmacy office to industrial plants, and the tasks of research and production of drugs were assumed by the industry.
What was the role of 'chemical druggists' in the development of British pharmacy in the 19th century?
-The 'chemical druggists', a group of professionals, questioned the hegemony of traditional pharmacists and their professional labor, which was similar to that of the apothecaries. They were instrumental in the development of British pharmacy in the 19th century and its subsequent evolution.
What were some of the key developments in the field of pharmacy and medicine in the 20th and 21st centuries?
-In the 20th and 21st centuries, key developments included new processes of organic chemical synthesis leading to new groups of compounds and potentially unlimited new drugs, the study of substances like hormones and neurotransmitters, the start of chemotherapy, the development of immunology, the discovery of new drugs, and new forms of drug administration that increased the efficacy and safety of medical treatments.
How has the ethical aspect and consumer protection influenced the development of the pharmaceutical industry?
-The ethical principles and consumer protection led to the creation of laws such as the one that established the Food and Drug Administration in the United States. This ensures the efficacy and safety of medications through health registrations, protecting consumers and maintaining high standards in the pharmaceutical industry.
What is the future outlook for the pharmaceutical industry and the development of new drugs?
-The future of the pharmaceutical industry will continue to see the development of not only new drugs but also analogs of existing products. The contribution of molecular biology to pharmacology will be significant, with the perfection of techniques to identify biological targets for therapeutic intervention.

Outlines

00:00

🌟 Renaissance and the Birth of Modern Pharmacy

The first paragraph discusses the significant changes during the Renaissance that led to a 'true Revolution' in the field of medicine. It highlights the contributions of Paracelsus, who introduced the idea that vital processes are chemical and that chemistry could provide cures for diseases. Paracelsus used chemical substances for therapeutic purposes, preparing compounds through distillation and extraction, including metals and alcohol tinctures. He opposed the Galenic concept of 'cure by contraries' and proposed treating the disease rather than the symptoms. The paragraph also touches on the introduction of new substances from the New World into European pharmacopeias and the development of pharmacy in the Modern Age, with the government's intervention to protect public health.

05:04

🛠 Industrialization and the Transformation of Pharmaceutical Practices

The second paragraph delves into the radical transformation of pharmaceutical practices during the 19th century. It describes how the manufacturing of remedies moved from individual pharmacies to industrial laboratories, with the industry taking over research and production of drugs. The emergence of patents and registered trademarks, along with the growth of advertising, led to the commercialization of medications. The paragraph also covers the impact of industrialization on pharmacists, the rise of ethical drugs, and the challenges and innovations it brought, such as price reductions and the appearance of drugstores. Furthermore, it outlines the advancements in the 20th and 21st centuries, including new synthesis processes, the study of animal substances, endogenous substances, chemotherapy, immunology, and the development of nuclear medicine.

10:04

🌱 The Evolution of Pharmacy and the Quest for New Active Principles

The third paragraph reflects on the intertwined history of humanity, the pharmaceutical profession, and medication. It emphasizes the continuous search for explanations of natural phenomena and solutions to human ailments. The paragraph highlights the evolution from the discovery of therapeutic properties of substances to new pharmaceutical forms and modern theories. It discusses the ongoing research and development of new active principles and the importance for professionals to stay updated with these advancements. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the role of ethics and consumer protection in the pharmaceutical industry, referencing the creation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to ensure the efficacy and safety of medications.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Renaissance

The Renaissance refers to a period of cultural, artistic, political, and economic rebirth in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. In the context of the video, it signifies the emergence of new scientific ideas and practices, such as the chemical processes of vital functions and the use of chemical substances for therapeutic purposes, as mentioned with Paracelsus and his contributions to medicine.

💡Paracelsus

Paracelsus, also known as Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, was a Swiss physician and alchemist of the German Renaissance. He is a key figure in the video as he introduced the concept of treating diseases rather than symptoms and used chemical substances in medicine, marking a significant shift in medical practice.

💡Chemical Substances

Chemical substances in the video script refer to the compounds used by Paracelsus for therapeutic purposes. He prepared these through processes like distillation and extraction, using metals such as sulfur, lead, iron, antimony, and copper. This represents a fundamental change in the approach to medicine, moving towards a more scientific and chemical understanding of treatments.

💡Therapeutic Use

Therapeutic use in the video denotes the application of substances or methods to treat diseases. Paracelsus is highlighted for his innovative approach to using chemical substances therapeutically, which was a departure from the traditional Galenic method of treatment.

💡Homeopathy

Homeopathy is a system of medicine that became prominent in the video's narrative, which is based on the principle of 'like cures like.' It was introduced as an alternative to the conventional allopathic medicine and was in direct opposition to the 'treatment of symptoms' approach, advocating for a more holistic treatment of diseases.

💡Pharmacopoeia

A pharmacopoeia is a book or collection of instructions for the preparation of medicinal drugs. In the video, it is mentioned as a symbol of government intervention in public health, ensuring the quality and safety of medicines. The script also discusses the evolution of pharmacopoeias, including the first official ones in England, Germany, Russia, and Portugal.

💡New World Pharmacy

The term 'New World Pharmacy' in the video refers to the impact of the exploration of the Americas on European medicine. The discovery and introduction of new substances from the New World, such as yekuana, quinoa, coca, and peyote, expanded the range of available medicinal remedies and were included in the first official pharmacopoeias.

💡Modern Pharmacy

Modern Pharmacy in the video represents the advancements in the field from the early modern period, characterized by the development of pharmacopoeias, the use of the term 'pharmacy' in its current sense, and the growth of the profession into a more complex science. It also touches on the role of government in regulating the profession and the impact of the Industrial Revolution on pharmaceutical practices.

💡Chemical Revolution

The Chemical Revolution in the video script signifies the period of significant advancements in chemistry that had a direct impact on pharmacy. It led to the discovery of new substances and the development of new pharmaceutical compounds, which improved the treatment of various diseases.

💡Industrialization of Medicine

Industrialization of Medicine in the video refers to the shift from individual pharmacists preparing medicines to the mass production of pharmaceuticals in industrial plants. This change led to the standardization of drug production, improved quality, and the development of synthetic drugs, which transformed the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy practice.

💡Ethical Principles

Ethical Principles in the context of the video relate to the professional and legal standards that ensure the efficacy and safety of medications. The script mentions the creation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an example of government regulation to protect consumers and ensure ethical practices in the pharmaceutical industry.

Highlights

The Renaissance marked a period of significant changes, leading to a true Revolution in the field of medicine.

Philippus Bombastus von Hohenheim, known as Paracelsus, introduced the concept that vital processes are chemical in nature and that chemistry could provide cures for diseases.

Paracelsus used chemical substances for therapeutic purposes, including distillation and extraction of compounds from metals like sulfur, lead, iron, antimony, and copper.

He also prepared alcohol tinctures and a variety of extracts, advocating for remedies specific to each disease.

Celso introduced the concept of treating the disease rather than the symptoms, in opposition to the Galenic concept of 'cure by contraries' or allopathic medicine.

The exploration of the New World led to the introduction of many substances to Europe, which were included in the first official pharmacopeias of England, Germany, Russia, and Portugal.

Flora from the East Indies provided a wealth of remedies, including yekuna, quinoa, coca, and others.

In the Modern Age, pharmacopeias became a symbol of government intervention in public health, ensuring the preparation of prescribed medicines by pharmacists.

The use of the word 'pharmacy' evolved, reflecting the development of a more complex science as seen in the pharmacopeias of London and Paris.

The smallpox vaccine was a significant advancement in the field of medicine.

Improvements in pharmaceutical education, depuration, and remodeling of the pharmacopeia were key developments.

Research on animals and patient trials increased the medicinal utility of many plants, such as colchicine, aconite, and stramonium.

The chemical revolution and the social consolidation of pharmacy led to the separation of spice merchants from pharmacists and a change in professional titles.

The development of 19th-century British pharmacy was influenced by 'chemical druggists' who questioned the hegemony and professional practices similar to those of apothecaries.

Scientific and technological developments in the 19th century directly impacted pharmacy, with new substances being discovered for better treatment of human diseases.

The role of proteins in nutrition was discovered, thanks to the work of English scientists like Willan Bran, who first characterized albumin, and others who discovered amino acids.

The discovery of alkaloids, glycosides, and halogenated compounds allowed for the improvement of purity, activity, standardization, and dosification of compounds.

The industrialization of medicine and pharmacy in the 19th century led to the manufacturing of remedies moving from the pharmacy office to industrial plants.

The patent and registered trademark emerged, promoting the growth of pharmaceutical advertising and the sale of over-the-counter drugs.

The 20th century brought new changes in medicine and pharmacy, with new synthesis processes in organic chemistry leading to new compounds and seemingly unlimited new drugs.

The study of substances like hormones and neurotransmitters, the development of chemotherapy, immunology, and other areas of pharmaceutical research expanded the field.

Nuclear physics gave rise to nuclear medicine, and new drug administration methods increased the efficacy and safety of medical treatments.

The market for pharmaceuticals included over 70 recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies, highlighting the industry's significant role in drug discovery.

Ethical principles and consumer protection led to the creation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, ensuring the efficacy and safety of medications.