Electrochemical biosensors

Summary

This video delves into electrochemical biosensors, highlighting their composition and functioning. It emphasizes their application in detecting cancer biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. The script also discusses the advantages of these biosensors, such as rapid detection, non-invasive sample analysis, and the potential for personalized medicine. The technology's impact on early cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring is underscored, along with ongoing advancements in the field.

Takeaways

• 🔬 Electrochemical biosensors use electrochemical methods to detect and measure biomarkers in biological samples.
• 🌐 They consist of a biological recognition element, a transducer, and a signal processor.
• 🏥 Applications include detecting cancer biomarkers, such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) and CA-125 for ovarian cancer.
• 🔋 Types of electrochemical biosensors include amperometric, potentiometric, and impedometric.
• 🧬 The detection process involves the binding of biomarkers to a recognition element, triggering a redox reaction that generates an electrical signal.
• 📈 The signal's magnitude is proportional to the concentration of the biomarker in the sample.
• 🏅 Advantages include high sensitivity and specificity, rapid detection, and the potential for non-invasive sampling.
• 🌟 They enable early cancer detection and personalized treatment approaches.
• 📈 Electrochemical biosensors can also detect mutations associated with certain types of cancer.
• 📱 Some biosensors are portable, allowing for on-site or point-of-care testing.
• 🔬 Ongoing research is focused on improving sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, as well as developing multiplexed and wearable biosensors.

Q & A

What are electrochemical biosensors?

Electrochemical biosensors are devices that use electrochemical principles to detect biological molecules or analytes. They consist of a biological recognition element, a transducer, and a signal processor.

How do electrochemical biosensors work?

Electrochemical biosensors work by detecting the interaction between an electrode and an analyte of interest. This interaction generates a signal that can be detected and quantified.

What are the main components of an electrochemical biosensor?

The main components of an electrochemical biosensor are: a biological recognition element (such as an antibody, enzyme, or DNA probe), a transducer (which converts the recognition event into a measurable signal), and a signal processor (which amplifies, filters, and analyzes the electrical signal).

What types of electrochemical biosensors are mentioned in the script?

The script mentions amperometric, potentiometric, and impedometric biosensors as types of electrochemical biosensors used in clinical diagnostics.

How do amperometric biosensors measure the presence of an analyte?

Amperometric biosensors measure the current produced by a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction between the target analyte and an electrode.

What is the purpose of the recognition element in electrochemical biosensors?

The recognition element in electrochemical biosensors is a molecule such as an antibody, enzyme, or DNA probe that is specific to the analyte of interest. It ensures that only the target analyte interacts with the biosensor.

How are electrochemical biosensors used in detecting cancer biomarkers?

Electrochemical biosensors are used to detect cancer biomarkers by designing them with a recognition element specific to the biomarker. When a biological sample is added to the biosensor, the biomarker binds to the recognition element, causing a change in the electrochemical signal that can be measured.

What is the significance of detecting cancer biomarkers using electrochemical biosensors?

Detecting cancer biomarkers using electrochemical biosensors is significant because it enables early detection and monitoring of cancer, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment.

What advantages do electrochemical biosensors offer in detecting cancer biomarkers?

Electrochemical biosensors offer advantages such as high sensitivity and specificity, rapid detection, the ability to detect biomarkers in non-invasive samples, and the potential for on-site or point-of-care testing.

Are there any FDA-approved electrochemical biosensor tests for cancer biomarkers?

Yes, there are FDA-approved electrochemical biosensor-based diagnostic tests for detecting cancer biomarkers, such as the Alexis CA 125 assay for ovarian cancer and the Enamine DX Target test for multiple cancer types.

What are some of the current research areas in the field of electrochemical biosensors?

Current research areas in the field of electrochemical biosensors include improving sensitivity and specificity, developing multiplexed biosensors for detecting multiple biomarkers simultaneously, and creating wearable biosensors for continuous health monitoring.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Electrochemical Biosensors

This paragraph introduces the topic of electrochemical biosensors, explaining what they are and their application in detecting cancer biomarkers. It discusses the advantages of these biosensors and the current state of the field. The paragraph clarifies terminologies related to electrochemical methods and biosensors, emphasizing their importance in clinical chemistry for detecting and measuring biomarkers in biological samples. The components of an electrochemical biosensor are outlined: a biological recognition element, a transducer, and a signal processor. The paragraph also explains the different types of electrochemical biosensors used in clinical diagnostics, such as amperometric, potentiometric, and impedometric biosensors, and how they function to detect biological molecules.

05:02

🧬 How Electrochemical Biosensors Work

This paragraph delves into the working mechanism of electrochemical biosensors, using the detection of a cancer biomarker in a biological sample as an example. It describes the process of designing a biosensor with a recognition element specific to the biomarker, the binding of the biomarker to the recognition element, and the subsequent change in the electrochemical signal that can be measured and quantified. The paragraph also provides a specific example of using electrochemical biosensors to detect prostate-specific antigen (PSA), explaining the immobilization of the anti-PSA antibody or aptamer on the electrode surface, the introduction of the sample, the binding event, the redox reaction and current generation, and finally, the amperometric detection of the generated current.

10:03

🌟 Applications and Advantages of Electrochemical Biosensors

The final paragraph highlights the applications of electrochemical biosensors in detecting cancer biomarkers, such as CA125 for ovarian cancer and the BRAF V600E mutation in melanoma. It mentions the Enamine Diagnosis Target Test and the Exodx Prostate IntelliScore EPIT test as examples of FDA-approved diagnostic tests using these biosensors. The paragraph outlines the advantages of electrochemical biosensors, including their high sensitivity and specificity, rapid detection capabilities, non-invasive sample analysis, the ability to detect biomarkers associated with different cancer stages and types, and the potential for on-site or point-of-care testing due to their small and portable nature. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the potential of electrochemical biosensors to improve cancer diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes, and notes the ongoing research and development in the field, including the exploration of nanobiosensors and wearable biosensors for real-time health monitoring.

Keywords

💡Electrochemical biosensors

Electrochemical biosensors are devices that use electrochemical principles to detect biological molecules or analytes. They are composed of a biological recognition element, a transducer, and a signal processor. In the context of the video, these biosensors are highlighted as tools for detecting cancer biomarkers with high accuracy. For instance, they are used to detect prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a biomarker for prostate cancer.

💡Biological recognition element

A biological recognition element is a molecule such as an antibody, enzyme, or DNA probe that is specific to the analyte of interest. In electrochemical biosensors, this element is crucial for selectively binding to the target analyte, such as a cancer biomarker. The video script mentions antibodies specific to PSA as an example of a biological recognition element.

💡Transducer

The transducer in an electrochemical biosensor is responsible for converting the recognition event into a measurable signal, such as an electrical current, voltage, or impedance. This component is essential for translating the biological interaction into a form that can be quantified and analyzed, as discussed in the video in relation to the detection of PSA.

💡Signal processor

The signal processor amplifies, filters, and analyzes the electrical signal generated by the transducer to provide a quantitative measurement of the analyte. It plays a critical role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the biosensor's output, which is vital for precise cancer biomarker detection as described in the video.

💡Amperometric biosensors

Amperometric biosensors measure the current produced by a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction between the target analyte and an electrode. They are one of the types of electrochemical biosensors mentioned in the video and are used to detect cancer biomarkers like PSA by measuring the electrical current generated during the redox reaction.

💡Potentiometric biosensors

Potentiometric biosensors measure the potential difference between two electrodes in the presence of the analyte. This type of biosensor is mentioned in the video as another method used in clinical diagnostics, complementing amperometric biosensors in detecting various biomarkers.

💡Impedimetric biosensors

Impedimetric biosensors measure the change in impedance or resistance caused by the binding of the analyte to the recognition element. This type of biosensor is highlighted in the video as a tool for detecting changes in electrical properties upon the binding of cancer biomarkers.

💡Cancer biomarkers

Cancer biomarkers are biological molecules found in blood, tissue, or other body fluids that indicate the presence of cancer. The video focuses on the use of electrochemical biosensors for detecting such biomarkers, which can aid in cancer diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and early detection.

💡PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

PSA is a protein produced by the prostate gland, and elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer. The video script provides PSA as a specific example of a cancer biomarker detected using electrochemical biosensors, demonstrating the practical application of this technology.

💡Calibration curve

A calibration curve is used to relate the signal produced by an electrochemical biosensor to the concentration of the analyte. In the context of the video, a calibration curve for PSA is generated from known concentrations to quantify the amount of PSA in a sample, illustrating the biosensor's analytical process.

💡Point of care testing

Point of care testing refers to medical tests that are performed at or near the site of patient treatment. The video mentions portable electrochemical biosensors that enable on-site testing, which can be particularly beneficial in remote or resource-limited settings for rapid cancer biomarker detection.

Highlights

Electrochemical biosensors use electrochemical methods to detect and measure biomarkers in biological samples.

They consist of a biological recognition element, a transducer, and a signal processor.

Electrochemical biosensors are used for rapid and sensitive detection of disease biomarkers like glucose and cholesterol.

Types include amperometric, potentiometric, and impedometric biosensors.

Amperometric biosensors measure current produced by redox reactions.

Potentiometric biosensors measure potential difference between electrodes in the presence of analyte.

Impedometric biosensors measure changes in impedance caused by analyte binding.

Electrochemical biosensors can detect cancer biomarkers in complex biological samples with high accuracy.

An example is the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using amperometric biosensors.

The detection process involves immobilizing anti-PSA antibodies, introducing the sample, and measuring the electrical signal.

Electrochemical biosensors can detect cancer biomarkers such as CA125 in ovarian cancer.

They can also detect mutations associated with certain types of cancer, like the BRAF V600E mutation in melanoma.

The Enamine DX Target test uses electrochemical biosensors to detect multiple cancer biomarkers simultaneously.

The ExoDX Prostate IntelliScore EPIT test measures multiple RNA biomarkers in urine for prostate cancer risk assessment.

Electrochemical biosensors offer high sensitivity and specificity for detecting cancer biomarkers.

They provide rapid detection, allowing for timely clinical decisions.

Some biosensors can detect biomarkers in non-invasive samples, reducing patient discomfort.

They can detect specific biomarkers associated with different cancer stages and types for personalized treatment.

Some electrochemical biosensors are small and portable, allowing for on-site testing.

The field is evolving with ongoing research focused on improving sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

Nanobiosensors and multiplexed electrochemical biosensors are areas of active research.

Wearable electrochemical biosensors can continuously monitor health conditions in real-time.

Electrochemical biosensors have potential applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety testing.

Transcripts

welcome to this video on electrochemical

biosensors in this video we'll explore

what electrochemical biosensors are how

they work and their application in

detecting cancer

biomarkers we'll also discuss some of

the advantages of electrochemical

biosensors and the current state of the

field so let's get started before we

dive into this topic let's clarify some

terminologies on electrochemical methods

and

biosensors electrochemical methods in

clinical chemistry refer to the use of

electrochemistry to detect and measure

certain analytics or biomarkers in

biological samples these methods rely on

the interaction between an electrode and

the analyte of Interest the interaction

will generate a signal that can be

detected and

Quantified in clinical chemistry

biosensors are commonly used for the

rapid and sensitive detection of disease

biomarkers such as glucose cholesterol

and various

proteins the electrochemical biosensors

that we discuss today are devices that

will use electrochemical principles to

detect biological molecules or analytes

they're composed of three main

components a bi ological recognition

element a tranducer and a signal

processor the biological recognition

element is a molecule such as an

antibody enzyme or DNA probe that is

specific to the analyte of

Interest the tranducer converts the

recognition event into a measurable

signal such as an electrical current

voltage or impedence the signal

processor amplifies filters and analyzes

the electrical signal generated by the

tranducer to provide a quantitative

measurement of the analyte of

interest there are several types of

electrochemical biosensors we use in our

clinical Diagnostics like amperometric

potentiometric and impedometric

biosensors amperometric biosensors

measure the current produced by a Redux

reduction oxidation reaction between the

Target analyte and an electrode while

potentiometric biosensors measure the

potential difference between two

electrodes in the presence of the

analyte impeded metric biosensors

measure the change in impedence or

resistance caused by The Binding of the

analyte to the recognition

element let's take a closer look at how

electrochemical biosensors work imagine

that we want to detect a cancer

biomarker in a biological sample such as

blood or urine we would design an

electrochemical biosensor with a

recognition element such as an antibody

that is specific to the cancer biomarker

when we add the biological sample to the

biosensor the cancer biomarker in the

sample will bind the recognition element

on the biosensor surface this binding

event causes a change in the

electrochemical signal which can be

measured and

Quantified so as we can see by measuring

this change in signal

we can determine the concentration of

the cancer biomarker in the sample this

is a powerful tool for cancer diagnosis

and treatment monitoring as it enables

us to detect cancer biomarkers in

complex biological samples with high

accuracy now let's take a look at a

specific example of using

electrochemical biosensors to detect

cancer

biomarkers electrochemical biosensors

for detecting prostate specific antigen

or PSA have been developed as an

alternative or complimentary method to

Conventional PSA detection techniques

such as enzymelinked immunoabsorbent

assays or

elisas in the case of a PSA amperometric

biosensor the working principle can be

explained as follows the immobilization

of anti-psa antibody or aptamer the

first step involves immobilizing a

specific anti-psa antibody or timer onto

the surface of a working electrode which

is usually made of material such as gold

platinum or carbon the immobilization

can be achieved through various methods

such as calent bonding physical

absorption or self assembled monolayers

or

Sams this immobilization ensures that

the bi biological recognition element

the anti-psa antibody or aptamer is

selectively and staely attached to the

electrode

surface next is the introduction of the

sample when a sample containing PSA for

example blood serum is introduced to the

biosensor the PSA molecules in the

sample bind selectively to the

immobilized anti-psa antibody or aptamer

on on the electrode surface this binding

event is specific and selective ensuring

that only PSA molecules interact with

the biological recognition

element next is Redux reaction and

current Generation The Binding event

between PSA and the immobilized anti-psa

antibody or timer triggers a Redux

reaction at the electrode surface this

Redux reaction often involves an

electron mediator such as ferine or

other Redux active molecules which

facilitates the transfer of electrons

between the electrode and the biological

recognition element as a result an

electrical signal is generated which is

proportional to the amount of PSA bound

to the electrode surface fourth is

amperometric detection the generated

current is measured using an ampermeter

which records the current as a function

of time or applied potential the

magnitude of the current signal is

directly proportional to the

concentration of PSA in the sample the

size of the signal produced by an

electrochemical biosensor in response to

PSA depends on several factors including

the sensitivity and selectivity of the

biosensor the concentration of PSA in

the sample and the experimental

conditions generally a higher

concentration of PSA in the sample will

result in a larger signal from the

biosensor but the specific threshold for

detection may vary depending on the

specific biosensor and assay design the

signal produced by the biosensor is

typically Quantified by comparing it to

a calibration curve generated from known

concentrations of PSA electrochemical

biosensors have several applications in

detecting cancer biomarkers let's

explore some of these applications in

more detail one example is the detection

of cancer biomarker

ca125 in ovarian cancer ca15 is a

protein that is overexpressed in ovarian

cancer making it a useful biomarker for

early detection and monitoring of the

disease an electrochemi luminescent

amuno aay such as an Alexus ca25 to

amuno aay can be used to detect

ca25 in human serum or plasma with high

sensitivity and

specificity another example is the

detection of mutations associated with

certain types of cancer such as the BF

v600e mutation in melanoma

electrochemical biosensor-based kits

such as the BF v600e detection kit can

be used to detect this mutation in tumor

samples with high

accuracy in addition to these examples

there are many other applications of

electrochemical biosensors in detecting

cancer biomarkers for for instance the

enamine diagnosis Target test is an

invitro diagnostic test that uses

electrochemical biosensors to detect

multiple cancer biomarkers

simultaneously in form Malin fixed

paraffin embedded tumor tissue this test

has been approved by the FDA for use in

certain types of

cancer another example is the exodx

prostate intelliscore epit test which is

an electrochemical biosensor based test

that measures multiple RNA biomarkers in

urine to provide a non-invasive

assessment of prostate cancer risk this

test has been showed to have high

sensitivity and specificity and has the

potential to improve prostate cancer

screening and diagnosis overall

electrochemical biosensors offer a

highly selective and specific method for

detecting cancer biomarkers in

biological samples this technology has

the potential to revolutionize cancer

diagnosis and treatment monitoring by

enabling early detection and

personalized treatment approaches

electrochemical biosensors offer a lot

of advantages in detecting cancer

biomarkers first they are high

sensitivity and specificity

electrochemical biosensors can detect

very low concentrations of cancer

biomarkers in biological samples with

high accuracy and specificity making

them an excellent tool for early cancer

detection

secondly electrochemical biosensors can

provide rapid detection of cancer

biomarkers allowing for timely clinical

decisions and

interventions thirdly some

electrochemical biosensors can detect

cancer biomarkers in non-invasive

samples such as urine or breath reducing

patient discomfort and improving

compliance also electrochemical

biosensors can detect specific

biomarkers associated with different

cancer stages and types eniz

personalized treatment

approaches lastly some electrochemical

biosensors are small and portable

allowing for on-site or point of care

testing in remote or resource limited

settings in conclusion electrochemical

biosensors offer a promising technology

for the detection and monitoring of

cancer biomarkers with the potential to

improve cancer diagnosis treat treatment

and patient outcomes the field of

electrochemical biosensors for detecting

cancer biomarkers is rapidly evolving

with ongoing research and development

focused on improving sensitivity

specificity and accuracy there are

currently several electrochemical

biosensor based diagnostic tests

approved by Regulatory Agencies such as

the FDA for use in detecting cancer

biomarkers including the Alexis CA

1252 amuno aay for ovarian cancer and

enamine DX Target test for multiple

cancer types researchers are also

exploring new electrochemical biosensor

Technologies such as nanobiosensors to

further enhance the performance of these

devices in addition there is ongoing

work to develop multiplexed

electrochemical biosensors that can

detect multiple cancer biomarkers

simultaneously enable in more

comprehensive cancer diagnosis and

monitoring another area of research is

the development of wearable

electrochemical biosensors these

biosensors can be worn on the body and

can continuously monitor anal light such

as glucose lactate or cortisol in real

time this technology has the potential

to revolutionize personalized Medicine

by enabling realtime monitoring of

health conditions and personalized treat

treatment

approaches in conclusion electrochemical

biosensors are powerful tools for

detecting cancer biomarkers and other

analytes in biological samples they

offer High sensitivity and specificity

as well as rapid realtime

detection with continued research and

development electrochemical biosensors

have the potential to improve cancer

diagnosis and treatment monitoring as

well as a wide range of other

applications in clinical Diagnostics

environmental monitoring and food safety

testing thank you for

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