Pandita Ramabai | Biography Series | Socio-Religious Reform Leaders | Modern History for UPSC/IAS
Summary
TLDRPandita Ramabai Saraswati, a trailblazing 19th-century Indian woman, defied societal norms by mastering Sanskrit and advocating for women's education and rights. As a scholar, social reformer, and Christian convert, she lectured globally, established organizations like Arya Mahila Samaj, and founded Sharda Sadhana, a pioneering school for women. Despite facing criticism and personal tragedies, her influential work, including 'The High-Caste Hindu Woman,' contributed significantly to women's advancement, earning her recognition and honors.
Takeaways
- 📜 Pandita Ramabai Saraswati was a trailblazing Indian woman who challenged societal norms and promoted women's rights in the 19th century.
- 🌟 As a scholar, she was exceptionally learned in Sanskrit, a language traditionally reserved for Brahmin men, and became a social reformer advocating for women's education.
- 🚫 She broke the mold by marrying outside her caste, remaining in public view as a widow, and choosing to convert to Christianity.
- 🌍 Ramabai was a global advocate for women's rights, traveling to Britain, the United States, Japan, and Australia to give lectures and teach Sanskrit and Marathi.
- 👨👩👧👦 Born in 1858 in South Karnataka, her father Anand Shastri Dongre's unconventional life and teachings heavily influenced her own path.
- 🏡 Her father's ashram, a residential school for Brahmin boys, was where she received her early education and was inspired to challenge traditional gender roles.
- 📚 Despite facing opposition, she established the Arya Mahila Samaj in 1882, the first organization for women's rights in Maharashtra, aiming to eradicate harmful customs like child marriage.
- 🏆 Recognized for her contributions, she was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal by the British colonial government and honored with a commemorative stamp by the Government of India.
- 📚 Her book 'Stri Dharma Niti' (Morals for Women) and 'The High-Caste Hindu Woman' provided deep insights into the plight of women in Hindu society and advocated for change.
- 💔 Tragedy struck when her daughter Manorama, her devoted helper, passed away in 1921, which deeply affected Ramabai.
- 🕊️ Pandita Ramabai Saraswati passed away on April 5, 1922, leaving behind a legacy of social reform and women's empowerment that continues to inspire.
Q & A
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati是谁?
-Pandita Ramabai Saraswati是一位印度女性学者、社会改革家和基督教徒,她因倡导女性教育和参与公共事务而闻名。她是19世纪印度的杰出女性,打破了许多限制高级种姓印度教女性的规则和传统。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati在印度社会中有哪些争议性的行为?
-Ramabai Saraswati在印度社会中的争议性行为包括:学习梵文(通常只有婆罗门男性才能学习)、跨种姓婚姻、作为寡妇公开露面、以及决定自己改信基督教。她的这些行为在当时的社会背景下是非常激进和非传统的[^1^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati的教育背景是什么?
-Ramabai Saraswati在一个非传统的家庭环境中接受教育,她的父亲Anand Shastri Dongre是一位梵文学者,他教授她梵文。她能够背诵成千上万的梵文文本,并且精通八种语言。她的教育方式与当时的常规学校教育不同,更侧重于教学和崇拜[^1^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati是如何推动女性教育的?
-Ramabai Saraswati是女性教育的积极倡导者,她在印度各地巡回演讲,谈论女性权利。她在英国学习,并在美国、日本和澳大利亚进行演讲。她还在她的母语马拉地语和梵文教学。她在印度建立了几个教育机构,包括Arya Mahila Samaj和Sharada Sadhana,为女性提供正规的学校教育和职业培训[^1^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati为什么要改信基督教?
-Ramabai Saraswati改信基督教是由于对印度教的失望,特别是对女性待遇的不满。她在英国期间接触了基督教,并在1883年9月29日在英格兰Wantage的一个教堂接受了洗礼。她的改信在印度引起了广泛的争议和关注[^4^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati的海外经历对她的思想有什么影响?
-Ramabai Saraswati的海外经历,特别是在英国和美国的生活,让她接触到了不同的文化和社会观念。这些经历加深了她对女性权利和教育的认识,并影响了她对印度教和社会传统的批判。她的旅行经历也为她提供了一个更广阔的视角来看待女性在社会中的地位[^3^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati的著作有哪些?
-Ramabai Saraswati写了几本书,包括《妇女道德规范》(Stri Dharma Niti)和《印度高级种姓妇女》(The High Caste Hindu Woman)。这些作品批判了印度教对女性的压迫,并提出了改革的建议。她的作品在提高女性权利意识方面发挥了重要作用[^5^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati在印度建立了哪些教育机构?
-Ramabai Saraswati在印度建立了几个重要的教育机构,包括Arya Mahila Samaj和Sharada Sadhana。这些机构为女性提供教育和培训,旨在提高她们的社会地位和自给自足的能力。她的教育机构特别关注寡妇和未婚女孩的教育[^5^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati的个人生活是怎样的?
-Ramabai Saraswati的个人生活充满了挑战和悲剧。她的父母、兄弟姐妹、丈夫和女儿都过早地去世了。她的丈夫Bipin Behari Das Medhavi是一个非婆罗门的孟加拉律师,他们的婚姻打破了种姓障碍。她的个人经历,包括对印度教传统的失望,最终促使她改信基督教[^5^]。
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati的遗产和影响是什么?
-Ramabai Saraswati的工作对女性教育和权利产生了深远的影响。她的教育机构继续为女性提供教育和支持。她的书籍和演讲提高了对女性权利问题的认识。此外,她的工作也对印度的早期五旬节运动产生了影响,她的贡献在印度的社会改革运动中留下了深刻的印记[^5^]。
Outlines
🌟 Pandita Ramabai: A Pioneering Scholar and Reformer
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati was a trailblazing figure in 19th century India, defying societal norms as a scholar, social reformer, and Christian convert. She advocated for women's education and rights, traveling extensively to lecture on these issues. Born in 1858 to a progressive father who valued education for women, she was a rarity in her time for her mastery of Sanskrit and her public defiance of caste and widow remarriage customs. Her work was groundbreaking, challenging the status quo and inspiring change.
📚 Unconventional Education and Early Influences
Ramabai's father, Anand Shastri Dongre, was a nonconformist who imparted a unique education to his daughter, diverging from traditional schooling. Despite facing hardship and famine, Ramabai's education was rigorous, focusing on memorization of Sanskrit texts. Her father's progressive views on women's education and his refusal to arrange a child marriage for her were formative. However, the family's financial struggles and her father's eventual death deeply affected Ramabai.
🌐 Encounters with Christianity and Social Reform
In Calcutta, Ramabai was exposed to new ideas, including Christianity, though initially unimpressed. Her brother's death and her own struggles led her to question Hinduism. She married outside her caste, causing societal uproar, and later established the Arya Mahila Samaj to advocate for women's rights. Despite facing criticism, she persisted in her reform efforts, her work marking a significant step towards women's empowerment in India.
🌍 International Recognition and Challenges
Ramabai's journey to England in 1883 was pivotal, as she sought to raise awareness about Indian women's plight. Her petition, 'The Cry of Indian Woman,' aimed to reach Queen Victoria. Despite facing personal challenges like failing health and the suicide of a close friend, she converted to Christianity, viewing it as a protest against Hinduism's discrimination. Her complex relationship with Christianity was characterized by selective adoption of its tenets.
🏆 Achievements and Legacy
Ramabai's efforts were recognized with awards and honors, including the Kaiser-i-Hind medal. Her book 'Stri Dharma Niti' provided guidance for women on social roles. 'The High-Caste Hindu Woman' became a feminist manifesto, highlighting societal cruelty towards women through proverbs. Despite personal losses, including her daughter's death, Ramabai's legacy endures, with a road in Mumbai named after her and a commemorative stamp issued by the Indian government.
📖 Literary Contributions and Final Years
Ramabai's literary works, including 'Sridhar Niti' and 'The High-Caste Hindu Woman,' were influential, advocating for women's rights and critiquing societal norms. Her final years were marked by the loss of her daughter and her own deteriorating health. She passed away in 1922, leaving behind a significant impact on women's rights and education in India.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Pandita Ramabai Saraswati
💡Sanskrit scholar
💡Social reformer
💡Christian convert
💡Women's education
💡Child widows
💡Intercaste marriage
💡Arya Mahila Samaj
💡Sharada Sadhana
💡The High Caste Hindu Woman
Highlights
Pandita Ramabai Saraswati was a controversial Indian woman who challenged societal norms.
She was a Sanskrit scholar and a social reformer who advocated for women's rights.
Ramabai was a Christian convert and a trailblazer for women's education.
She broke traditions by learning Sanskrit, marrying out of caste, and remaining in public view as a widow.
Ramabai was a vocal proponent of women's education and public participation.
She traveled extensively, lecturing on women's rights and teaching Sanskrit and Marathi.
Ramabai was born in South Karnataka and her father was a significant influence on her unconventional life.
Her father, Anand Shastri Dongre, was a Sanskrit scholar who defied caste rules.
Ramabai's mother, Lakshmi Bai, was taught Sanskrit at a young age, setting a precedent for Ramabai's education.
Ramabai's father's progressive views on education and opposition to child marriage shaped her beliefs.
She received an unconventional education, learning Sanskrit texts from her parents.
Ramabai's family faced hardship, including a severe famine and the death of her father.
She was awarded the titles Pandita and Saraswati for her knowledge of Sanskrit and Hindu religious texts.
Ramabai's first encounter with Christianity occurred during her stay in Bengal.
She established the Arya Mahila Samaj, the first organization for women's social reform in Maharashtra.
Her overseas journey to England was a pivotal moment in her life and career.
In England, Ramabai drafted a petition titled 'The Cry of Indian Woman' to bring attention to women's oppression.
Ramabai and her daughter Manorama embraced Christianity, adopting new names.
She opened the Sharda Sadhana residential school for upper-caste women, offering education and vocational training.
Ramabai's daughter Manorama's death deeply affected her, leading to her own death shortly thereafter.
Her book 'Stri Dharma Niti' provided advice for women on their social roles and marriage.
Her work 'The High-Caste Hindu Woman' became an unofficial feminist manifesto and sold 10,000 copies within a year.
Ramabai was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal and recognized with a commemorative stamp by the Government of India.
A road in Mumbai is named after her in honor of her contributions to women's advancement.
Transcripts
the most controversial indian woman of
our times
a sanskrit scholar a social reformer a
christian convert
who tried to improve women's life with a
unique life path
meet pandita ramabai saraswati
pandita ramabai had caused ruckus at a
sabha in puna where she said and i quote
women can do anything a man can except
drink alcohol
panita ramabai broke nearly every rule
and tradition
that confined the life of an upper caste
hindu woman in the 19th century india
she was the rare woman who had learned
sanskrit
because sanskrit study was reserved for
brahmin men
the rare brahman woman to marry out of
caste
the rare widow who remained in public
view defying customs
and the rare indian woman to decide on
her own to convert to christianity
at a time
when women were confined to their homes
pandita ramabai was an outspoken
advocate of women's education as well as
participation in public affairs
she traveled across india
giving lectures on women's rights
she studied in britain and the united
states gave lectures in japan and
australia and taught sanskrit
as well as her mother tongue marathi
most remarkably for her time
pandita ramabai chartered these parts
as a single woman and a single mother
pandita rama by saraswati was born on
23rd of april
1858 in south karnataka which was then
part of the madras presidency
here her father
anand shastri dongre he had built an
ashram right in the middle of the forest
it was a residential school where
brahman boys were taught sanskrit
in presenting ramabai's life
we cannot ignore the legacy of our
father
her father
led an unconventional yet eventful life
and his life definitely influenced his
daughter's future choices as well as her
mindset
in order to understand ramabai's future
activities i'll briefly cite some
biographical information about her
father
anand shastri dongri
was born in a chitpavan brahman family
but he did not follow his cast rules
rigidly
anand sasri was trained as a sanskrit
scholar
by ram chandra shastri satay
mr satay was also the teacher of the
last peshwa of the maratha empire who
was he
bajirao too
during his years at puna
anand shastri heard varanasi bhai
varanasi bhai was peshwa's wife
she was reciting sanskrit verses in the
peshwa's palace this was surprising
because it was breaking all the cars
rules as the knowledge of sanskrit the
divine language was reserved only for
the brahmin men
this fact deeply impressed the young
anand shastri dongre
the year was 1818
and the peshwas lost political power
ananshastri then came back to his home
and tried to teach sanskrit to his first
wife but this attempt immediately failed
why because the members of the family
objected why because it went against the
then cars rules or should we say it went
against the existing cast rules
prevalent at that time
but anand shastri succeeded
succeeded in this task with his second
wife
the nine-year-old lakshmi bai
and lakshmi bai is the mother of pandita
ramabai
anand shasri dongri
married
lakshmi bhai when he was 44
lakshmi bhai she was the daughter of
another troubling bravana pilgrim
who was looking for husbands for his two
daughters
such a marriage with a huge age gap was
not uncommon in that society
where brahman girls they were obliged to
get married before puberty
and widowers could remarry even late in
life
while widows of any age were strictly
forbidden to get married again even if
they were the child widows ramabai's
father
he used to perform expensive religious
rituals
this led to
worsening of the financial status of the
family
this also ruined his health
ramabai later
criticized these meaningless rituals but
she would always appreciate
two very important and progressive
aspects of her father's thought number
one his insistence on giving his
daughters an education and number two
his decision
not to arrange a child marriage for
pandita ramabai
now listen to me carefully
if child marriages were common then why
did ramabai not marry
in her childhood
because her elder sister's child
marriage failed
her elder sister krishna bhai she was
married to a boy but with an agreement
what was this agreement
that the boy will stay with the bride
at her place and be educated with her
but as soon as the ceremony got over
the boy was taken home by his parents
and spent the following years without
cultivating his faculties and basically
doing nothing
13 years later
he went to claim his wife
and sued the bride's family in the court
[Music]
why because they had refused
to let their precious daughter
go and live with such a worthless man
he won the case
and the young woman was obliged to go
with him
but very soon
ramabai's sister died due to cholera
when pandita ramabai was eight
her father was almost 70.
so the task of educating ramabai was now
carried out by ramabai's mother
lakshmibai
what ramabai had to do
memorize
thousands of lines of sanskrit texts
because printed books were not available
this is where it becomes interesting
ramabai received
peculiar
and unconventional kind of education
received education at home
was taught by her parents
and this unconventional kind of
education differentiates ramabai from
other contemporary brahmin men
like m.j ranade
bal ganga darth
katie telang
all of them went to regular schools
studied english as their families wanted
them to pursue a career in either
administration or judiciary
ramabai and her brother she also had a
brother
the name was srinivas
ramabhai and her brothers surinamas they
were not trained to become professionals
they followed what was traditionally
meant for brahmanas which is
teaching and worship
the family was staying in
madras presidency
the place was hit by a severe famine
the family suffered from malnutrition as
well
as they did not want to beg for food
they started eating leaves or forestries
anand shastri decided to take his life
by performing something called jal
samadhi
what is jal samadhi basically a practice
which consists of drowning oneself
but does not count as suicide
but he was stopped
by his son
his son now decided to do menial work to
support his family
despite this initiative
the weak and aged anand shastri
died of exhaustion in the year 1877
and his wife lakshmi
followed him a few months later she died
as she couldn't bear the death of her
husband
but she also died of starvation the
family was starving for food
the year was again
1878
when the siblings
ramabai and her brother visited calcutta
and here the cultural and the
intellectual elite of calcutta welcomed
them
and in fact praised ramabai's knowledge
of sanskrit the knowledge of hindu
religious texts
she was later examined by
a group of sanskrit scholars
who awarded her the titles of pandita
which basically means a woman scholar
the title of saraswati the goddess of
learning
during her stay in bengal presidency
ramabai was asked to give both
public lectures on women
and private speeches for women in their
homes
and her main sources were the hindu
texts and the mythology
she was also introduced to the brahmos
samaj of
it was during her stay in bengal
that ramabai had her first encounter
with
christianity
she was invited to attend a christian
service but this event did not impress
her much
she was also gifted a sanskrit bible
even this did not impress her
another very important
social reformer of that time
bengali keshav
that you should also study the vedas
initially ramabai thought
that vedas are prohibited for women
but then she also read upanishads
and slowly and steadily she felt a
general dissatisfaction with her
religion
but then
in the year 1880
her brother also died
the sudden death of her brother
further alienated ramabai from her
religion
ramabai was 22
completely alone in the world
without any economic support
her brother surinamas had a friend
bapu bipin bihari das medavi
he proposed ramabai for marriage
she accepted
but bipin bihari was a bengali he was
not a brahmana
this was an intercast marriage
the society was not receptive to the
idea of an intercast marriage
the young couple
then moved to celcher
which is an assam
and in 1881 one year later the couple
welcomed their daughter manorama
but then tragedy
struck ramabai again
she was 23 when bipin bihari her husband
died of an illness
leaving her alone
with their year-old daughter
manorama
talking about the contributions of
pandita ramabai
three things need to be kept in mind
number one
the establishment of arya mahila samaj
number two the establishment of sharda
sadhana
and ramabai's various
literary works
ramabai's actual reform
or reform career started with the
setting up of the first organization for
women in maharashtra
named
arya mahila samaj the year was
1882
the place
puna
what was the objective of the society
the aim was
to discuss
and eradicate customs like child
marriage
the cruel treatment
that was given to the child widows and
the widows in general the lack of
education for women
the association
used to conduct meetings
and organize lectures on various topics
concerning women
and when women meet
and interact with other women it also
establishes a support network which
ultimately benefits the women this
incredible first attempt promoted by a
woman
to discuss with women
about social reforms concerning women
was revolutionary
but what was the reaction
of the general society
towards the establishment of as such an
institution
the establishment of
arya mahila samaj was welcomed by
liberal figures such as mg ranadi
but it was also criticized
it received strong criticism from
someone like baal gangadhar tilak
bal gangada
was pandita ramabai's harshest critics
and opponents throughout her long career
in the social field
in ksari
which is the marathi newspaper which was
launched by baal gangada tilla
in the year 1882
ksari published an opinion piece
which read and i'm quoting from the
newspaper
in real life
it is the task of men to eradicate these
and many other evils and customs
prevalent in our society
women cannot interfere with them for
many years to come
even if they are the panditas
and have reached the ultimate stage of
reform
our women will have to submit to male
control for a long time to come this was
the opinion piece published in kasari in
1882
with the arya mahila
what did ramabai want
she wanted to raise women's awareness
about their unhappy domestic and social
conditions
urging them to free themselves from the
male oppression
but
but but
the social experiment
of arya mahila samaj did not find the
actual support it needed to flourish
you need people's support for success
maybe
the time was not yet ripe
for such a feminist organization
unfortunately not only the brahmin men
but also women disregarded and
criticized ramabai's radical views of
that time
but one of the most important
and pivotal events in ramabai's life and
career
is our first overseas journey to england
in the year 1883 in april
she has described this journey in a long
letter addressed to mr s p kelker
mr kalkar
he was the secretary of mumbai's
praarthana samaj he was also a dear
friend of ramabai
this letter
can be considered one of the first
examples of treblog
written in modern marathi
the letter
starts with the ramabai listing all the
reasons for her coming to england
look at the courage of ramabai
she troubled alone
with her baby daughter
and only one female friend
who was this friend
anandibai
bhagat
[Music]
so ramabai
her daughter manorama and her friend
anandibai bhagat traveled to london in
london
she met sister geraldine
with whom
she had a long but difficult
relationship all her life
in london she drafted a petition
that too in marathi
and the title of this petition was the
cry of indian woman
[Music]
this petition was in marathi
in this petition
she described the oppression of indian
women in all their stages of life
she wanted to have this petition
translated into english
so that it can be brought to the
attention of queen victoria
and other eminent political figures of
the time
so in london basically
she spoke of the problems and the issues
faced by the women in india
one reason
why she left for england with her
daughter in 1883 was to study medicine
but she was told that she could not
become a doctor
why
because of her increasing deafness
instead
she enrolled in a teaching program at
the cheltenham college cheltenham ladies
college where she taught marathi and
sanskrit
but ramabai's stay in england
was marked by depression
some say
it was a consequence of few troubling
events
event number one
ramabai's failure to enter the medical
college because of her severe as well as
incurable deafness
event number two
the early hardships of her life
lost her parents
sister brother husband starvation
event iii
her friend committed suicide by
consuming poison
ramabai now
along with her daughter manorama
embraced christianity
they were both given new christian names
marry rama for
ramabai
and manorama baby for manorama
sister geraldine
a key figure in ramabai's life
she served as witness
and became ramabai's spiritual godmother
so let's look at something else
pandita ramabai's relationship with
christianity
her relationship with christianity was a
long and a complex one
influenced by many factors
on one hand
was disillusionment with hinduism
on the other hand the attraction of a
new faith
and this new faith christianity promised
salvation to all
without discrimination
ramabai saw
her own conversion
as a protest against the inherent
discrimination against women in hinduism
ramabai's conversion
it mostly received as expected negative
reactions strong reactions in india
especially by the press
fully
another very important social religious
reform leader of that time he was
perhaps the only supporter
he congratulated ramabai on her
conversion
citing her as an example of freedom
against what he called the oppressive
practices and norms
inflicted on women by hinduism
but something interesting
although ramabai embraced christianity
yet she continued to wear indian dress
yet she remained a vegetarian
she started questioning christianity as
well and this angered the christians
they felt here is a convert
instead of blindly following and
embracing the new religion
ramabai is engaging in a theological
debate
but our critics
fail to understand the real ramabai
ramabhai was rational
it was rationalism which made her reject
the hindu faith and the same rationalism
is ensuring
that she does not fully accept the new
religion
rather what she did
she selectively adopted some of the
aspects of the christian faith
this led
to a rift with sister geraldine that's
why i told you that she had a long but
difficult relationship with sister
geraldine all her life
in december
1885
pandita ramabai received a letter
and this letter from
dr
bodley
dr rachel bodley
she was the dean of a medical college of
pennsylvania which is located in
philadelphia in united states of america
dr rashel invited pandita ramabai
that could you please attend the
graduation of ramabai's distant cousin
anandi by joshi
in the year 1886
when ramabai arrived in the united
states
she was received and perceived as an
internationally renowned advocate for
indian women's advancement
she gave a first speech
on 12 march 1886
and she obtained immediate success among
the american people who admired her
personality admired her mission
in the year 1889
pandita ramabai arrived in bombay
less than a month after her arrival
ramabai was able to open
her residential school
for uppercast women primarily
the institution the residential school
sharda southern
or home of learning
this was inaugurated
on 11th of march 1889
and it gained a lot of publicity and
recognition in local newspapers of
bombay as well as puna
this institution
was the first one of its kind in india
because it was opened for brahmin women
widows
but also admitted unmarried girls
the institution offered regular school
education but also remarkably vocational
training
like teachers training
nursing etc
in fact the opening of this residential
school
was praised by ramabai's critic
said that today our society
has a great need for women like pandita
ramabai
so in fact
the harshest critic of pandita ramabai
baal ganga darth is now praising her
the toughest event
that touched pandita ramabai's life
was her daughter manorama's unexpected
and sudden deterioration of health
the year was 1919 the summer of
1919
probably due to her
hectic work activity she was physically
exhausted
she was also suffering
from a severe heart condition
so she was hospitalized as well
despite the treatments
manorama's condition got increasingly
worse
so she had to be taken back to the
hospital
where she died
she died on 24 july
1921
she had always been her mother's right
hand
an affectionate and devoted daughter
a loyal
and reliable helper
in her mother's mission
in june 1882
panita ramabai published her first
marathi book
titled
sridhar niti or if we translate it in
english means
morals for women
which she dedicated to her late husband
and to her fellow country women
but in this book
rama by
surprisingly
adopted the position of a male reformer
telling women how to perform their
social roles
social roles of wives and mothers
she also gave some pieces of advice
on how to prepare for marriage and to
become a good wife and a good mother
we discussed ramabai's visit to the
united states
the most meaningful event
which marked her american period is the
publication of high caste hindu woman
it was originally written in
marathi
later on it was translated into english
the year was 1887
which rapidly sold 10 000 copies within
a year
this book
can also be considered
as the unofficial indian feminist
manifesto
there are seven chapters in this book
fourth chapter very interesting chapter
is titles of women's plays
in the religion and society
a series of cruel proverbs
which were commonly used by the society
these proverbs are then listed by
ramabai
so that her audience could grasp
how common
how socially acceptable is cruelty
against women
what does that mean
some proverbs
are commonly used
they are so commonly used that we miss
the inherent gender bias in them
ramabai listed some of them in her book
to explain to her audience how
acceptable cruelty against women is in
the society
one such proverb is this
in the form of questions and answers
what's the question
question is what is cruel
answer
the heart of a viper
question what is more cruel than that
answer the heart of a woman
question what is the cruelest of all
answer
the heart of a sunless penniless widow
that's how these
cruel proverbs are depicting the cruel
life of
women in the society
ramabai was an influential figure
an inspiration for many
the british colonial government of india
awarded her quesarei hint
this medal for her distinguished public
service the government of india too
recognized her contribution
by issuing a commemorative stamp
on 26 october
1989
recognizing her contribution towards
women's advancement
furthermore
a road in mumbai
is named in her honor the road
mark
but after the death of our daughter
manorama
ramabai was now completely alone in the
world
with no relatives alive
without her precious only daughter
she was able to endure the painful loss
of her daughter manorama for less than a
year
and on 5th april
1922
after a period of illness and overwork
she died died just a few days before
her 64th birthday
the life of pandita ramabai
saraswati
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