carbon and its compounds Full Chapter in Animation | NCERT class 10 chemistry

Summary

This video explores the significance of carbon and its compounds in daily life, highlighting their presence in common products like food, medicine, and fuels. It delves into the differences between carbon and ionic compounds, focusing on electrical conductivity, melting points, and bonding. The versatile nature of carbon is discussed through properties like catenation, bonding, and formation of hydrocarbons. Additionally, the video explains functional groups, homologous series, and chemical properties like combustion and oxidation. It concludes by discussing everyday uses of carbon compounds, including ethanol, acetic acid, and soap production.

Takeaways

• 🌍 Carbon compounds are essential to everyday life, found in items like toothpaste, soap, food, and fuels.
• 🧪 Carbon exists in both living and non-living things, making up 0.02% of Earth's crust and 0.03% of the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
• ⚡ Carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity because they form covalent bonds, whereas ionic compounds like sodium chloride are good conductors when dissolved or molten.
• 🔥 Carbon compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces, unlike ionic compounds, which have higher melting and boiling points.
• 🧲 Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces between ions, making them solid and hard, while carbon compounds are often gases or liquids at room temperature due to weaker forces.
• 🔗 Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons rather than gaining or losing them, allowing it to form stable compounds with various elements.
• 🔄 Carbon's versatility is due to its ability to form long chains, rings, and multiple bonds with itself, known as catenation, making it capable of forming millions of compounds.
• 🛠 Carbon compounds with single bonds are saturated (like ethane), while those with double or triple bonds are unsaturated (like ethene and ethyne). Unsaturated compounds are more reactive.
• 🔬 Functional groups, such as alcohol, aldehyde, and carboxylic acid, define the chemical properties of carbon compounds by replacing hydrogen atoms in carbon chains.
• 🧼 Soaps are made from carbon compounds and function by using their hydrophobic carbon chains to bind with oily dirt, allowing water-soluble ends to wash it away.

Q & A

What are some everyday products that contain carbon compounds?

Carbon compounds are found in everyday items such as toothpaste, soap, cosmetics, medicines, clothes, and paper. Even the food we eat, like bread, contains carbon compounds.

In what forms is carbon found in the Earth's crust?

Carbon is found in the Earth's crust as carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, coal, and petroleum. These forms are important for energy production and industrial use.

How does carbon dioxide help regulate Earth's temperature?

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (about 0.03%) helps regulate Earth's temperature through the greenhouse effect, which traps heat and supports a stable climate.

Why don't carbon compounds conduct electricity well?

Carbon compounds do not conduct electricity well because they form covalent bonds, where atoms share electrons rather than forming free ions. Without free ions to carry an electric charge, they cannot conduct electricity effectively.

How do the melting and boiling points of carbon compounds compare to ionic compounds?

Carbon compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points due to weaker intermolecular forces. For example, acetic acid boils at 118°C, while ionic compounds like sodium chloride have much higher boiling points, such as 1,143°C, due to strong electrostatic forces.

What is catenation, and how does it contribute to carbon's versatility?

Catenation is carbon's ability to form bonds with other carbon atoms, creating large molecules like chains and rings. This property allows carbon to form a vast number of compounds and is one reason for its versatility.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds?

Saturated carbon compounds have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated carbon compounds contain one or more double or triple bonds. Unsaturated compounds are typically more reactive than saturated ones.

What are structural isomers, and how do they relate to carbon compounds?

Structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. In carbon compounds, this can result in different properties despite having the same formula, such as straight or branched chains.

What is the functional group in ethanol, and what kind of chemical reactions is it involved in?

The functional group in ethanol is -OH (hydroxyl group), making it an alcohol. Ethanol is involved in oxidation reactions, where it can be converted into acetic acid, as well as esterification reactions to produce esters.

How do soaps and detergents clean oily dirt from clothes?

Soap molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) ionic end and a hydrophobic (oil-attracting) carbon chain. The hydrophobic end binds to the oily dirt, while the hydrophilic end dissolves in water, allowing the dirt to be rinsed away when washed.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 The Importance of Carbon in Everyday Life

Carbon and its compounds are essential in many common products like toothpaste, soap, cosmetics, and even food such as bread. Carbon exists in both living and non-living things, making up a small portion of the Earth's crust (0.02%) and atmosphere (0.03% as CO2). Despite its small presence, carbon plays a vital role in life processes, such as photosynthesis, and in industries, as carbonates and hydrocarbons serve as important energy sources.

05:02

⚡ Differences in Electrical Conductivity of Carbon and Ionic Compounds

Carbon compounds, such as methane and ethanol, are poor conductors of electricity due to the covalent bonds that involve electron sharing rather than ion formation. Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, conduct electricity well in solution or molten form due to the free movement of ions. This difference highlights the contrasting electrical behaviors of covalent and ionic compounds.

10:03

🔥 Melting and Boiling Points: Carbon vs. Ionic Compounds

Carbon compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces, like in acetic acid (boiling point 118°C). In contrast, ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, have much higher melting and boiling points (boiling point 1,143°C) due to strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions. This is why carbon compounds are often gases or liquids at room temperature, whereas ionic compounds are solid.

15:04

🔗 Bonding in Carbon: Why Covalent Bonds Are Formed

Carbon cannot easily gain or lose electrons due to its atomic structure (6 protons and 4 valence electrons). Instead, it forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This bonding allows carbon to create stable molecules. Examples include hydrogen forming a single covalent bond, oxygen forming a double bond, and nitrogen forming a triple bond. The covalent bonding versatility of carbon makes it capable of forming a wide range of compounds.

20:05

🔄 Catenation and the Versatile Nature of Carbon

Carbon's ability to form stable bonds with other carbon atoms (catenation) results in the formation of large molecules like chains and rings. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds, allowing for saturated and unsaturated compounds. Carbon's small atomic size and strong bonds with other elements like oxygen and hydrogen also contribute to its versatility, enabling it to create a vast array of compounds.

25:08

🔬 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

Saturated compounds like ethane (C2H6) have single bonds between carbon atoms, whereas unsaturated compounds like ethene (C2H4) and ethyne (C2H2) have double or triple bonds. Unsaturated compounds are generally more reactive than their saturated counterparts. Carbon compounds can also form various structural arrangements, including straight chains, branched chains, and rings, leading to structural isomers.

🔄 Functional Groups and Homologous Series

Carbon compounds can form functional groups when a hydrogen atom is replaced by another atom or group, such as chlorine or oxygen. These functional groups determine the properties of the compounds, such as alcohols (with OH groups) or aldehydes. Homologous series, like the series of alkanes or alcohols, consist of compounds with similar chemical properties and a gradual change in physical properties based on molecular mass.

🧪 Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds

Carbon compounds are named based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, the types of bonds (single, double, triple), and the functional group present. For example, methane has one carbon and only single bonds, while ethyne has two carbons and a triple bond. Functional groups such as alcohols (-OH), ketones, aldehydes, and acids change the suffix and influence the properties of the compound.

🔥 Chemical Reactions of Carbon Compounds

Carbon compounds undergo various chemical reactions, including combustion, where hydrocarbons burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, heat, and light. Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn with a yellow flame, producing soot, indicating incomplete combustion. Carbon compounds also undergo oxidation, addition reactions, and substitution reactions, such as hydrogenation of unsaturated fats or chlorine replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons.

💡 Important Carbon Compounds: Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid

Ethanol, a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages, is also used as a solvent and fuel additive. Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is a weak acid used in vinegar and other applications. It can undergo reactions such as esterification, forming esters in the presence of alcohol and acid. These reactions also play a role in the production of perfumes, flavoring agents, and soaps (saponification).

🧼 Soaps, Detergents, and Cleaning

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Their molecules have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) and a hydrophobic (oil-attracting) end. This structure allows soaps to clean oily dirt by forming micelles. Detergents work similarly, helping to lift and remove dirt during washing. The proper use of soaps and detergents leads to cleaner clothes and surfaces.

Keywords

💡Carbon Compounds

Carbon compounds are chemical substances containing carbon. They play a crucial role in various aspects of life and industries, being found in common items like toothpaste, medicines, and food. In the video, carbon compounds are emphasized for their prevalence and versatility in both organic (living) and inorganic (non-living) contexts.

💡Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms, such as in carbon compounds. In the video, covalent bonding in carbon is contrasted with ionic bonding, explaining that carbon atoms form stable compounds due to the strength of these shared electron bonds.

💡Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are substances made of ions held together by electrostatic forces. The video contrasts ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, which conduct electricity in solution, with carbon compounds, which do not conduct electricity because they form covalent, rather than ionic, bonds.

💡Catenation

Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to bond with other carbon atoms, forming long chains or rings. This property is highlighted in the video as a reason why carbon can create a vast variety of compounds, making it a versatile element capable of forming complex structures like chains and rings.

💡Saturated and Unsaturated Compounds

Saturated compounds have single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated compounds have double or triple bonds. The video discusses the differences in reactivity between these types of compounds, with unsaturated compounds being more reactive. Examples include ethane (saturated) and ethene (unsaturated).

💡Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the chemical reactions of those molecules. The video explains that replacing a hydrogen atom in a carbon chain with another element, like chlorine, forms a functional group, affecting the properties of the compound, such as turning ethanol into alcohol.

💡Homologous Series

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, but differing by a CH2 unit. The video gives examples of such series, like alcohols and alkanes, where compounds have predictable properties due to their structure.

💡Combustion

Combustion is the reaction of carbon compounds with oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, heat, and light. The video explains how carbon compounds burn, with examples like the clean combustion of butane and the sooty combustion of vegetable oils, which depend on the type of carbon compound involved.

💡Oxidation

Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen. In the video, oxidation is mentioned in the context of alcohols being converted to carboxylic acids when heated with oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate. This reaction is significant in organic chemistry and industry.

💡Soap and Detergents

Soaps and detergents are substances used for cleaning, made from sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. The video describes how soap molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends, which allows them to interact with water and oil, effectively removing dirt from surfaces.

Highlights

Carbon compounds are essential in everyday life, found in common items like toothpaste, soap, cosmetics, medicines, and food.

Carbon is found in both living and non-living things, including the Earth's crust (0.02%) and the atmosphere (0.03% as carbon dioxide).

Carbon compounds do not conduct electricity well because they form covalent bonds and do not produce free ions.

Carbon compounds have lower melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces like Van der Waals interactions.

Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, have high melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces between charged ions.

Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons, and can form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms.

Carbon exhibits catenation, meaning it can bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains, rings, and complex structures.

Carbon's versatility comes from its ability to form strong bonds with multiple elements, such as oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Saturated carbon compounds contain single bonds, while unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds.

Carbon compounds exhibit structural isomerism, where molecules have the same formula but different structures, such as straight chains and branched chains.

Functional groups, like alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, define the properties of carbon compounds and lead to the formation of new compounds.

Homologous series of carbon compounds show a gradual increase in molecular mass, affecting physical properties like melting and boiling points.

Combustion reactions of carbon compounds produce carbon dioxide, heat, and light, with saturated hydrocarbons burning cleanly in sufficient oxygen.

Oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate convert alcohols into carboxylic acids, a process important in organic chemistry.

Soaps and detergents work by forming micelles, where the hydrophobic end binds with oily dirt and the hydrophilic end interacts with water to clean clothes.

Transcripts

[Music]

carbon and its compounds carbon

compounds are important in our everyday

lives and are found in many common

items products like toothpaste soap

Cosmetics medicines clothes and paper

all contain carbon compounds even the

food we eat like Bread is made of carbon

compounds when red is burnt the black

residue left is mainly carbon carbon is

found in both living things and

non-living things around us the Earth's

crust has a small amount of carbon about

0.02% it exists as carbonates hydrogen

carbonates coal and petroleum which are

important for energy and industries the

atmosphere has

0.03% of carbon dioxide which helps to

regulate the earth's temperature through

the greenhouse effect carbon dioxide is

also necessary for

photosynthesis we know that it is a

process where plants make their own food

supporting life on the earth even though

carbon is present in small amounts it

has a huge impact on life the

environment and various

Industries differences between carbon

compounds and ionic

compounds electrical

conductivity carbon compounds like

methane or ethanol are poor conductors

of electricity this is because carbon

compounds do not form ions means charged

particles instead the atoms and carbon

compounds share electrons and form

calent bonds since there are no free

ions to carry an electric current these

compounds do not conduct electricity

well either in solid form or in

solution whereas ionic compounds such as

sodium chloride that is nothing but

table salt are good conductors of

electricity when dissolved in water or

melted this is because ionic bonds

involve the transfer of electrons

between atoms it results in positively

charged and negatively charged

ions in solution form these ions are

free to move and carry electric charges

allowing the compound to conduct

electricity

next melting and boiling points carbon

compounds typically have lower melting

points and boiling points for example

acetic acid a carbon compound it has a

boiling point of 118° C the weak

intermolecular forces between the

molecules in calent compounds make it

easier to break them apart so less

energy or heat is required to melt or

boil the carbon compound

in contrast ionic compounds have very

high melting and boiling points sodium

chloride for instance has got boiling

point of 1, 143°

C the strong electrostatic forces

between the oppositely charged ions hold

the ions in a tightly bound

structure this means it takes a lot more

energy to overcome these strong

attractions and change the state of the

compound next forces of attraction the

attraction between the molecules of

carbon compounds is not very strong

because they are held together by calent

bonds which involve the sharing of

electrons the molecules interact through

weak forces like Vandal forces or dipole

dipole

interactions this is why carbon

compounds are often liquids or gases at

room temperature

the forces of attraction in ionic

compounds are much stronger these

compounds are formed through ionic bonds

where one atom donates electrons to

another creating positive and negative

ions the strong electrostatic attraction

between these oppositely charged ions

results in a very stable rigid lce

structure making ionic compounds hard

solids with high melting points

bonding in carbon compounds the atomic

number of carbon is six the outermost

shell has four electrons so its valency

is four generally ionic compounds attain

the noble gas configuration by losing or

gaining electrons but carbon cannot do

that let us see

why if carbon gains four electrons it

would be difficult for the nucleus with

six protons to hold on to 10

electrons if corbon has to lose four

electrons it would require a large

amount of energy to remove four

electrons it turns into a carbon cation

with six protons in its nucleus holding

on to just two electrons so losing and

gaining does not work with carbon to

make

bonds calent Bond carbon make calent

bonds with other carbon atoms or with

atoms of other elements

before we see the calent bond in carbon

compounds first study the calent bond

formation in hydrogen oxygen and in

nitrogen

molecules a calent bond is a chemical

bond formed by the sharing of electrons

between two non-metal atoms let us see

calent Bonds in hydrogen oxygen and in

nitrogen

molecules hydrogen atom has a single

electron in its K shell it attains the

nearest noble gas helium's configuration

by sharing its single electron with

another hydrogen atom two hydrogen atoms

share their single electrons to form a

molecule of

hydrogen since only one electron is

shared by each atom single covalent bond

is

formed oxygen has six electrons in its L

shell it need two more electrons to

complete its octet

so each atom of oxygen contributes two

electrons that means total four

electrons are commonly shared by the two

oxygen atoms it forms a double bond

nitrogen in the formation of nitrogen

molecule each nitrogen atom contributes

three electrons means total six

electrons are shared by two nitrogen

atoms here a triple bond is formed

this is ammonium molecule one nitrogen

atom forms calent bonds with three

hydrogen atoms to form this molecule

here all the three bonds are single

bonds this is a methane molecule CH4 one

carbon atom forms calent bonds with four

hydrogen atoms here also all the four

bonds are single

bonds versatile nature of carbon carbon

is a versatile element element due to

the nature of the covalent bond carbon

is able to form millions of

compounds let us see the two main

factors which make the carbon a

versatile

element

catenation carbon has the unique ability

to form bonds with other atoms of carbon

this gives rise to the formation of

large molecules this property is called

cenation cenation is the self-linking of

at atoms of an element to create chains

and

Rings due to this property carbon forms

large molecules in the form of long

linear chains or branched chains and

ringed chains in addition carbon atoms

may be linked by single double and

triple bonds carbon compounds with

single bonds are saturated carbon

compounds carbon compounds with double

and triple bonds are called unsaturated

carbon compounds does only carbon

exhibit catenation no many other

elements show catenation for example

silicon silicon form chain compounds up

to a length of seven or eight atoms

these compounds are very reactive and

unstable whereas carbon can form

compounds with very large number of

carbon atoms linked to each other these

compounds are stable because the carbon

carbon bond is very strong the second

factor for the versatility of carbon is

its

valency a carbon atom can form bonds

with four other carbon atoms or with

other elements whose valency is one

carbon can bond with oxygen hydrogen

nitrogen sulfur chlorine Etc these

compounds will have specific

properties the bond that carbon makes

with the other elements is very strong

which makes these compounds

exceptionally strong the reason for this

strength of the bonds of carbon is due

to its smaller atomic size due to the

small size of the carbon atoms the

nucleus is close to the shared pair of

electrons and it holds these electrons

strongly the bonds formed by elements

having bigger atomic size have weak

bonds saturated and unsaturated ated

carbon

compounds we already learned that

compounds with single Bonds in their

structure are saturated compounds and

compounds with double or triple bonds

are unsaturated

compounds C2 H6 ethane is it saturated

or

unsaturated let us draw its structure to

know whether it is saturated or

unsaturated first link carbon with

carbon using a single Bond then link

link three hydrogens with one carbon and

three with other the valency of carbon

and hydrogen are satisfied and no double

bonds are formed so this is a saturated

compound now let us write the structure

of C2 H4

Ethan the first link carbon with carbon

using a single Bond then link two

hydrogens with one carbon and two with

the

other the valencies of hydrogen are

satisfied but the valences of carbon

atoms are not satisfied now draw another

line between the two carbons now the

carbon valency is satisfied now this

compound has got a double bond so it is

an unsaturated

compound in the same way let us draw for

C2 H2 ethine here we need to draw three

bonds between carbon and carbon so this

is also an unsaturated compound

unsaturated compounds are more reactive

than the saturated

compounds chains branches and

Rings butane C4 h10 we can write its

structure in two ways like this and also

like this this is a straight chain

structure and this is a branched chain

structure but the structure satisfies

the valencies of carbon and hydrogen

both of them have the same formula we

can call these two compounds as

structural isomers the compounds with

identical molecular formula but

different structures are called

structural isomers in addition to stride

chain and branched chain structures some

carbon compounds form ring structure

also such compounds are called cyclic

carbon compounds cyclohexane C6 h12 this

is a saturated cyclic compound Benzene

C6 H6 this is an unsaturated cyclic

carbon compound so the compound

compounds that contain only carbon and

hydrogen in them are called

hydrocarbons the saturated hydrocarbons

are called

alkanes the unsaturated hydrocarbons

with one or more double bonds are called

alkenes the unsaturated hydrocarbons

with one or multiple triple bonds are

called

alkin carbon compounds and their

functional groups carbon can form bond

with other elements like chlorine

bromine oxygen nitrogen and sulfur and

forms new

compounds new carbon compounds are

formed when a hydrogen atom of the

hydrogen carbon chain is replaced by an

element the element that replaces the

hydrogen atom is called as a het atom

for example here a hydrogen atom of this

compound is replaced by chlorine atom so

here chlorine is the hyro atom these

hetro atoms forms the functional groups

of the compounds sometimes hetro atoms

pair up with some other atoms and forms

groups for example here oxygen is the

hro atom it forms various functional

groups like alcohol aldhy Ketone

carboxilic acid this is chlorine here

chlorine is the functional group this is

ethanol since o is the functional group

group it is an

alcohol this is acet alide CH is the

functional group so it is an alide this

is acetone C is the functional group and

it is a ketone the properties of the

newly formed compound will be totally

dependent on the functional group of the

compound when writing the structure of

the functional group alone the free

valencies of the whole group is shown by

a single line homologous series ch3 o

this is methanol it has one carbon in it

C2 H5 oh this is ethanol it has two

carbons C3 H7 o and this is propanol it

has three carbons C4 H9 o this is

butanol and it has four

carbons these four carbon compounds have

o as the functional group and are called

alcohols even though the number of

carbon atoms in each of these compounds

is different they have very similar

chemical properties such series of

compounds are called homologous series

the series of compounds in which the

same functional group substitutes for

hydrogen in a carbon chain is called a

homologous

series let us see the homologous series

of alkanes methane

ethane propane butane the difference

between the each of these compounds is

the difference in the number of units of

ch2 this is the homologous series of

alkenes ethine propan buttine pentin in

alkanes alkenes and alkin we can observe

that there is a specific ratio of carbon

and hydrogen is maintained for example

in alkenes CN h2n pattern is observed if

n equal to 2 then the compound will be

C2 H2 into 2 that is C2 H4 in any

homologous series we will observe the

gradual increase in the molecular mass

if the molecular mass increases the

melting and boiling points also

increases in the same way the solubility

of the compounds decreases with the

increase in the molecular mass that

means the the physical properties of a

homologous series depends upon their

molecular mass whereas the chemical

properties of a homologous series solely

determined by the functional group

nomenclature of carbon

compounds the carbon compounds are named

on the basis of three things one the

number of carbon atoms in the main

carbon chain two the type of bonds

present in the compound that means

single double or triple bonds three the

functional group present in that

compound the name of a carbon compound

is made up of two parts a prefix and a

suffix prefix is the first part of the

name it is dependent on the number of

carbon atoms present in the carbon chain

if the compound has one carbon the name

begins with meth if two carbons it

begins with e three carbons prop four

carbons bu if the hydrocarbon chain

contains all single bonds then the

suffix becomes a this is ethane methane

propane butane Etc if the hydrocarbon

chains contains double bonds then the

suffix becomes in that is ethine propene

buttine ETC if the hydrocarbon chain

contains triple bonds then the suffix

becomes ion that is ethine propine

butine

ETC if the hydrocarbon chain has a

functional group the suffix changes

according to the functional group if the

functional group of a three carbon

compound is alcohol then the suffix

becomes all

propenol if the functional group is

Ketone it becomes propenol if the

functional group is alihi it becomes

propanel if the functional group is

carboxilic acid it becomes propenoic

acid if the functional group is chlorine

then it becomes

chloropropane if the functional group is

bromine it becomes

bromopropane chemical properties of

carbon compounds combustion reactions

most of the carbon compounds burn in

presence of oxyen and produces carbon

dioxide large amounts of heat and light

are released in this combustion reaction

carbon plus oxygen gives rise to carbon

dioxide plus heat plus light

if saturated hydrocarbons like butane

that is cooking gas is burnt in presence

of sufficient amount of oxygen it gives

a clean blue flame with no

suit if the saturated hydrocarbons are

giving a lellow flame it indicates that

there is a limited supply of oxygen to

that combustion reaction it leads to

incomplete burning of fuel and leads to

low

flame if un such ated hydrocarbons like

vegetable oils are burnt yellow color

flame is produced with black color suit

in oil lamps kerosene stows firewood

stows black suit is formed indicating

the incomplete combustion of

fuels fuels like coal and petroleum

contain some amount of nitrogen and

sulfur in them combustion of these

substances releases oxide of sulfur and

nitrogen into air which leads to air

pollution

oxidation the alcohols when heated with

some oxidizing agents they get oxidized

and converted to carboxilic acids for

example when eile alcohol is heated with

alkaline km4 or acidified K2

cr207 it produces acidic acid here

alkaline potassium permanganate or

acidified potassium dichromate adds

oxygen to the alcohol HS and make them

into acids hence these substances are

called oxidizing

agents the substances that are capable

of adding oxygen to other substances are

known as oxidizing

agents addition reaction vegetable oils

have long unsaturated carbon chains

animal fats have chains of saturated

fatty

acids unsaturated fats can be converted

into to saturated fats with the help of

addition

reaction when hydrogen is added to the

unsaturated fats in presence of a

catalyst like nickel the unsaturated

fats turns into saturated fats this

process is called hydrogenation of

vegetable oils catalysts are substances

that cause a reaction to occur at a

different rate without the reaction

itself being affected

substitution

reaction substitution reactions in

carbon compounds are single displacement

reactions they occur when saturated

hydrocarbons react with chlorine in the

presence of sunlight chlorine is more

reactive than hydrogen atoms so it can

displace them from saturated

hydrocarbons CH4 plus cl2 gives rise to

ch3 CL plus HCL in presence of sun

light some important carbon compounds

ethanol and ethanolic acid properties of

ethanol ethanol is a liquid at room

temperature it is an active ingredient

in alcoholic drinks consumption of these

alcoholic drinks is harmful to one's

Health it is a good solvent and is used

in the manufacturer of tincture iodin

cough syrups and many

tonics nowadays ethanol is added to fuel

like petrol as an eco-friendly

measure properties of ethanolic acid

ethanoic acid belongs to the group of

carboxilic acids it is also called as

acetic acid carboxilic acids are weaker

acids when compared to Mineral acids

like

HCL 5 to 8% of atic acid in water is

called vinegar it is used as

preservative in pickles

the ethanoic acid freezes at room

temperature during winter in cold

climate so it is called as glacial

acetic

acid reactions of ethanoic acid

esterification

reaction Esters are usually formed by

the reaction between an alcohol and an

acid ethanoic acid reacts with absolute

ethanol in the presence of an acid

Catalyst to give an ester

ethanolic acid plus ethanol gives rise

to Esther in presence of an acid esters

are sweet smelling substances they are

used in the manufacture of perfumes and

flavoring agents the Esters can be

converted back to alcohol and sodium

salt of carboxilic acid by treating with

an alkaly like sodium

hydroxide this reaction is used in the

manufacture of soaps and is called as

saponification

reaction soaps are sodium or potassium

salts of longchain carboxilic

acids reaction with a base ethanoic acid

reacts with sodium hydroxide to give a

salt called sodium ethano sodium

hydroxide reacts with ethanoic acid

gives rise to sodium ethano plus

water reaction with carbonates and

hydrogen

carbonates ethanoic acid reacts with

carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to

give rise to a salt called sodium

acetate carbon dioxide and

water now soaps and

detergents if a shirt with dirt is

simply rinsed in plain water some dirt

may go away but it will not be

completely clean because most of the

dirt is oily nature and it cannot be

simply washed away by plain water

soaps and detergents are used to clean

the oily dirt the molecules of soap are

sodium or pottassium salts with

longchain carboxilic acids so one end of

the soap molecule is ionic in nature it

is hydrophilic in nature that means it

attracts water molecules while the

carbon chain of the soap molecule is

hydrophobic in nature means it reacts

with the oil so carbon chains hold the

oily dirt whereas the ionic and gets

dissolved in water thus the soap

molecules are arranged in specific

structures called my cells when the

clothes are rinsed by applying

mechanical force these soap mles help in

putting out the dirt and keeps the

cloths

clean this is all about carbon and its

compounds thanks for watching

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