STS Module 3 - Intellectual/ Scientific Revolution Lecture Video

Summary

This lecture explores the Scientific Revolution's impact on society, emphasizing its role in shaping modern science and thought. It highlights the Age of Enlightenment's reliance on reason and the paradigm shifts that occurred, such as the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian Revolutions. The lecture discusses how these shifts challenged church authority, led to scientific advancements, and changed societal beliefs. It also covers the scientific method, the role of experimentation, and the theories of evolution and psychoanalysis.

Takeaways

• 🔬 The Scientific Revolution, also known as the Intellectual Revolution, laid the groundwork for modern science and thinking.
• 🌟 The Age of Enlightenment was centered around reason as the primary source of authority, heavily influenced by the Scientific Revolution's emphasis on the scientific method.
• 📈 Paradigm shifts occurred during this period, leading to widespread acceptance of scientific beliefs despite opposition from authorities like the Church.
• 🔍 Scientific Revolution was characterized by unpredictable advancements, rapid and radical innovations, and a social nature focused on solving societal issues.
• 🌐 Thomas Kuhn's concept of a paradigm shift involves a framework that defines a scientific discipline at a certain point in time.
• 🌕 The Copernican Revolution, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, shifted the model of the solar system from a geocentric to a heliocentric view.
• 🌌 Tycho Brahe's observations supported the heliocentric theory, and Johannes Kepler's work described planetary motion around the Sun.
• 🐘 The Darwinian Revolution introduced the theory of evolution and natural selection by Charles Darwin, which explained how organisms adapt and evolve.
• 🧠 The Freudian Revolution by Sigmund Freud introduced psychoanalysis, the ID, ego, and superego concepts, and the iceberg theory of consciousness.
• 🌱 Examples like the Galapagos finches and the evolution of the giraffe's neck support Darwin's theory of natural selection.

Q & A

What is the significance of studying the Scientific Revolution?

Studying the Scientific Revolution is important because it laid the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment, emphasizing reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy. It marked a shift towards modern scientific thinking and methods, leading to advancements in various fields of science and technology.

How did the Scientific Revolution challenge the authority of the church?

The Scientific Revolution challenged the church's authority by proposing theories and discoveries that contradicted the church's teachings. Scientists of the time were often deemed heretics for their work, which was considered contrary to the church's views on the nature of the universe and life.

What are the characteristics of the Scientific Revolution according to Nickel?

According to Nickel, the Scientific Revolution is characterized by unpredictability, rapid and radical innovations, and a social nature. Scientists and philosophers of the time engaged in trial-and-error experimentations, leading to unique and rapid advancements that aimed to solve societal problems.

What is a paradigm shift in the context of the Scientific Revolution?

A paradigm shift refers to a fundamental change in the basic concepts and practices that define a scientific discipline. It involves a framework that includes accepted views, methods of observation and measurement, and the interpretation of results, leading to new ways of understanding and investigating the world.

Who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, and what was the significance of this model?

Nicolas Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center. This model was significant as it challenged the widely accepted geocentric model and laid the groundwork for modern astronomy.

How did Tycho Brahe's observations support the heliocentric theory?

Tycho Brahe made consistent observations that supported the heliocentric theory by cataloging over 1,000 stars, proving that comets were not part of Earth's atmosphere, and showing irregularities in the moon's orbit. His work, along with the invention of observational equipment, contributed to the acceptance of the heliocentric model.

What is the Darwinian Revolution, and how did Charles Darwin contribute to it?

The Darwinian Revolution refers to the acceptance of the theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin in his book 'On the Origin of Species.' Darwin's theory emphasized that organisms evolve and adapt to their environment over time, leading to the diversity of life we see today.

What is an example of natural selection as described by Darwin?

An example of natural selection is the evolution of the giraffe's neck. Early giraffes had shorter necks, but as the environment changed, those with longer necks could reach higher for food, giving them a survival advantage and leading to the development of the long-necked giraffes we see today.

How did the Freudian Revolution change our understanding of the human mind?

The Freudian Revolution introduced the concepts of the id, ego, and superego, and the theory of psychoanalysis, which aimed to understand the inner and unconscious conflicts within personalities. This revolution shifted the focus towards the role of the unconscious mind in shaping human behavior and emotions.

What does the iceberg theory by Sigmund Freud represent?

The iceberg theory by Sigmund Freud represents the different levels of the human mind, with the conscious mind being the small visible part above the water and the unconscious mind being the much larger part hidden beneath. The unconscious mind contains long-term memories, past experiences, and emotions that influence our behavior, often without our awareness.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Scientific Revolution and Society

This paragraph introduces the topic of the Scientific Revolution and its impact on society. It emphasizes the importance of studying this period, which laid the groundwork for the Age of Enlightenment. The Scientific Revolution is also referred to as the Intellectual Revolution, marking a shift towards reason as the primary source of authority. During this time, there was a significant focus on the scientific method, leading to the emergence of modern science and new branches of scientific disciplines. Despite opposition from the church, which considered many scientific ideas heretical, scientists were able to make groundbreaking discoveries and inventions that transformed societal beliefs and perceptions. The paragraph also mentions the unpredictability and social nature of scientific revolutions, as they aimed to solve societal issues like food insecurity and communication.

05:02

🌌 Paradigm Shifts in Scientific Revolution

The paragraph delves into the concept of paradigm shifts within the Scientific Revolution, using Thomas Kuhn's framework. It explains that a paradigm is a set of practices defining a scientific discipline at a certain time. Paradigm shifts are significant changes in this framework that redefine accepted views and methodologies in a field. The paragraph then discusses three major paradigm shifts: the Copernican Revolution, the Darwinian Revolution, and the Freudian Revolution. It starts with a brief on the Copernican Revolution, which was a shift from the geocentric model of the solar system, proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, to the heliocentric model, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, placing the Sun at the center of the solar system. The paragraph also mentions the contributions of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler to this shift.

10:03

🐍 Darwinian Revolution and Evolution

This paragraph focuses on the Darwinian Revolution, which is centered around Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Darwin's 'On the Origin of Species' introduced the concept that organisms evolve and adapt to their environment through natural selection. The paragraph provides examples such as the evolution of the giraffe's long neck and the loss of snakes' legs due to environmental changes. It also discusses how human beings evolved from primates, changing in physical and cognitive characteristics over time. The paragraph highlights the resistance Darwin's theory faced from religious groups that believed in a supernatural origin of life, contrasting with the scientific view. It concludes by summarizing the two main points of Darwin's theory of evolution: all life on Earth is interconnected, and diversity arises from natural selection acting on variations within populations.

15:05

🧠 Freudian Revolution and Psychoanalysis

The paragraph discusses the Freudian Revolution and Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis. Freud introduced concepts such as the id, ego, and superego to explain different aspects of human personality. The id represents the pleasure principle, focusing on immediate gratification, while the ego represents the reality principle, balancing the id's desires with the constraints of the real world. The superego, on the other hand, represents the moral conscience. Freud also proposed the iceberg theory, suggesting that the conscious mind is only a small part of our total mental activity, with the majority of our thoughts, memories, and experiences residing in the unconscious mind. The paragraph explains how the unconscious mind can influence our behavior and reactions, often without our awareness, and how it can contain repressed experiences or emotions.

20:07

📚 Conclusion of Module Three

The final paragraph summarizes the topics covered in module three, which include the Scientific Revolution, paradigm shifts as described by Thomas Kuhn, and the three major paradigm shifts: Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian Revolutions. It wraps up the discussion by thanking the audience for their attention and promising more updates on upcoming topics.

Keywords

💡Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution refers to a period in history when there was a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas and methodologies. It marked the shift from the medieval period to the modern age, laying the groundwork for modern science. In the video, the Scientific Revolution is highlighted as the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment, emphasizing the importance of the scientific method and the paradigm shifts that occurred during this period.

💡Intellectual Revolution

An Intellectual Revolution is a period characterized by significant advancements in thought, ideas, and knowledge. It often involves a radical change in the way people think and understand the world. The video discusses the Intellectual Revolution as synonymous with the Scientific Revolution, indicating a series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and current scientific thinking.

💡Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment, also known as the Enlightenment, was an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. It emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority. The video connects the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment, indicating that the former laid the groundwork for the latter, which centered on reason as the primary source of authority.

💡Paradigm Shift

A Paradigm Shift refers to a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions within a given field. In the context of the video, paradigm shifts are pivotal moments in the history of science that led to new ways of understanding the world. The lecturer mentions three significant paradigm shifts: the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian Revolutions.

💡Copernicus

Nicolas Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who is best known for his heliocentric model of the universe, which placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the solar system. His work is discussed in the video as a pivotal moment in the Scientific Revolution, challenging the then-dominant geocentric model proposed by Claudius Ptolemy.

💡Heliocentric Model

The Heliocentric Model is a model of the solar system where the Sun is at the center, and the planets, including Earth, revolve around it. This model was proposed by Copernicus and is contrasted with the geocentric model in the video. It represents a significant paradigm shift in astronomy and was a cornerstone of the Scientific Revolution.

💡Darwinian Revolution

The Darwinian Revolution refers to the widespread acceptance of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory, presented in his book 'On the Origin of Species,' fundamentally changed our understanding of the development of life on Earth. The video discusses Darwin's theory as a challenge to religious beliefs about the creation of life.

💡Natural Selection

Natural Selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. This concept, central to Darwin's theory of evolution, is explained in the video as the mechanism by which species evolve over time. It is exemplified by the video's mention of the Galapagos finches and their adaptation to different food sources.

💡Freudian Revolution

The Freudian Revolution refers to the profound impact of Sigmund Freud's theories on psychology and the understanding of the human mind. Freud's psychoanalytic theory introduced concepts such as the unconscious mind, the ego, and the id. The video discusses Freud's work as a paradigm shift in the field of psychology, emphasizing the importance of the unconscious mind in human behavior.

💡Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a method for treating mental disorders that explores the role of the unconscious mind in shaping human behavior. Developed by Sigmund Freud, it is discussed in the video as a significant contribution to understanding the complexities of the human psyche. The video explains that psychoanalysis involves examining inner and unconscious conflicts that influence personality.

💡ID, Ego, and Superego

In Freudian psychology, the ID, Ego, and Superego are three components of the human psyche. The ID is the primitive, instinctual part; the Ego mediates between the ID and reality; and the Superego represents moral standards. The video explains these concepts as key to understanding human behavior and personality development, illustrating how an imbalance can lead to impulsive or overly judgmental behavior.

Highlights

The Scientific Revolution laid the foundation for the Age of Enlightenment, emphasizing reason as the primary source of authority.

The Scientific Revolution is also known as the Intellectual Revolution, marking the emergence of modern science and current scientific thinking.

During the Scientific Revolution, there was a significant paradigm shift in various scientific fields.

Despite opposition from the church, scientists made significant advancements in science and technology.

Characteristics of the Scientific Revolution include unpredictability, rapid and radical innovations, and a social nature.

Thomas Kuhn's concept of a paradigm shift involves a framework that contains accepted views and practices defining a scientific discipline.

Copernicus' heliocentric model was a significant shift from Ptolemy's geocentric model of the solar system.

Tycho Brahe's observations supported the heliocentric theory and led to advancements in observational equipment.

Johannes Kepler discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at the center.

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection suggests that organisms adapt to environmental changes to survive.

The Galapagos finches example illustrates how species evolve through natural selection.

Freud's psychoanalytic theory introduced concepts of the id, ego, and superego to understand unconscious conflicts.

Freud's iceberg theory suggests that the unconscious mind holds the majority of our beliefs and experiences.

The Scientific Revolution's impact on society includes advancements in food security, communication, farming, and industry.

The Copernican Revolution challenged the church's authority and changed our understanding of the solar system.

Darwin's theory of evolution met resistance but has become a cornerstone of biology.

Freud's theories have had a profound impact on psychology and our understanding of the human mind.

Transcripts

welcome back to our class last time you

were able to discuss the historical

antecedents of science technology and

society today we'll be discussing about

the Scientific Revolution and Society

now before we proceed our topic I would

like to ask a question what do you think

is the importance of studying Scientific

Revolution or intellectual Revolution

please comment down your answers or

write your answers on the comment

section I'll be giving you some time to

do that

all right so the Scientific Revolution

laid the foundation for the Age of

Enlightenment which actually centers on

the reason as the primary source of

authority and legitimacy this just

simply means that during the Scientific

Revolution they gave so much importance

on scientific method now here's a bird's

eye view on one side what scientific

revolution is scientific revolution is

actually known also as intellectual

Revolution and this refers to series of

events which led or that led to the

emergence of modern science and more

current scientific thinking and this

actually uh falls on different field of

specialization you know during this

period uh there are already different

branches of science like biology

chemistry physics mathematics and

Delight now I would like to emphasize

that it is also in this period where

Paradigm shifts occurred which I will be

further discussing in a while it is

where it is also in this period where

scientific beliefs have been widely

embraced and accepted by people due to

constant

um challenges and opposed uh despite the

different challenges and oppositions you

know it was during this period that

church is very strong in fact the

authority during this period is the

church itself now

um any belief or particularly scientific

studies or revolutions or even

discoveries during this time are deemed

contrary to the church therefore they

were considered as Heretics during that

time that but but despite all of the

oppositions from the church uh

scientists during this period were able

to establish a lot of series loss and

even invention that actually led to uh

the advancements of Science and

Technology and in return changed

people's perception and believe so there

was a strong sense of Scientific

Revolution during this time now here are

some of the characteristics of

Scientific Revolution now for the first

part according to Nickel scientific

revolution is actually unpredictable you

know during this period scientists and a

lot of philosophers of course try to

make use of several experimentations

observations which occurs mostly through

trial and error of course most of these

scientific Innovations are unique and

they're also rapid they were also very

radical or aggressive you know in in

creating

um procedures principles and even uh in

studying different uh in in ensuring

that uh the principles they have

discovered are actually evident through

several experimentations so on top of

that uh the one of the characteristic of

scientific revolution is that it is

social in nature let us bear in mind

that the main focus of science and

technology is to become orders to answer

you know several problems and issues uh

in the society so they are very keen in

trying to discover uh so several

problems like in food insecurity and

communication in farming in industry and

in agriculture and

um because of this advancements no there

were several methods and principles

established in the society which

actually helps Society to thrive and to

evolve now I would like to focus on the

third point which is

um are Khan actually uh proposed a

scientific revolution or which is

actually a paradigm shift now when we

talk about Paradigm Shift please bear in

mind that paradigm shift or Paradigm

itself is actually a framework and this

framework just like what you see on

their screen right now which is the con

cycle now this is actually a framework

that contains the accepted views about

certain Fields including the subject of

observation and measurement and question

asked about these subjects which are

actually investigated and of course from

their investigations results were

interpreted and they were able to

identify instruments that can be used in

the measurement of their principles

theories and loss so they are very keen

in ensuring that their evidence has are

factual not just factual but there are

based on the facts and that there are

actually data that will support their

claims now the philosopher Thomas Khan

actually created who created this cycle

suggested a paradigm which includes the

practices that defines a scientific

discipline so this is the entire

framework the cycle of Khan and if you

see these are actually practices that

defines a scientific discipline at a

certain point in time so of course uh

these advancements and this uh

Innovations took time okay before they

were established now this paradigms

allow us to actually determine a result

which belongs to a certain field or not

so the cycle or the framework of Khan

which is a paradigm shift uh through

that they were able to identify if a

certain discoveries were related to

certain specific Fields like let's say

if it is for chemistry for biology for

environment for Ecology and whatsoever

now

um this paradigm shift for this

particular topic will be focusing on

three Paradigm shifts which includes

copernican revolution darwinian

revolution and of course the Freudian

Revolution now we're actually familiar

or you're I'm pretty sure that you're

already familiar with the copernican

revolution since you have already

studied this when you were in high

school now let's have a recall of this

particular concept now the copernican

Revolution was actually established by

Nicolas Copernicus who was actually

considered to be the father of modern

astronomy now during the time of

Copernicus there were actually two

existing models about the solar system

the first model was actually proposed by

Claudius Ptolemy and according to

Claudius Ptolemy the Earth is the center

of the solar system and he called this

model the geocentric model however uh

Copernicus or Nicolas Copernicus

actually proposed a different model or

Theory wherein it is not the earth that

is the center of the solar system but it

is actually the Sun

now if you look at this figure you'll

see immediately the difference between

the two as I've said geocentric model is

actually this at the center of the

universe in the geocentric model is the

earth however in the heliocentric model

which was proposed by Nicolas Copernicus

the center of the solar system is

actually the sun now if you look closely

at this particular illustration or or

the the image on the screen you'll see

that

um the model of of uh Nicolas Copernicus

was influenced by several intellectual

person one of which is Taiko braje now I

would like you to uh bear in mind that

type of made consistent observations

which supported the heliocentric theory

and these observations were made using

only a compass and a substance

cataloged over 1 000 stars and one of

the Stars he observed is actually the

Cassiopeia and he also proved that

comets were not just components of

Earth's atmosphere but actual objects

traveling through space

also showed irregularities in the moon's

orbit and discovered a new star as I've

mentioned that started he discovered was

kashiopeia now braje also please take

note of this brahe also invented many

instruments such as the titanium

quadrant which were widely copied and

led to the invention of observational

equipment which actually LED also to the

discovery of

um telescopes

I think were friends or they were

colleagues during that time and Johannes

Kepler uh uh join hand with taikobrahe

and they actually discovered that

planets move in elliptical orbits and

the Sun is the center if you could

recall in your science in in your high

school

um the sun plays a very important role

in the gravitational pull of the earth

remember the theory of Sir Isaac Newton

the law of gravitation this was actually

influenced by the sun because of its

magnetic pull because of the Sun the

planets are held in place in their orbit

and they are not crashing or crashing to

each other so the sun really plays an

important role in of course keeping the

orbit of the planet and at the same time

maintaining the different gravity of

different planets now

moving on we have darwinian Revolution

now darwinian Revolution

um of course we know that the father of

evolution is Charles Darwin and he

published the book on the origin of of

species which emphasizes that organism

are the result of evolution and um in

his theory natural selection according

to him uh the organism actually adapt to

the environment to the changes in the

environment and evolve uh in order for

them to survive so part of the natural

selection is also the uh the theory of

part of the natural selection is the

theory of evolution where he theorized

that species of organisms arise and

develop through the natural selection of

small inherited variations so as the

environment change these organisms adapt

and several changes manifest onto them

one typical example that is used fully

cited by several books is of course the

giraffe according to theories

the giraffe evolved before giraffes were

known to have

um short neck I mean they don't have

that long neck feature that we see uh

from the giraffes today according to a

record or according to scientists

because of the changes in the

environment and because of the need for

them of course to eat and to reach for

their food they were able to develop uh

long necks on top of that one Theory

also and actually supported by claims

right now according to scientists

they've discovered that snakes actually

had feet uh back then so they could

stand on their on their feet and that

they are four-legged however because of

the changes in the environment and the

cost of the situations where they are

they need to adapt to their environment

and therefore lost the ability to walk

and eventually their feet strength now

another particular example is human

beings now we human beings have this

tail this tailbone

um according to the theory of Charles

Darwin we originated from uh from

chimpanzees now from monkeys and as time

passed by we evolved and developed no um

according to records early human beings

are hairy not because of the environment

because of the climate or because of the

temperature perhaps and as you can see

you know the the jaws of the human

beings back then were big and and their

brain of the early human beings or Homo

sapiens for example are kind of small

compared to our brain right now or yeah

kinda small compared to our brain right

now but because human beings started to

think and started to discover

particularly fire and the use of several

stones to hunt now human beings were

able to adapt and become uh much more

logical or uh we we tend to have this

reasoning skill already so uh the

darwinian evolution actually emphasizes

um two main points but I want to

emphasize first and please take note of

this that the natural selection often

describes survival of the fit that's

where fitness refers to the ability to

survive and reproduce now just like

Copernicus please bear in mind that

Darwin's theory of evolution also met

resistance during the society or during

the early period now critics see the

theory of evolution to be contradictory

to the church's teachings that the

source of life is actually God no a

super I mean a supernatural being the

theory of natural selection emerge at a

time when most of the population

believed and accepted the biblical

version of Earth's creation so this

caused a lot of conflict among people

and while some believe that the theory

explained the origin of Life please take

note that the religious and faithful

contradicts it now this cause of debate

between science and so that's that

actually I don't know if that's the

start but I I definitely am sure that

back then the the science and religion

are always arguing so back to Natural

Selection uh as you can see on the

screen there are two main points of the

theory of evolution one is that all life

on Earth is connected and related to

each other and of course second the

diversity of Life came about because of

the modification in the in populations

that were driven by natural selection a

commonly cited example is the Galapagos

uh finches now as you can see on the

screen now the early Galapagos finches

have bigger beats and according to

studies or according to researchers they

actually need this beaks in order to

crack some

um some foods or their source of food

But as time passed by and as the

environment changes they tend to search

for fruits or insects and other sources

of food which doesn't need or require

bigger beaks now that's the reason why

the Galapagos means just now have

smaller bits compared to those in the

earlier times and this claim actually

supports the theory of natural selection

by of course Charles Darwin and the last

one

is the Freudian Revolution we are all

familiar with the Freudian Revolution

this was actually

um

are postulated by Sigmund Freud and one

of the most common or most famous uh

development LED which was created by

Freud is actually the theory of

psychoanalysis now psychoanalysis please

bear in mind is the scientific method of

understanding inner and unconscious

conflicts embedded within personalities

that's why

um Freud was able to conceptualize now

three important Concepts the Eid the ego

and the superego now I would like you to

remember when we talk about e this is

more of the pleasurable uh principle so

it adapts the pleasurable principle now

according to Sigmund Freud we developed

this uh this personality that's it uh

once we were still doing this because um

one of the features of babies are of

course sucking milk

um sleeping uh then again eating

sleeping resting and whatsoever so we

tend to

um go uh focus more on the Eid during

that time now as we grow uh when we are

in the elementary period we now

developed the second one which is ego

now according to Sigmund Freud this is

actually the the reality principle okay

uh the ego balances the ID and the super

ego and since I've mentioned it's more

of the reality principle According to

Freud it is the ego which Acts actually

needs to be developed in order for us to

become a well-functioning individual now

the last one is the superego so we have

the ID which is the uh which is the

pleasure which which holds the Pleasure

Principle and then the second one which

is the ego which holds the reality

principle and the last one is the

Supreme ego which holds the conscience

principle so it's more of

um of uh obeying your conscience and

knowing what is right and wrong now if

we uh develop too much our super ego the

tendency is that we will become very

judgmental because of that sense of

righteousness but when we tend to over

develop our in what will happen is that

we will become very impulsive and uh

that's just one of the attributes that

we could develop now being impulsive

like for example when you go to

groceries and uh when you're just about

to buy let's say a milk but when you uh

try to roam around the grocery you were

able to see some food or perhaps some

some items that you really like and

without even thinking you tend to buy

all of that so that's uh impulsive

buying and we tend to develop that when

we focus more on the in so uh another

one or another concept that Freud uh

proposed aside from the psychoanal

psychoanalytic theory and the aid ego

and super eagle we also have here the uh

the uh the iceberg Theory which uh which

uh which Freud actually used the iceberg

to uh to illustrate what's on our mind

according to Sigmund Freud uh we have

the conscious the subconscious or the

pre-conscious and the unconscious now

according to Sigmund Freud if you really

want to discover who you really are you

don't you should focus on your

unconscious mind because it holds 95

percent end of your belief of your

long-term memory which also includes

your past experiences your traumatic

experiences or phobias your fear and

your emotion but when we talk about the

conscious mind these are actually

short-term memories these are uh the

things that we you can actually remember

the things that you have just let's say

attended to for example uh here in our

class we we consider this to become to

be part of your conscious mind because

this is actually a working a working

scenario or a working situation you're

learning and particularly the conscious

mind holds information that you can

easily access let's say for example the

name of your family members the name of

your uh of your teachers this semester

so all of those belong to the conscious

mind so if we uh if we try to compare it

to the iceberg you'll see that

um from when we look at the surface okay

okay you'll see that the the ice is

actually quite smaller compared to

what's underneath and according to

Sigmund Freud when we try to dig the

unconscious we'll be able to discover

more about ourselves so and but but the

reality is it's quite hard to access the

unconscious mind because uh the tendency

of human beings to to uh let's say hide

you know the the the things that are

unpleasant let's say memories or

experiences

experiences like let's say us abuse no

physical verbal or sexual abuse no the

mind uh we go now our coping mechanism

is that we try to hide this this

information this experiences in our

unconscious mind however please bear in

mind that despite being buried in the

unconscious mind it will still surface

somehow not through some true actions

and behaviors or responses or reactions

that are uh that are observed by the

people around us and and most of the

time we become unconscious of this uh of

these feelings of these behaviors

because of the uh unconscious uh mind

because of the things that we have kept

you know in our unconscious mind so this

are all about the the third module these

are the topics under the third module

again so we were able to discuss

Scientific Revolution and uh the

Paradigm Shift by Khan and the three

important Paradigm shifts that we

magnified earlier is the uh copernican

Revolution the darwinian Revolution and

the uh Freudian Revolution so that's the

end of module three thank you very much

for listening and stay tuned for more

updates regarding our next topic so I'll

see you next time bye bye