Elements of Prose | SHORT STORY | ENGLISH 7 || MATATAG Curriculum VIDEO LESSON | QUARTER 2| LESSON 1

Summary

This educational video script focuses on the analysis of literary texts, specifically short stories, within a structural context. It distinguishes between poetry and prose, highlighting prose's narrative and logical clarity. The script defines short stories, their characteristics such as length, plot, characters, and setting, and discusses the elements of setting, characters, and plot structure. It also explains the concept of theme and uses examples from Philippine literature to illustrate these concepts.

Takeaways

• 🎓 The video focuses on teaching English through the analysis of literary texts, specifically short stories.
• 📚 The script reviews the types of literature: drama, poetry, prose fiction, and prose nonfiction, with a shift in focus from poetry to prose in the second quarter.
• 📈 Prose is distinguished from poetry by its use of ordinary language, grammatical rules, and natural flow, as opposed to poetry's structured verse and rhythm.
• 📘 Short stories are defined as brief, self-contained narratives with specific characteristics like length, plot complexity, limited characters, focused setting, and a single theme.
• 🏡 The setting in a short story is crucial, encompassing the physical location, time, social environment, and atmosphere, which contribute to the story's mood and impact.
• 👤 Characters in a short story are central to the narrative, with classifications such as protagonist and antagonist, and dynamic or flat character development.
• 🗣️ STEELER is introduced as a method for indirect characterization, analyzing a character's speech, thoughts, effect on others, actions, and looks.
• 📊 The plot of a short story is outlined with stages: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution, each serving to build and resolve the story's conflict.
• 🌐 Conflicts in stories can be of various types: man versus man, society, self, nature, technology, or supernatural, adding depth and interest to the narrative.
• 🎨 The theme of a story is its central message or insight, often universal and thought-provoking, such as the impact of poverty on human dignity in Filipino literature.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the second quarter of the English learning video?

The main focus of the second quarter is to analyze literary text as expressions of individual or societal values within a structural context, specifically focusing on the elements of prose, particularly short stories.

What are the four main types of literature mentioned in the script?

The four main types of literature mentioned are drama, poetry, prose fiction, and prose nonfiction.

How does prose differ from poetry in terms of language use?

Prose uses ordinary forms of written or spoken language without a formal metrical structure, following grammatical rules and flowing naturally like everyday speech, whereas poetry emphasizes meter, rhyme, and structured verse.

What are some examples of prose fiction mentioned in the script?

Examples of prose fiction include myths, fables, novels, and short stories.

What are the defining characteristics of a short story as described in the script?

Short stories are brief, typically ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 words, with a single plot, limited characters, a focused setting, and a clear theme. They use an economy of language where every word contributes to the overall effect.

What are the key aspects of setting in a short story as outlined in the script?

The key aspects of setting in a short story include place, time, social environment, and atmosphere.

How does the script define a protagonist in a story?

A protagonist is defined as the main or leading character of the story who makes key decisions that affect the plot.

What is the difference between dynamic and flat characters as discussed in the script?

Dynamic or round characters are those who change and grow throughout the story, while flat or static characters do not change and remain the same throughout the narrative.

What is the method used to analyze how authors reveal characters' personalities and traits without explicitly stating them?

The method used is called STEEAL, which stands for Speech, Thoughts, Effect on others, Actions, and Looks.

What are the five parts of the plot diagram discussed in the script?

The five parts of the plot diagram are exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

How is the theme of a story defined in the script?

The theme is defined as the central idea, message, or underlying meaning that the author wants to convey, which is a deeper insight about life, society, or human nature that emerges through the plot, characters, and setting.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Literary Analysis

This paragraph introduces the educational video's focus on analyzing literary texts, specifically short stories, within a structural context. It emphasizes the importance of understanding individual or societal values as expressed through literature. The instructor reviews the types of literature, including drama, poetry, prose fiction, and prose nonfiction. The video's target learning competency is analyzing literary text, and the instructor provides a comparison between poetry and prose, highlighting their characteristics and purposes. Poetry is described as rhythmic and condensed, often open to interpretation, while prose is straightforward and used for storytelling or sharing information.

05:00

📖 Characteristics of Short Stories

The second paragraph delves into the specifics of short stories, defining them as brief narratives with a compact narrative structure. It outlines the key characteristics of short stories: length (ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 words), plot complexity (single plot focused on a central conflict), limited characters (few characters with concentrated development), setting (limited to one or two locations), and theme (exploring a single theme or message). The paragraph also mentions the economy of language in short stories, where every word contributes to the overall effect. Examples of well-known Philippine short stories are provided to illustrate these points.

10:01

🌍 Discussing Setting in Short Stories

This paragraph discusses the concept of setting in short stories, which includes the time and place of the story's events, as well as the cultural, social, and historical context. It highlights the focused and limited nature of setting in short stories compared to novels. The key aspects of setting are identified as place, time, social environment, and atmosphere. Examples are given for each aspect, such as 'In the Map' by Francisco Arcellana for place, 'The Summer Solstice' by Nick Joaquin for time, 'My Father Goes to Court' by Carlos Bulosan for social environment, and 'Dead Stars' by Paz Marquez Benitez for atmosphere.

15:03

👤 Understanding Characters in Literature

The fourth paragraph focuses on characters in short stories, explaining their roles and classifications. It differentiates between the protagonist, who drives the plot with key decisions, and the antagonist, who opposes the protagonist. The paragraph also introduces dynamic or round characters, who undergo change and development, and flat or static characters, who remain consistent throughout the story. The STEEAL method for indirect characterization is introduced, which includes analyzing a character's speech, thoughts, effect on others, actions, and looks.

20:03

📈 Plot Diagram and Themes in Short Stories

The final paragraph discusses the structure of a short story's plot, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. It explains the role of conflict within the story and identifies different types of conflict, such as man versus man, society, self, nature, technology, and supernatural. The paragraph concludes with a discussion of themes in literature, which are the central ideas or messages that authors convey. An example of a theme is provided from the short story 'My Father Goes to Court' by Carlos Bulosan, which explores the impact of poverty on human dignity.

Keywords

💡Literary Text

A literary text refers to any written work that is considered to have artistic or cultural value, often characterized by the use of language to evoke meaning beyond the literal. In the video, literary text is discussed in the context of analyzing individual or societal values through various forms such as poetry and prose. The video's educational theme revolves around understanding these texts as expressions of ideas and values within a structured context.

💡Prose

Prose is a form of language that has a natural flow of speech and normal grammatical structure rather than a rhythmic structure like poetry. Unlike poetry, it doesn't emphasize meter or rhyme. In the video, prose is distinguished from poetry and is the focus for the second quarter, particularly in the form of short stories. The script explains that prose is used for storytelling, explanation, or sharing information in a direct manner.

💡Short Story

A short story is a brief, self-contained narrative in prose. It is characterized by a single plot, limited characters, and a focused setting. The video script defines short stories and discusses their defining characteristics such as length, plot complexity, and theme. Short stories are used to explore a single theme or message, providing a clear takeaway for readers, which is a central theme of the video.

💡Setting

Setting refers to the time and place in which the story's events occur, including the physical location and the cultural, social, and historical context. The script emphasizes that in a short story, the setting is typically more focused and limited compared to a novel. It plays a crucial role in creating the atmosphere and influencing the characters' actions, which is integral to the video's discussion on the elements of a short story.

💡Character

A character is a person or animal that participates in the action of a story. The video script explains that characters are central to revealing the story's plot and are classified into protagonists and antagonists. Characters can be dynamic (changing) or static (unchanging), which is a key aspect of character development discussed in the video.

💡Plot

Plot refers to the sequence of events that make up a story. The video script outlines the plot diagram, which includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Each part of the plot is crucial for understanding how the story unfolds and how conflicts are resolved, which is a central theme in analyzing narrative structures.

💡Theme

Theme is the central idea, message, or underlying meaning that an author wants to convey. It is a deeper insight about life, society, or human nature that emerges through the story's plot, characters, and setting. The video uses the example of 'my father goes to court' to illustrate how themes like the impact of poverty on human dignity are explored.

💡Conflict

Conflict is the struggle between two forces in a story and is essential for creating interest, suspense, and tension. The video script reviews common types of conflict such as man versus man, society, self, nature, technology, and supernatural. Understanding conflict is key to analyzing the dynamics of a story and its characters.

💡Climax

Climax is the turning point or the highest point of interest in the story where the main character confronts the central conflict. The video script describes the climax as a pivotal moment that leads to changes in the character and moves the story towards resolution, which is a critical concept in understanding narrative structure.

💡Resolution

Resolution is the final part of the plot where the conflicts or problems are resolved and the story comes to a close. The video script mentions that resolution provides a reasonable ending to the story, which is essential for providing closure to the reader and is a key element in the structure of a short story.

💡Exposition

Exposition is the introductory part of a narrative where the characters are introduced, and the setting and initial situation are established. The video script uses an example to illustrate exposition, showing how it sets the stage for the story and provides necessary background information for the reader to understand the narrative.

Highlights

Introduction to analyzing literary text as expressions of individual or societal values.

Focus on the elements of prose, specifically short stories.

Review of types of literature: drama, poetry, prose fiction, and prose nonfiction.

Definition and characteristics of poetry compared to prose.

Definition and characteristics of prose, including examples of different prose forms.

Explanation of the difference between prose fiction and non-fiction.

Definition of a short story and its characteristics.

Examples of well-known Philippine short stories and their themes.

Discussion of setting in a short story, including its key aspects.

Characterization in literature, including the roles of protagonist and antagonist.

Types of character development: dynamic or round characters versus flat or static characters.

Method of indirect characterization through speech, thoughts, effect on others, actions, and looks.

Explanation of the plot diagram, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Types of conflict commonly found in literature.

The role of theme in literature and how it provides insight into life, society, or human nature.

Example of a theme in a Filipino short story: the impact of poverty on human dignity.

Invitation to learn more and turn on notifications for future video tutorials.

Transcripts

time check it's English

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o'

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englisher I made learning English easy

for you please like comment and

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grade s welcome to quarter 2 of

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English our Target learning competency

for this video is analyze literary text

as expressions of individual or values

within a structural

context and the focus of our discussion

is about the elements of Pros

specifically short

story before we begin

balik L previous quarter I'll be showing

you again the chart of the types of

literature as a review these are the for

Gen ra or types of literature we have

drama poetry Pros fiction and Pros

nonfiction quarter one Focus poetry but

for this quarter our Focus will shift to

Pros specifically short

stories pros and poetry are both major

types of

literature in terms of definition poetry

emphasizes meter rhyme and structured

verse though free verse poetry lacks

these conventions poetry is more

concentrated and rhythmic than Pros

while Pros uses ordinary form of written

or spoken language without a formal

metrical structure it follows

grammatical rules and flows naturally

like everyday

speech examples of poetry are sonnets

Haus freeverse ballads limeric and epics

for pros we have novels short stories

essays articles biographies and

letters in terms of features poetry

focuses on the static qualities of

language using literary devices like

metaphor simile and symbolism poetry

tends to be more condensed and

expressive often leaving room for

interpretation while Pros focuses on

narrative explanation or Exposition

sentences and paragraphs s are

structured to present ideas clearly and

logically in terms of purpose poetry is

used to evoke emotions convey deep ideas

or themes and provide artistic

expression through word choice and

structure while Pros is primarily used

for storytelling explanation or sharing

information in a direct and

straightforward manner

Pros has two distinct types fiction and

non-fiction to differentiate the two

Pros fiction is imaginary or invented

stories written in Pros the events

characters and settings are typically

created by the

author examples of which are myths

fables

novels topic which is short story

while Pros non-fiction refers to factual

writing that deals with real events

people and information presented in PR

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form reports journals articles essays

textbooks and

biographies going back to our topic let

me Define what short story is a short

story is a brief self-contained

narrative written in Pros to describe it

further here are some of its defining

characteristics length short stories are

brief typically ranging from 1,000 to

10,000 words focusing on a compact

narrative short stories as the name

implies are much shorter as compared to

novels which typically ranges from

40,000 to 100,000 words next in terms of

plot complexity short stories have

single plot it usually revolves around

one central conflict or event without

multiple subplots unlike novels which

can have multiple plots and

subplots limited characters short

stories often feature a small number of

characters concentrating on their

development and role in the

plot Focus

setting the setting is typically limited

to one or two locations enhancing the

story's focus and

imy unity of effect every element

including dialogue setting and character

action works toward creating a single

unified emotional or thematic

impact theme short stories often explore

a Single theme or message giving readers

a clear

takeaway economy of language language is

precise and efficient with no room for

Unnecessary details making every word

contribute to the overall

effect here are some of the most

well-known Philippine short stories dead

stars by Pas Marquez benites consider

the first modern Filipino short story in

English it explores thems of Love desire

and delution M the mats by Francisco

arcela a poignant story about family and

loss focusing on a father who brings

personalized sleeping mats for his

children including those who have passed

away footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia

Vila This story addresses the

consequences of early marriage and youth

impulsiveness with deep Reflections on

mature it and

regret the summer solstice by Nick

quakin a story set during the St John's

Day Festival it delves into gender roles

tradition and the conflict between

Colonial and Native

culture my father goes to court by

Carlos bulosan a humorous and satirical

take on poverty this story deals with a

poor family's joyful outlook on life

despite their financial

hardships the Virgin by Kima poan Tua

this story explores the internal

conflict of a woman dealing with

loneliness societal expectations and her

suppressed

desires how my brother Leon brought home

a wife by Manuel e arilia a rural story

about a man's journey to introduce his

City born wife to his family touching on

cultural differences and acceptance

now let's proceed to discussing the

elements of a short story let's start

off with setting the setting of a short

story refers to the time and place in

which the story's events occur it

includes not only the physical location

but also the cultural social and

historical context that surrounds the

narrative in a short story the setting

is typically more focused and limited

compared to a noal due to the shorter

length here are the key aspects of

setting in a short story place the

specific location where the story

unfolds example is a village City home

or

Forest time when the story takes place

which could be a specific time of day

season year or historical

period social environment the cultural

social or political conditions that

influence the characters such as

societal Norms Traditions or class

Dynamics atmosphere the mood or tone

created by the setting which can impact

how the reader perceives the story

example a gloomy tense or peaceful

environment here are some examples for

each key aspect of setting Place example

is in the map by Francisco

arcelia the setting is primarily within

a family home in a rural Filipino

Community the story focuses on the

family's home and their emotional

response to the gifts of mats

highlighting the significance of

domestic space and family

traditions time example is the summer

solstice by Nick hin the story takes

place during the early 20th century

specifically Ally around the time of the

St John's Day Festival the historical

period reflects the blend of colonial

and local Traditions impacting the

stories themes and

characters social environment example is

in my father goes to court by Carlos

bulosan the social environment reflects

the harsh realities of poverty and class

struggles in pre-World War II

Philippines the story portrays the

econom IC disparities between the rich

and the poor influencing the character's

interactions and the story's conflict

atmosphere example in dead stars by Pas

Marquez Benitez the atmosphere is one of

quiet disillusionment and

introspection the setting of The Story

which includes domestic and social

spaces in early 20th century Manila

creates a mood of nostalgia and subtle

Mill

as the protagonist reflects on his

choices and lost

opportunities now let's discuss about

characters a character is a person or

sometimes even an animal who takes part

in the action of a short story or other

literary work the character or

characters are introduced in the

exposition part of the plot the series

of events are the plot of the story

shows every detail that the characters

experience which reveals the character's

traits and

development although the character is

the product of the writer's imagination

the character represents a real

person we have two classifications of

characters based on their roles and

relationships within a story protagonist

the main or leading character of the

story whom makes key decisions that

affect the plot of the story

talog antagonist the character who

opposes or or conflicts with the main

character Contra for example in the

story Dara Dara is the protagonist or

the vaa while Valentina is the

antagonist or the

contraida we also have another

classification of character used to

describe different types of character

development they indicate how characters

evolve or remain static throughout a

story dynamic or round character they

are the characters in the story who

change accept changes act and view the

changes as part of their role as human

beings they are often known as the hero

or heroine since they undergo changes

they possess Dynamic traits and the

changes they face depend on the

situation for example in the fairy tale

Cinderella Cinderella is a dynamic

character because she under goes

significant change and growth through

out the story initially she is a

mistreated and oppressed young woman but

as the narrative progresses she

transforms into a confident and self

assured individual who secures her own

happiness and social elevation her

experiences and actions particularly the

magical transformation and her behavior

at the royal ball reveal her inner

strength and resilience highlighting her

development from a victim to a

triumphant

heroine flat or static characters they

are the characters that do not change

they remain static or stagnant

throughout the story as the Story begins

the flat character characters are static

and stays as they are until the end of

the story they help bring out the best

in the main characters or the

protagonist for example the stepmother

of Cinderella is an example of a flat

character throughout the story she

consistently embodies the role of the

antagonist exhibiting traits such as

cruelty jealousy and vanity her

motivations and behaviors do not change

she remains a steadfast source of

conflict and hardship for Cinderella the

Stepmother's character serves to

highlight the contrast between herself

and Cinderella reinforcing the story's

moral and

themes there is a method used to analyze

how authors reveal characters

personalities and traits without

explicitly stating them and this method

is called steel still is often used as a

method of indirect

characterization here's how each element

of Steel contributes to indirect

characterization s for speech what the

character says and how they express

themselves their choice of words tone

and manner of speaking reveal aspects of

their personality and emotions t for

thoughts character's internal thoughts

and feelings this give insight into

their inner life and personal struggles

showing what they value or fear e for

effect on others toward the

character how other characters respond

to or are affected by the character this

reflects how the character is perceived

and their impact on those around them a

for actions what the character does

their actions and behaviors demonstrate

their traits and motivations

often showing more about their

personality than their words and L for

looks the characters physical appearance

and how they present themselves this can

indicate their social status personality

or State of

Mind here are some graphic organizers

used to analyze a character in the story

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first is the

exposition it usually occurs at the

beginning of a short story here the

characters are

introduced we also learn about the

setting of the

story this section also presents other

facts necessary to understanding the

story as mentioned in the exposition

part the setting is revealed and the

characters are

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introduced setting in its simplest

context is the time and place where the

story

occurs here is a sample

Exposition one Sunny morning Alysa a

12-year-old girl was sitting at their

sofa watching TV waiting for her mom to

return home from the market she was

about to sip a glass of her favorite

juice when she suddenly heard a knock on

their door in this example the time

is one Sunny morning and the place

although implied is basically at the

house on the other hand character is

defined as the people or animals in the

story and in this example the character

is Alysa

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it is common for a story to have two

types of

characters the protagonist or in our

language is the Bida and the antagonist

or what we call as the

contraida now let's proceed to the

second part of the plot diagram the

rising

action this part includes all the events

that lead to the climax it also presents

some type of

conflict conflict is the struggle

between two forces in the story it also

provides interest suspense and

tension let's review the common types of

conflict which I know you have already

learned in the previous

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years Man versus men in the given

example that isard of the lisai against

B the character of Baron gisler in the

action TV series Ang

provinciano Man Versus

Society who can forget the box office

hit Korean film miracle in Cell number

seven that featured a mentally

challenged man who was wrongfully

imprisoned for

murder man versus self the character of

Tom Rodriguez in a 2013 GMA TV series

my husband's lover battled against

himself as he tried to conceal his real

identity of being

gay man versus nature a type of conflict

presented in the 1997 American disaster

film Titanic whereby a luxerious sheep

hit a North Atlantic Iceberg which caed

many of its passengers to fight for

their lives in order to

survive man versus

technology so this picture is about an

ordinary man fighting against Iron Man a

superhero created by advanced

technology Man versus

Supernatural a conflict between a

character and something that is not

normal in some way Supernatural elements

include ghosts omond and

superstitions let's proceed to the third

part of the plot which is the climax it

is considered to be the highest point

this is the turning point of the story

usually the main character comes face to

face with a conflict the main character

will change in some way in the climax

some questions will run into the minds

of the reader will the character

survive what will happen when the main

character and the killer meet will the

husband and and wife go in separate ways

and sort of things like

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that falling action is the fourth part

of the plot here the conflicts or the

problems encountered by the main

character are given Solutions and

starting to be

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resolved the last part of the plot

diagram is the resolution where the

story comes to a reasonable ending or

simply it is the ending of The

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Story theme theme refers to the central

idea message or underlying meaning that

the author wants to convey it's the

deeper insight about life Society or

human nature that emerges through the

plot characters and setting themes are

often Universal addressing topics like

love conflict Identity or morality and

they offer the reader something to think

about beyond the surface events of the

story an example of a theme in a

Filipino short story is the impact of

poverty on human

dignity in my father goes to court by

Carlos bulosan the theme explores the

contrast between the rich and the poor

and how dignity and happiness are not

solely tied to material wealth the story

humorously depicts a poor family being

accused by a wealthy neighbor of

stealing the scent of their food despite

their poverty the family's joyful spirit

and sense of humor highlight that wealth

is not the measure of once's Worth or

happiness the theme touches on social

class disparities resilience and the

strength of Family Ties which are common

themes in Filipino literature

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