Analisis Deret Berkala - Pengantar Statistika Ekonomi dan Bisnis (Statistik 1) | E-Learning STA

Statistics Teaching Assistant
1 Apr 202013:23

Summary

TLDRThis presentation introduces time series analysis, explaining its use in forecasting future variables. It covers key concepts like positive and negative trends, providing formulas and methods for analysis, including the Moving Average, Semi-Average, and Least Squares methods. Examples show how to apply these techniques, with explanations of how to calculate trends over various time intervals. The speaker discusses both short and long methods for determining trends and offers insights on transitioning from annual trends to quarterly or monthly trends. The video aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of time series forecasting techniques.

Takeaways

  • 📊 The script introduces the concept of time series analysis, focusing on periodic data sets with specific time intervals used for forecasting future variables.
  • 📈 It discusses the idea of trends within time series data, distinguishing between positive and negative trends, signified by upward and downward movements respectively.
  • 🔢 The formula for a trend line is introduced as 'yet = a + b*x', where 'a' is the constant value when x=0, and 'b' is the change in y for each unit increase in x.
  • 📉 Three methods for trend analysis are mentioned: Moving Average, Semi Average, and Least Squares Method (LSM).
  • 📋 The Moving Average method is explained, which involves calculating the average of data points over a certain period, such as every three years, to identify the trend.
  • 📝 The Semi Average method is outlined, which can involve removing the middle data point from an odd number of years or calculating averages from segments of the data.
  • 📐 The Least Squares Method (LSM) is introduced, which involves more complex calculations to find the best-fitting line through the data points.
  • 📊 The script provides examples of how to apply these methods to a given dataset, including how to handle odd and even years in the data.
  • 🔑 It emphasizes the importance of determining the 'origin' or starting point for the trend analysis, which can affect the calculation of the trend equation.
  • 📚 The script concludes with a discussion on how to adjust trend analysis from annual to other time frames such as quarterly or monthly.

Q & A

  • What is the main focus of the video transcript?

    -The video transcript explains time series analysis, specifically focusing on trends, methods for analyzing trends (Moving Average, Semi Average, and Least Squares methods), and how to predict future values based on past data.

  • What is a time series analysis?

    -Time series analysis involves studying a series of data points collected or recorded at specific time intervals. It is typically used to predict future values based on trends observed in past data.

  • What are the two types of trends discussed in the transcript?

    -The two types of trends discussed are positive trends, where values increase over time, and negative trends, where values decrease over time.

  • How is a positive trend represented mathematically?

    -A positive trend is represented by the equation y = a + b * x, where 'a' is the intercept, 'b' is the slope (rate of change), and 'x' is the independent variable (e.g., time). A positive 'b' value indicates a positive trend.

  • What is the Moving Average method in time series analysis?

    -The Moving Average method smooths out fluctuations in data by calculating averages over a fixed number of periods (e.g., 3 years) to highlight the trend in the data.

  • How is data processed in the Moving Average method?

    -In the Moving Average method, data points are grouped in fixed intervals (e.g., 3-year intervals). The average of each group is calculated and used to create a new set of data points, smoothing the trend over time.

  • What is the Semi Average method?

    -The Semi Average method splits the data into two equal halves. Averages are calculated for each half, and the midpoint (or a divided year in case of odd numbers) is used to identify trends and patterns.

  • How is data handled when using the Semi Average method for an odd number of years?

    -For an odd number of years, the middle year can either be excluded or divided into two parts. The average of the two parts is used for analysis.

  • What is the Least Squares method (LSM) in time series analysis?

    -The Least Squares method (LSM) is a statistical approach that minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed values and the values predicted by a linear model. It is used to fit a trend line to the data.

  • How are the short and long versions of the Least Squares method different?

    -In the short version of the Least Squares method, the sum of X values is set to zero. In the long version, X values are calculated without this restriction, making the equations and results more complex.

Outlines

00:00

📊 Introduction to Time Series Analysis

This paragraph introduces the concept of time series analysis, which involves studying a sequence of data points collected at consistent time intervals to predict future trends. It emphasizes the difference between positive and negative trends, characterized by their respective directions. The paragraph also introduces the equation for linear trends (Y = a + bX), where 'a' is the intercept, and 'b' is the slope or rate of change, explaining that as the variable X increases by one unit, Y changes by 'b' units. The section also touches on three methods for analyzing trends: Moving Average, Semi-Average, and Least Squares methods.

05:01

📈 Moving Average Method for Trend Analysis

This section details the Moving Average method, which is used to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles. It explains the steps involved in calculating the moving average by adding data points over a specified time period and then dividing by the number of periods. For instance, if the time span is three years, the method involves creating a three-year moving average table. The paragraph provides a detailed example where data from different years is summed and averaged to determine trends, helping to identify patterns over specific periods.

10:03

📉 Semi-Average Method and Its Application

The Semi-Average method is introduced as another technique for trend analysis. This method is used when the dataset has an odd or even number of observations. For datasets with an odd number of years, the middle data point is either removed or averaged across two segments. The paragraph provides a practical example where data points are divided into two halves to compute their averages (TS1 and TS2). It also describes how to encode and arrange data in a table format, calculating trend equations based on given values and highlighting the importance of finding constants for trend equations.

🔍 Least Squares Method (LSM) for Precise Trend Prediction

This section covers the Least Squares Method (LSM), which is more precise for trend prediction. The LSM can be applied using either a 'long' or 'short' method, depending on whether the sum of X is zero. The paragraph explains the formula for calculating the trend line using summations of X, Y, X squared, and the product of X and Y. It provides a step-by-step guide to calculating these summations, followed by practical examples for using the LSM in both short and long methods. It also discusses handling different datasets and finding the best trend equation by adjusting the constants based on provided datasets.

📅 Adjusting Trends for Different Time Intervals

This final paragraph focuses on converting annual trend data into other time intervals, such as quarterly, biannual, or monthly trends. The conversion involves adjusting the formula for different intervals to make accurate predictions over shorter or more extended periods. For instance, the formula is modified for quarterly intervals by dividing constants by four or multiplying by four for scaling. The paragraph includes examples of trend equations adapted to various time spans and concludes with an encouragement to understand the methods presented, emphasizing their practical applications.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Time Series

A time series is a collection of data points that are ordered in time. In the context of the video, time series data is used to observe and analyze trends over a specific interval of time, which is crucial for making predictions about future variables. The video discusses how to analyze these trends using various methods to forecast future values based on historical data.

💡Trend

Trend refers to the general direction in which a time series is moving. The video distinguishes between positive and negative trends, which are indicated by upward or downward movements in the data over time. Understanding trends is essential for predicting future values and making informed decisions. For instance, the video explains that a positive trend (yehet) is represented by the formula 'yehet = a + b * x', where 'b' indicates the rate of increase.

💡Moving Average Method

The Moving Average Method is one of the techniques discussed in the video for analyzing trends in time series data. It involves calculating the average of a set number of periods to smooth out fluctuations and highlight the underlying trend. The video provides an example where the moving average is calculated over a three-year period to determine the trend direction.

💡Semi Average Method

The Semi Average Method is another approach mentioned for trend analysis. This method involves removing the middle data point from an odd-numbered series or splitting the middle data point in an even-numbered series to calculate the average. The video illustrates how this method is used to eliminate the middle data point to simplify the calculation of the trend.

💡Least Squares Method (LSM)

The Least Squares Method is a statistical technique used to determine the best-fitting line through a set of data points by minimizing the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of the points from the line. In the video, this method is used to find the equation of the trend line, which helps in forecasting future values based on the historical data.

💡Data Coding

Data Coding in the context of the video refers to the process of assigning numerical values to data points for analysis. This is particularly useful in the Semi Average Method where data points are coded to represent their position relative to the middle of the dataset. The video demonstrates how data coding helps in the calculation of averages and trends.

💡Origin

In the video, the term 'origin' is used to denote the starting point or reference year for the trend analysis. The origin is crucial for aligning the data points on the trend line and for making accurate forecasts. The video explains how to calculate the trend equation using different origins and how it affects the forecasting results.

💡Forecasting

Forecasting is the process of making predictions about future events based on past and present data. The video's main theme revolves around forecasting, where various methods are discussed to analyze time series data and predict future trends. The video provides examples of how to use the calculated trends to forecast values for future years.

💡Data Smoothing

Data Smoothing is the process of reducing random fluctuations in a time series to reveal the underlying trend. The video mentions this concept in the context of the Moving Average Method, where averaging data over a period smooths out short-term fluctuations and provides a clearer picture of the long-term trend.

💡Time Interval

The time interval refers to the fixed period between observations in a time series. The video discusses the importance of considering the time interval when analyzing trends, as it affects the calculation of moving averages and the application of forecasting methods. The script mentions intervals such as annual, triannual, and monthly data.

💡Unit of Time

The unit of time is the specific duration (e.g., years, months, quarters) used to measure the time intervals in a time series. The video explains how the unit of time can influence the analysis and forecasting process, with different units requiring adjustments in the trend equation. The script provides examples of how to modify the trend equation for different units like quarterly and monthly data.

Highlights

Introduction to time series analysis as a collection of data observed at specific intervals.

Time series analysis is often used to predict future variables.

Trends in time series are categorized as either positive or negative.

The formula for a trend is presented as Y = a + bX, where 'a' is the constant and 'b' represents the change per unit increase in X.

Explanation of the Moving Average method and how it averages data over a specified period.

Example of using a three-year Moving Average method to analyze data trends.

Introduction of Semi-Average method, including its approach of splitting data into two equal parts for analysis.

Steps for handling odd or even numbers of years when using the Semi-Average method.

Trend equation is calculated as Y = a + bX by finding constants A and B.

Explanation of the LSM (Least Squares Method) for determining trend lines.

Distinction between the short and long methods of LSM, depending on whether Sigma X equals 0.

A practical example of calculating a trend using LSM.

Explanation of how trend analysis can be applied to monthly or quarterly data by adjusting the formulas accordingly.

The final example highlights how a trend line in time series analysis is used to predict future data points, such as agricultural production.

Demonstration of how trends calculated for annual data can be converted to quarterly or monthly trends.

Transcripts

play00:01

t-shirt suhu Selamat siang semuanya

play00:10

Perkenalkan nama saya dia nitrigen

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niawati disini saya akan menjelaskan

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mengenai materialistis deret berkala

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satu dimana analisis deret berkala ini

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merupakan Sekumpulan data yang kita

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observasi yang memiliki interval waktu

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tertentu nah nalis deret berkala ini

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biasa kita gunakan untuk meramal sesuatu

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variabel dimasa yang akan datang Nah

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kali ini kita akan membahas mengenai

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tren dimana trend itu kita bagi dua ada

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tren positif dan tren negatif nah yang

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membedakannya itu hanya ditandai nih

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Yang satu positif dan yang satu negatif

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nah y topi ini atau yehet ini tuh

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trennya rumus yaitu yehet = a + b x itu

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konstanta atau nilai ketika x y = 0

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kalau by

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perubahan dirinya ketika SY meningkat

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satu satuan maka ia akan meningkat

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sebesar B kayak gitu yang negatif juga

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sama selanjutnya metode dalam tren ini

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kita bagi tiga yang pertama ada Moving

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Average method yang kedua ada semi

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average method dan yang ketiga lisquare

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metode nah yang pertama kita masuk ke

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Moving Average metode Nah untuk yang

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Mufrad metode kita langsung lihatnya

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bicara soal biar gampang nah ini kita

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punya contoh soalnya kayak gini nanti di

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soalnya pasti yang udah ada tuh cuma

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tahun sama si Y nya Nah untuk sih Moving

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Average method jalannya itu kita melihat

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dulu dia perkembangannya berapa tahun

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terus ganjil atau genap Nah kita lihat

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ini lima keenam dia naikkan terus 6

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ke-10 dia naik juga tapi dari 10 ke-8

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Dia turun batin naik naik turun berarti

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dia trennya tiga tahun kayak gitu

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berarti kita bikin lagi yang tema3 tahun

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karena tadi kan

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usai turun kayak gitu tiga terus kita

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bikin tabel lagi yang MP3 tahunnya nanti

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nah Cara yang pertama kita bikin

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pertambahan di setiap tiga tahun itu

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Jadi yang pertama 2013-2014 ditambah

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2015 jadi 5 Plus 10 jadi 21 Terus yang

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kedua enam plus 8 Terus plus 15 sampai

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yang terakhir 15-16-17 nah karena

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sebelum 2013 kita enggak tahu datanya

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berapa Dan setelah 2019 kita enggak tahu

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datanya berapa makanya ini kita enggak

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tahu nilainya kayak gitu Setelah temanya

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udah diketahui Nih kita bikin MP3 tahun

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dimana itu caranya dari jumlah Tema kita

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bagi tiga karena kan datanya tadi tiga

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tahun ya udah tinggal 21 dibagi3 siulnya

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724 bagi tiga sampai ke-42 dibagi 3 14

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jadi nanti dari kesimpulan soalnya ini

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nanti Franda

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kali ini tuh yang pertama strip terus 7

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8 11 13 14 netline strip kayak gitu nah

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sekarang kita masuk ke metode yang kedua

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yaitu semi afraid metode nah langkah

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pertama kita melihat dulu dia datanya

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taunya genap atau ganjil nah disini kan

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taunya 1234567 ini kan taunya ganjil kan

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Nah kalau tahunnya ganjil dia itu bisa

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menghilangkan data yang ada di tengah

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misi 2016 ini dihilangin kita anggap gak

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ada atau cara kedua kita bisa menghitung

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sih 2016 ini di dua bagian jadi 2016

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ikut ke bagian atas dan ikut kebagian

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bawah itu contoh kasusnya ganjil kalau

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yang genap kita tinggal bagi aja di

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tengah misalkan 2019 gada berarti disini

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karena 2016 yang masuk ke bawah nah

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kalau dicontoh Soalnya ini ini tuh

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datanya kan dari 2013-2019 dia datanya

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ganjil Nah kita disini menggunakan untuk

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yang

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kita nggak ada in Yaudah kita kasih ini

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titik-titik biru dia tandanya enggak ada

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Nah yang kedua kita harus menghitung

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Tessa dan esainya dimana TS itu kita

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menghitung menjumlahkan ini berarti kan

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5 Plus 10 dia hasilnya 21 Terus yang

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kedua kita juga menjumlahkan yang bawah

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ini ketiga 15-16 sampai 11 jam part26

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bikin TS hanya kita cari esanya dimana

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esai itu nilai UTS Adiba dirata-rata in

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Jadikan Dia tahunnya tiga berarti TST

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dibagi tiga itu 21 dibagi3 jumlahnya

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tujuh dan 42 dibagi tiga cuma 14 nah

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yang ini tuh kita sebut sa1 yang ini

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Hai nah habis itu kita bikin

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pengkodingan disampingnya kita bikin 2

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tabel Nah kayak gini nah untuk yang

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pertama karena Saita ada di tahun 2014

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makanya kita bikin pong codingannya

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nolnya disini kalau yang kedua karena

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Esa 2-nya kita di tahun 2018 makan Ebi

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kita bikin coding none disini nah untuk

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pengkodingan ini kayak materi-materi

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sebelumnya di atas nol berarti minus 1

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terus ke bawahnya 12345 kalau ini karena

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0ne disini berarti satunya didominasi

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satunya di 2017 ini satu minus 2 mesti

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gamis 4minutes 500 ke bawahnya satu Nah

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setelah kita dapat tabel ini udah

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lengkap kan di soalnya itu disuruh

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mencari persamaan trennya ada nilai

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trennya Nah selanjutnya kita akan Kalau

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persamaan yaitu yete = a + b x berarti

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kita yang harus kita cari adalah A dan B

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XB nya Nah setelah itu kan nanya udah

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ada nih di sini 7

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utama 14 cuma disini beda Origin nya

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Origin itu apa dia itu kayak tanggal di

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tengah-tengahnya itu kan kita pertahun

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ih berarti Origin buat di 2014 itu tuh

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original satu Juli 2014 Nah berarti

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kalau original satu Juli 2014 hanya itu

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7 dapat teh disini kalau kita pakai data

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yang bawah karena original berarti ganti

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tahunnya karena dia di 2018si hanya itu

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14 kita udah dapet nih hanya bebas boleh

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pakai yang 7 boleh pakai 14 habis itu

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kita kananya udah ada nih habis itu kita

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nyari baiknya rumus B usa2 dikurangi F1

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dibagi deltatech nya atau Delta waktunya

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terus Esa 2-nya kan ini kan 14 Ya udah

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tulis 14 dikurangi 7 dibagi Delta

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waktunya berarti 2018 dikurangi 14

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Kenapa karena kita pakai tahun yang di

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Hai kodenya nol itu ini2018 dikurangi

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dengan 14 dia Delta tahunnya berarti

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empat terus 14 dikurangi 7 dibagi empat

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jumlahnya 1,4 berarti kesimpulannya

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persamaan dari soal ini nanti kalau

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kalian pakai Origin yang pertama berarti

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at&t = 7 ditambah 1,4 X kalau kamu pakai

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Origin yang kedua berarti ia t = 14

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ditambah 1,4 X kayak gitu nah sekarang

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kita masuk ke metode yang ketiga ke

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metode LSM atau lisquare metode Nah di

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sini kita bagi dua ada cara pendek dan

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cara panjang dimana Kalau cara panjang

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itu nanti Sigma esnya tidak sama dengan

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nol kalau cara pendek Sigma x = 0 nah

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ini tuh Nanti eponk codingannya Nah kita

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lihat dulu rumusnya untuk cara panjang

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dia mencari hanya itu kayak gini Sigma x

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kuadrat dikali Sin Maye dikurangi Sigma

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X dikali singa x y dibagi

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Andy kali Sigma X kuadrat dikurangi

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Sigma X yang dikuadrat in nah ini tuh

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notasinya yang kapital yang x-xii besar

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kayak gitu Nah untuk banyak kayak gini

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Endi kali Sigma x y dikurang Sigma

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xtralis imaye dibagi nah pembagian sama

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kayak diatas Endi kali Sigma x kuadrat

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dikurang Sigma X yang dikuadrat in ke

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Nah sekarang kita masuk ke contoh

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soalnya ini contoh soalnya mirip yang

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tadi dia disuruh nyari persamaan trennya

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tapi menggunakan LSM Nah kita bagi dua

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kita cari menggunakan cara pendek dan

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cara panjang yang pertama kan kalau di

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soal tuh tabelnya cuma ini kan tahun

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samaye nah langkah pertama yang harus

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kita buat adalah tabel X atau si

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pengkodingan data di kalau cara panjang

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dia akan Sigma esnya nggak boleh sama

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dengan nol berarti kita bikin nol yaitu

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di tahun pertama jadi 0123

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456 nah jumlahnya 21 kan sedangkan kalau

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bicara pendek dia Sigma esnya harus sama

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dengan nol makannya kita buat sinol itu

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di tengah nah nah keatasnya Berarti Min

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S1 minus 2 minus tiga ke bawahnya 123

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Nah ini kan kebetulan datanya ganjil

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Gimana kalau datanya genap misalkan sih

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2019 ini enggak ada berarti kita simpan

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nomornya Disini di sini nih nol nanti ke

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atasnya Berarti langsung minus 1 minus 3

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minus 5 kayak gitu ke bawahnya 135 kayak

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gitu nah ini kan udah nih kita ganjil

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udah nyari ininya X yang ini sama efs

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yang ini habis itu Tinggal kita

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kali-kali in x kuadrat berarti klub

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penguasa daratan dari sini noldy kuadrat

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0-6 dikuadrat in 36 kayak gitu Terus

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nyari aksinya ini di kali ini kali ini

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semua dapet Nanti pokoknya

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kalau buat nyari LSM kita beli harus

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sebanyak ini tapi kalau disuruhnya cara

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panjang doang Yaudah Yang ini aja kalau

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cara pendek doang ini aja Nah setelah

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kita buat tabel ini kita masuki Nike

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rumus yang tadi yang di sini untuk LSM

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cara panjangkan rumusnya ini nih Nah

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yang pertama kita kan harus nyari Sigma

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x kuadrat Sigma x kuadrat batikan 91

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betis simpan di sini 91 dikali Sigma ye

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SYG mayanya 71 nah terus dimasuk masukin

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sampai dapet namanya itu 5,5 tiga terus

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bedanya 1,53 Nah terus kan kita disuruh

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nyari persamaan trennya persamaan trend

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itu y z = a + b x Yaudah atau ya teh

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juga enggak papa sama aja yet samaye

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sama-sama dengan hanya berarti 5,5

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ditambah 1,5 eksesnya enggak tahu kan

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nanti ex-situ the duat kitab ramalan

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misalkan ini kan sampai

play10:47

16 Kita disuruh nyari 2021 Nah kita bisa

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masukin disini kayak gitu terus untuk

play10:53

Origin ya nikah nol yaitu di 2013

play10:56

berarti original satu Juli 2013 unit ex

play11:00

yaitu karena kita ininya tahunan trennya

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ya udah satu tahun kalau nanti

play11:06

caturwulan bulanan tulisnya di sini satu

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caturwulan 1 bulan kayak gitu unit y itu

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tuh apa yang sedang kita teliti Apa yang

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sedang kita observasi karena di soalnya

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itu sedang meneliti produksi jagung

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Yaudah kita tulis produksi jagung kayak

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gitu Terus kalau cara pendek juga sama

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kita tinggal masukin rumusnya kesini

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tapi jangan lupa pakai yang ini dulu

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gitu Nah setelah kita cari hanya itu

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dapat 10,1 bedanya itu 1,5 Terus tinggal

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masukin ke FB nya ya udah hanya 10,1

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tambah b nya 1,5 Nah untuk original

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berbeda dengan ini ini 2013 karena

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menoleh 2013 kalian ini original itu pas

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Dino ledekan di sini di 2016 berarti

play11:50

original satu Juli 2016 kalau unit ex

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dan unit yaitu sama aja nah ini materi

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yang terakhir dalam tren Jadi gimana

play12:00

caranya kita mengubah tren dari tadi kan

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kita dari contoh soalnya itu free itu

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dalam bentuk tahunan Nah sekarang mau

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kita mau coba melihat kalau trennya

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dalam bentuk yang lain misalkan dalam

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perbulan per triwulan percaturan kayak

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gitu nah ini yang pertama kita mengubah

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dari tren tahunan menjadi trend triwulan

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Nah kita akan pasti disuruh nyari

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persamaan dalam bentuk triwulan misalnya

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nah caranya kayak gini y = a per empat

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ditambah B4 dikali X tempat Nah

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pembaginya itu kita pakai yang keempat

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Kenapa karena dalam satu tahun itu ada

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empat triwulan kayak gitu Nah untuk Adan

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Bi Itu udah kita cari tadi jadi tinggal

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dimasukkin aja kalau eksitu itu komponen

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dari si persamaannya jadi nggak usah

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diganti kayak gitu nah gimana kalau

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untuk mencari dalam caturwulan kalau

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turunkan satu tahun itu ada tiga Ya udah

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ini tinggal tiga kalau mau semester

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karena dia ada dua dalam setahun Ya udah

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ini ya diganti2 kayak gitu Nah untuk

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yang bulanan karena satu tahun ada 12

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bulan Berarti kayak gini y = ar12

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ditambah bp12 dikali x 12 kayak gitu

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sekian materi dari analisis deret

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berkala satu semoga kalian bisa memahami

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Terima kasih ya

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Time SeriesTrend AnalysisMoving AverageLeast SquaresData PredictionStatistical MethodsForecastingData AnalysisNumerical TechniquesTrend Forecasting
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