LA GEOGRAFIA COMO CIENCIA
Summary
TLDRGeography is the study of Earth's natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components and their interactions. Originating from Greek, 'geography' means 'earth drawing.' Ancient Greeks and Arabs contributed to its knowledge, which was later revolutionized by discoveries and scientific advancements. The discipline is divided into physical geography, focusing on Earth's surface and natural elements, and human geography, examining human-environment relationships. Geography uses a scientific methodology based on principles like location, generalization, causality, and evolution to analyze and interpret spatial data.
Takeaways
- 🌍 Geography is the science that studies the Earth's space, including natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components and their interactions.
- 📜 The term 'geography' comes from the Greek words 'geo' (earth) and 'grafos' (to describe), highlighting its focus on graphical representations like maps.
- 🗺️ The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BCE, featuring geographical elements such as water courses, settlements, and mountains.
- 🏛️ Ancient Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographical knowledge, which was later expanded by Arabs during the Middle Ages.
- 🌐 The discovery of America and the scientific revolution of the 15th century challenged the geocentric model and led to the heliocentric theory, changing our understanding of the Earth's position in the universe.
- 📚 The 19th century saw geography being institutionalized in universities, with key figures like Alexander von Humboldt, Karl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel contributing significantly to the field.
- 🚦 While driving, we encounter various geographical signs that provide information about the landscape, social aspects, and services like gas stations and restaurants.
- 🔍 Geography is a broad and diverse science that intersects with many areas of knowledge and is divided into physical geography, which studies the Earth's surface and physical elements, and human geography, which examines human-environment interactions.
- 🌳 Physical geography includes disciplines like geomorphology, hydrology, and climatology, while human geography encompasses economic, political, and social geography.
- 📊 The geographical method is based on five fundamental principles: location, generalization, causality, relationship, and evolution, which give geography its scientific character.
- 🍖 The script ends with a mention of a potential destination for a meal, Mineral del Monte, and a reference to the geographical coordinates of the location.
Q & A
What is geography and what does it study?
-Geography is the science that studies geographical space, which includes natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components of the planet and their relationships.
Where does the word 'geography' originate from?
-The word 'geography' comes from the Greek roots 'geo' meaning 'earth' and 'grafos' meaning 'to write' or 'to describe.'
What is the oldest known map, and what features does it display?
-The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BC and shows elements such as waterways, human settlements, and mountains.
Which period saw the development and systematization of geographic knowledge by the Greeks?
-The ancient Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographic knowledge, which was later enriched by Arab scholars during the Middle Ages.
What scientific revolution shifted the perspective of Earth's position in the universe?
-The scientific revolution, led by Copernicus' heliocentric theory and Galileo Galilei’s ideas on Earth's spherical shape and movements, transformed our view of Earth's position in the universe.
When did geography become institutionalized in universities, and who were some key figures in this process?
-Geography became institutionalized in European universities in the late 19th century, with key figures such as Alexander von Humboldt, Karl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel.
What are the two main branches of geography?
-The two main branches of geography are physical geography, which studies the Earth's physical features like relief, water, and climate, and human geography, which examines the relationships between human activities and their geographical environments.
What is biogeography?
-Biogeography is a branch of physical geography that studies the distribution of living organisms on Earth and the conditions in which they live.
What are the five fundamental principles of geographic study?
-The five fundamental principles are localization or extension, generalization, causality, relation, and evolution, which help in understanding the location, causes, relationships, and changes of geographical phenomena.
How does the principle of causality differentiate geography as a science?
-The principle of causality makes geography an explanatory science by seeking to analyze the causes behind geographical phenomena, rather than merely describing them.
Outlines
🌍 Introduction to Geography
Geography is the science that studies the spatial aspects of the Earth, encompassing natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components. Originating from the Greek words 'geo' meaning earth and 'grafos' meaning to describe, geography involves creating graphical representations like maps. The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BCE, showing features like watercourses, settlements, and mountains. The Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographical knowledge, which was later enriched by the Arabs during the Middle Ages under the geocentric theory of Claudius Ptolemy. The discovery of America and the scientific revolution of the 15th century, including Copernicus's heliocentric theory and Galileo's insights on Earth's spherical shape and movements, transformed geographical perspectives. Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation further shifted views on Earth's place in the universe. The discipline was institutionalized in the 19th century with notable figures like Alexander von Humboldt, Karl Ritter, and Friedrich Ratzel. Geography is a broad and diverse science, interrelating with many areas of knowledge and divided into physical geography, studying the Earth's surface and physical elements like topography, water, and climate, and human geography, examining the interaction between human activities and their geographical environment, including economic, political, and social aspects.
🗺️ Geographical Methodology and Principles
Geography employs a scientific methodology based on five fundamental principles. The principle of location or extension refers to the identification of a geographical phenomenon and its location on Earth. The principle of generalization allows for making general statements about similar processes or phenomena occurring in different places. The principle of causality makes geography an explanatory science, analyzing the causes and effects of geographical facts and phenomena. The principle of interaction recognizes that geographical phenomena are not isolated but interact with each other. Lastly, the principle of evolution acknowledges the dynamic nature of geographical processes, as nothing on Earth remains static. The script also humorously mentions a potential lunch of barbacoa and mole verde, suggesting a journey to Mineral del Monte, and provides coordinates for a location at 20 degrees 7 minutes 12 seconds North latitude and 98 degrees 45 minutes 14 seconds West longitude.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Geography
💡Historical Development
💡Maps
💡Geographical Concepts
💡Physical Geography
💡Human Geography
💡Geographical Methodology
💡Cultural and Natural Components
💡Geographical Signage
💡Geographical Diversity
💡Geographical Coordinates
Highlights
Geography is the science that studies geographic space, including natural, cultural, economic, political, and social components.
The word 'geography' comes from Greek roots: 'geo' meaning earth and 'graphos' meaning to draw.
Geography involves creating graphic representations of our planet, like maps.
The oldest known map dates back to the 23rd century BCE, depicting elements such as watercourses, human settlements, and mountains.
The ancient Greeks were the first to name and systematize geographic knowledge, later expanded by Arabs during the Middle Ages.
During the Middle Ages, the geocentric theory of Claudius Ptolemy, which considered Earth the center of the universe, predominated.
The discovery of America and the great expeditions of the 15th century led to the scientific revolution and the heliocentric theory by Nicolaus Copernicus.
Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation in 1687 transformed the understanding of Earth's position in the universe.
Geography was institutionalized in European universities by the late 19th century, with key figures like Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Ritter.
Geography is divided into two main branches: physical geography, studying Earth's surface, and human geography, focusing on human activities and their relationship with the environment.
Physical geography has led to various earth sciences, including biogeography, which studies the distribution of living organisms.
Human geography examines the reciprocal relationship between human activities and their geographic environment.
Geography uses a methodology based on five fundamental principles: localization, generalization, causality, relation, and evolution.
The principle of localization involves determining the location of a geographic phenomenon on Earth's surface.
The principle of causality makes geography an explanatory science by analyzing the causes of geographic phenomena and their impact on the environment.
Transcripts
la geografía es la ciencia que se
encarga del estudio del espacio
geográfico es decir de todos los
componentes naturales culturales
económicos políticos y sociales que hay
en el planeta y sus relaciones
la palabra geografía proviene de las
raíces griegas geo que significa tierra
y grafos que equivale a trazar en este
sentido la geografía se encarga de hacer
representaciones gráficas de nuestro
planeta una forma de hacerlo es mediante
mapas
el mapa más antiguo que se conoce data
del siglo 23 antes de cristo- y en él se
pueden identificar elementos del espacio
geográfico como cursos de agua
asentamientos humanos y montañas los
antiguos griegos fueron los primeros en
dar nombre a esta disciplina y en
acumular y sistematizar los
conocimientos geográficos que
posteriormente fueron retomados y
enriquecidos por los árabes durante la
edad media período en que predominaba la
teoría geocéntrica de claudio ptolomeo
quien consideraba a la tierra como el
centro del universo el descubrimiento de
américa y las grandes expediciones del
siglo 15 dieron paso a la revolución
científica la teoría heliocéntrica de
nicolás copérnico fue secundada por las
ideas de galileo galilei acerca de la
forma esférica de la tierra y sus
movimientos de rotación y traslación en
1687 isaac newton planteó la ley de
gravitación universal transformando la
forma de ver a la tierra y su posición
en el universo
pero fue hasta finales del siglo 19 que
el conocimiento geográfico se
institucionalizó definitivamente en un
gran número de universidades europeas
alexander von humboldt karl ritter y
friedrich ratzel entre otros son los
grandes referentes de la geografía de
aquel siglo mientras vamos por carretera
es posible observar varios tipos de seña
elementos que nos dan información un
clip algunos se relacionan con el
paisaje como las indicaciones de la
existencia de zona de derrumbes o de
curvas o pendientes pronunciadas otros
nos orientan sobre cuestiones sociales
como que tan cerca o lejos estamos de
una población o a cuántos kilómetros se
encuentra una gasolinería o un
restaurante o incluso si nos encontramos
cerca de incluso peatonal o de alguna
zona comercial de igual medida se
subdivide el conocimiento geográfico
pero es importante recordar que todo
forma parte de un mismo objeto de
estudio nuestro planeta
la geografía es una ciencia muy amplia y
diversa que se interrelaciona con muchas
áreas del conocimiento y se divide en
dos grandes ramas la geografía física y
la geografía humana la geografía física
estudia en forma sistémica y espacial la
superficie terrestre y los principales
elementos que estructuran el medio
físico como son el relieve las aguas
terrestres y el clima el estudio de cada
uno de estos aspectos ha derivado en
diversas ciencias de la tierra que
estudia la estructura morfología
evolución y dinámica del planeta una de
sus ramas es la bio geografía que
estudia la distribución de los seres
vivos en el planeta y las condiciones en
que se desenvuelve la geografía humana
estudia la relación e influencia
recíproca entre las actividades de los
seres humanos y su medio geográfico así
sus objetos de estudio son tanto las
sociedades como sus territorios y se
subdivide en geografía económica
política y social
es increíble la extensión que tiene en
nuestro país y la diversidad de paisajes
de cada región definitivamente la tarea
de recopilar y analizar todos estos
datos resulta maratónica alargarlo la
geografía se basa en una metodología que
es producto de muchos años de evolución
y es la que le da su carácter científico
el método de estudio geográfico está
basado en cinco principios fundamentales
el principio de localización o extensión
se refiere a la delimitación de un hecho
o fenómeno geográfico y a los elementos
que determinan su ubicación sobre la
superficie terrestre el principio de
generalización se refiere a la
repetición en la superficie terrestre
del hecho o suceso estudiado así es
posible hacer generalizaciones que
aplican por igual a procesos o fenómenos
análogos independientemente de que
sucedan en diferentes lugares
el principio de causalidad hace de la
geografía una ciencia explicativa más
que descriptiva ya que analiza el hecho
o fenómeno buscando las causas de su
origen y las repercusiones en el entorno
hechos y fenómenos geográficos no se
encuentran aislados se relacionan e
interactúan unos con otros mediante el
principio de relación se indaga sobre la
correspondencia entre los
acontecimientos naturales y sociales que
se producen en determinado lugar el
principio de evolución da cuenta del
desarrollo que experimentan los hechos y
fenómenos geográficos a través del
tiempo ya que sobre la superficie
terrestre nada permanece estático
y más o menos estamos a la altura de
huejutla del rey al parecer nos
dirigimos a mineral del monte con un
poco de suerte podremos almorzar una
rica barbacoa unos pastos de mole verde
las coordenadas son gráficas son
20 grados 7 minutos 12 segundos latitud
norte y 98 grados 45 minutos 14 segundos
longitud
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