HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE & ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Summary
TLDRThis script delves into Islamic architecture, highlighting its defining characteristics, styles, and notable architects. It covers various architectural types such as mosques, madrasas, and mausoleums, with a focus on iconic structures like the Sultan Hassan Mosque in Cairo, the Mezquita in Cordoba, and the Taj Mahal in India. The summary touches on key features like minarets, domes, and calligraphic art, illustrating the rich heritage and diversity within Islamic architectural traditions.
Takeaways
- đ Islamic architecture is defined as the building traditions of Muslim populations in the Middle East and other regions where Islam has been dominant since the 7th century.
- đ° The main types of Islamic architecture include mosques, madrasas, hamams, caravanserais, kasbahs or citadels, and mausoleums.
- đ Mosque typology varies across regions such as Iran, Central Asia, Anatolia, the Indian Subcontinent, Spain, North Africa, and Southeast Asia.
- đ The Masjid Arabia features a projecting window enclosed with carved wood and latticework, a minaret as a visual focal point, a dome covering the main prayer hall, and mukharnas as a Persian architectural ornament.
- đ Three fundamental forms used in Islamic art are calligraphy, geometry, and Islamic decorative patterns that emphasize repetition, balance, symmetry, and continuous pattern generation.
- đż Abarisc or Islimi Abbarisk design represents biomorphic floral patterns, symbolizing the underlying order and unity of nature with great accuracy.
- đĄ Light is used in Islamic architecture to add a dynamic quality, extending patterns and forms in two dimensions, creating a strong contrast of planes and giving texture to surfaces.
- đïž The Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, Egypt, is a great Mamluk architecture monument, featuring Quran inscriptions in elegant Kufic and Thuluth calligraphy.
- đ° The Mezquita of Cordoba, Spain, originally a mosque, was transformed into a cathedral with the Christian conquest and features giant arcs and over 856 columns of various stones.
- đ The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, was built over 22 years as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal and is an example of Islamic architecture with Mughal style influences.
- đ The architectural design of the Taj Mahal uses interlocking arabesque concepts, self-replicating geometry, and asymmetry of architectural elements, creating a harmonious and integrated structure.
Q & A
What is Islamic architecture defined as?
-Islamic architecture is defined as the building traditions of Muslim populations in the Middle East and any countries where Islam has been dominant from the seventh century onwards.
What are the main types of Islamic architecture mentioned in the script?
-The main types of Islamic architecture mentioned are mosque, madrasa, hamam, caravanserai, kasbah or citadel, and mausoleum.
What are the architectural features of the Masjid Arabia?
-The Masjid Arabia features a projecting window enclosed with carved wood and latticework, a minaret as a visual focal point for the call to prayer, a dome covering the main prayer hall, and mukharnas, which are stalactite vaults and a Persian architectural ornament.
What are the three fundamental forms used in Islamic art?
-The three fundamental forms used in Islamic art are calligraphy, geometry, and Islamic decorative patterns.
How are the geometric patterns in Islamic art characterized?
-Geometric patterns in Islamic art exemplify an interest in repetition, balance, symmetry, and the continuous generation of patterns. They often integrate geometry with optical effects such as the balancing of positive and negative areas and skillful use of color and tone values.
What is the significance of calligraphy in Islamic decoration?
-Calligraphy in Islamic decoration is closely linked to geometry, with the proportions of the letters determined by mathematics. It is used for inscriptions and adds a dynamic quality to architecture.
What role does light play in Islamic architecture?
-Light in Islamic architecture adds a dynamic quality, extending patterns and forms in two dimensions of time. The combination of light and shade creates a strong contrast of planes and gives texture to sculpted stone or brick surfaces.
When was the construction of the Mosque of Sultan Hassan started and by whom?
-The construction of the Mosque of Sultan Hassan started in 1356 A.D. by Sultan Hassan and was finished in 1363 by Bayasir Aga, one of his friends.
What is the historical background of the Mesquita of Cordoba?
-The Mesquita of Cordoba, now the Cathedral of Cordoba, was originally a Roman temple before the mosque was constructed in the 8th century. A cathedral was later added inside the mosque by Christian conquerors in the early 13th century.
What are some distinctive features of the Mosque of Cordoba?
-The Mosque of Cordoba features giant arcs, a forest of over 856 columns made of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite, a richly gilded prayer niche, and a dome shrine of Byzantine mosaics.
What is the historical background of the Taj Mahal?
-The Taj Mahal was built over 22 years, from 1631 to 1653, by order of Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is an example of Islamic architecture with Mughal style influences.
What are the architectural characteristics of the Taj Mahal?
-The Taj Mahal features lotus decoration, finial, chhatri, a dust dome, onion dome, drum, cylindrical base, spandrel calligraphy on large space, stack, dado decorated frames with pietra dura, pointed arches, and minarets.
What is the significance of the interlocking arabesque concept in the design of the Taj Mahal?
-The interlocking arabesque concept in the design of the Taj Mahal signifies that each element stands on its own while perfectly integrating with the main structure, using principles of self-replicating geometry and asymmetry of architectural elements.
Outlines
đ Islamic Architecture Overview
This paragraph introduces Islamic architecture, defining it as building traditions of Muslim populations in the Middle East and other regions where Islam has been dominant since the 7th century. It outlines the types of Islamic architecture, such as mosques, madrasas, hamams, caravanserais, kasbahs, and mausoleums. The paragraph also discusses various mosque typologies from different regions, including Iran, Central Asia, Anatolia, the Indian subcontinent, Spain, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. Architectural features of the mosque, such as the masjid arabia, minaret, dome, and mukharnas, are highlighted. The importance of calligraphy, geometry, and Islamic decorative patterns in Islamic art is also emphasized, showcasing the Islamic interest in repetition, balance, symmetry, and continuous pattern generation.
đ° Notable Islamic Monuments
The second paragraph delves into specific examples of Islamic architecture, starting with the Mosque of Cordoba, which has transformed into the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption. It discusses the historical background of the mosque, its construction under the supervision of Abd al-Rahman and the subsequent changes made by Christian conquerors. The paragraph also describes the architectural features of the mosque, such as its giant arcs, columns, and the gilded prayer niche. Moving on, it provides an account of the Taj Mahal in Agra, India, detailing its construction, historical significance, and architectural characteristics. The Taj Mahal is described as a mausoleum with lotus decorations, a chhatri dome, and calligraphic inscriptions, reflecting a blend of Islamic and Mughal styles.
đ Principles and Elements of Islamic Architecture
The final paragraph focuses on the architectural design principles of Islamic buildings, such as the interlocking abaresque concept, self-replicating geometry, and asymmetry. It describes the Taj Mahal as part of a larger complex that includes a main gateway, garden, mosque, and guest house. The paragraph provides an overview of the exterior view, elevation, and floor plan of the Taj Mahal. It concludes with a recap of Islamic architectural types and features, mentioning the mosque's components like the masarabiya, mihrab, minaret, dome, and praying area. The paragraph also touches upon the defensive element of battlements and the historical evolution of Muslim architectural styles, highlighting the Taj Mahal as a pinnacle of Islamic architectural splendor.
Mindmap
Keywords
đĄIslamic Architecture
đĄMosque
đĄMadrasa
đĄMausoleum
đĄMinaret
đĄMihrab
đĄDome
đĄMukarnas
đĄIslamic Art
đĄCalligraphy
đĄLight
Highlights
Islamic architecture is defined as building traditions of Muslim populations where Islam has been dominant since the 7th century.
Types of Islamic architecture include mosque, madrasa, hamam, caravanserai, kasbah or citadel, and mausoleum.
Mosque typologies vary across Iran, Central Asia, Anatolia, the Indian subcontinent, Spain, North Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Masjid Arabia features a projecting window enclosed with carved wood and latticework, a minaret, and a dome.
Three fundamental forms used in Islamic art are calligraphy, geometry, and Islamic decorative patterns.
Islamic geometric patterns demonstrate an interest in repetition, balance, symmetry, and continuous generation.
Abarisc or Islimi Abbarisk designs are biomorphic floral patterns representing the underlying order and unity of nature.
Calligraphy in Islamic art is closely linked to geometry, with letter proportions determined by mathematics.
Light adds a dynamic quality to Islamic architecture, extending patterns and forms in two dimensions.
Water in Islamic architecture, especially in hot climates, cools and decorates spaces, reflecting and multiplying architectural themes.
The construction of Sultan Hassan Mosque in Cairo started in 1356 A.D. and represents great Mamluk architecture.
The Mesquita of Cordoba, Spain, was originally a Roman temple before being converted into a mosque and later a cathedral.
The Mesquita features over 856 columns of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite, and a richly gilded prayer niche.
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, was built over 22 years, from 1631 to 1653, as a tribute to Mumtaz Mahal.
The Taj Mahal is an example of Islamic architecture with Mughal influences, featuring lotus decorations, finials, and an onion dome.
The architectural design of the Taj Mahal uses interlocking abaresque concepts and self-replicating geometry.
The Taj Mahal is part of a vast complex including a main gateway, gardens, a mosque, and a guest house.
Islamic architecture features for the mosque include the mihrab, minaret, dome, dika, minbar, and mukharnas.
Islamic architectural styles have evolved through periods of passiveness and re-awakening, with the Taj Mahal representing a splendid architectural style.
Transcripts
[Music]
islamic architecture
in this chapter we will discuss on the
following aspects
architectural factors main
characteristics
prominent style well-known architects
definition islamic architecture can be
defined as a building traditions of
muslims population in the middle east
and any countries where islam has been
dominant
from the seventh century on types of
islamic architecture
mosque madrasa hamam
karaban sirai kasbah or citadel
mausoleum
[Music]
here are some mosque typology
the iran and central asia anatolia
the indian subcontinent spain north
africa
southeast asia
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masjid arabia projecting window enclosed
with carved wood
latticework mirab
[Music]
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architectural feature of the mosque
the masjid arabia is a projecting window
enclosed with cardboard
and lattice work
minaret is a visual focal point and are
used for
call to the prayer dome
focal point and covering of the main
prayer hall
mukharnas are stalactite vault
persian architectural ornament
here is a typical diagram of the mosque
[Music]
three fundamental forms used in islamic
art
calligraphy the islami
geometry
islamic decorative patterns geometric
patterns
these patterns exemplify the islamic
interest in the repetition
balance symmetry and continuous
generation of
patterns the integration of geometry
with such
optical effects as the balancing of
positive and negative areas
a skillful use of color and tone values
abarisc or islimi abbarisk design
are biomorphic floral patterns
representing the underlying order
and unity of nature with great deal of
accuracy
[Music]
calligraphy like another islamic
decoration calligraphy is closely linked
to geometry the proportions of the
letters are all
burned by mathematics inscriptions
light light can add a dynamic quality to
architecture extending patterns
forms and design in two dimension of
time
and the combination of light and shade
creates a strong contrast
of planes and gives texture to sculpted
stone as well as
stuck or brick surfaces
[Music]
water in hot islamic climates the water
from courtyard pools and fountains cool
as it
decorates water cannot only reflect
architecture and multiply
that decorated themes
the history and the background
the construction of the building started
in 15
in 1356 a.d by sultan hassan
and finished in 1363 by
bayasir aga one of his friends
characteristics of the mosque the
building become a mosque
and a religious school for all four
juristic branches of
sunni islam shafi maliki hanafi
and hambali represent great mamlock
architecture monument
in cairo the facade is about 76 meters
long
and 36 meters high the cornices
and transportal with pointed arc burial
chamber and the monumental staircase
are particularly not worthy
versus from quran in elegant kofik
and tulut
the most consultant hasan in cairo egypt
background history the mesquita spanish
for mosque of cordoba is now the
cathedral of
cordoba officially cathedral obscene
mary of the assumption
the site previously is roman temple
before the mosque was
constructed in 8th century finally a
cathedral was added inside the mosque
by christian conquerors in the early
13th century
the construction of the mesquite lasted
for over two centuries
starting 78480 under the supervision of
the eemer
obgordoba abad ar-rahman
the mosque underwent numerous subsequent
changes
in 1236 cordoba was captured from wars
by king ferdinand iii of castile
and rejoined christian dom the
christians initially left
architecture mosquito largely
undisturbed
this simply consecrated it dedicated it
to the virgin mary and use it
as a place of christian worship king
alfonso the ten
oversaw the construction of the bilia
bishop
chapel and the royal chapel within the
structure of the mosque
the ankungrus baroque choir was
sanctioned in the very heart of the
mosque by charles
v in the 1520s
characteristics of the cordoba mosque
in andalusia spain
it has giant arcs and its forest
of over 856
columns of jasper onyx marble and
granite
this were taken from the roman temple
which had previously occupied the site
and other destroyed roman buildings the
mesquita also features
richly gilded prayer niche and the mirab
a dome shrine of byzantine mosaics built
by alhakam
the second in 1961-76
bc in front of the mirabe is the
maxsory a kind of anti-rom buddha called
an escort its mosaic and plaster works
make it a masterpiece of islamic art
here are some pictures of interiors of
the mosque of
cordoba andalusia spain
the taj mahal historical background in
agra
india taj mahal was built in 22 years
1631 up to 1653
with the orders of jahan and it has
dedicated to mamtas mahal
the fourth fourteenth wife of shah shah
hans real name was shanab odin
and he was known as prince quran before
ascending
to the throne in 1628
20 000 workers labored and 32 crore
rupees
were spent during the construction of
the monument
and it was built according to the
islamic architecture with influence of
mughal
style taj mahal means the palace
of the crown because studs means crown
and mahal means palace it is menthol
that shah jahan got the hands of his
sculptors
and architects cut off so that they
would never be able to build
a monument as the magnificent and as
beautiful as the thuds
mahal and he even got their eyes pulled
out so that they would never be able to
witness anything bigger
and more beautiful than the monument
that they had built
during the lifetime
here's a typical mosque layout
of the taj mahal in agra india
characteristics of the tans mahal
it has lotus decoration finial
chatri dust dome
onion dome drum cylindrical base
spandrel calligraphy on large space
stack
dado decorated frames with pietra dora
it has also pointed art
and the minaret
characteristics
of the mausoleum taj mahal
[Music]
the architectural design uses
interlocking abaresque concept
in which each element stands on its own
perfectly integrates with the main
structure
it uses the principles of self
replicating geometry
and asymmetry of architectural elements
the mausoleum is a part of vast complex
compressing a main gateway
an elaborate garden a mosque to the left
and a guest house tourer to the right
the taj
is that the farthest end of this complex
with the river hamuna behind it
the large garden contains four
reflecting poles
dividing it at the center
here is the exterior splendid view
of the taj mahal
here is the elevation of the taj mahal
and the floor plan
let's have a recap on the islamic
architecture types
number one mosque muslim center and
place of
worship madrasa public school
pamam
[Music]
a roadside inn for travelers casbah or
citadel
fortress mausoleum atom
or a monument
islamic architecture features
for the mosque the masarabiya
mirab san minaret dom
dika minbar mukarnas praying area hall
arts
battlement
the masarabiya a projecting window
enclosed with cardboard
that is works mirab
a semicircular niche in the wall of the
mosque
that indicates the gibla
sun a courtyard combined with
ablution area minority
a visual focal point and are used for
the call to the prayer
dome focal point covering the main
prayer hall dika a place of
delivering royal member
a pulpit mukharnas stalactite vault
persian architectural ornament
praying area
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is the main hall to perform
congregational prayer
arts structure that spans a space while
supporting weights
battlement defensive element comprises a
parapet
early years of muslim
architectural styles
the glorious period of the islamic art
passiveness
re-awakening
taj mahal the most splendored
architectural style in the islamic world
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[Music]
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