Lies of History About Ancient Indians - Aryan Migration Theory DNA Analysis - FutureIQ

Summary

This script delves into the origins of Indians, debunking the Aryan Invasion Theory and exploring the genetic evidence that supports a more complex history. It discusses the three main waves of ancestral DNA: ancient African hunter-gatherers, Middle Eastern pre-farmers, and step herders from Central Asia. The script highlights how these groups gradually intermixed, contributing to the rich tapestry of Indian civilization, and emphasizes the lack of evidence for a violent invasion, suggesting instead a series of migrations and cultural integrations.

Takeaways

• 📚 The script discusses the controversial origins of Indians, addressing whether they are descendants of Aryans from Europe, Dravidians native to India, or the Indus Valley Civilization.
• 🔍 It mentions the Aryan Invasion Theory, which was once popular but is now largely discredited due to lack of evidence supporting an invasion.
• 🌏 The script explains the Out of India Theory, which suggests that the origins of various languages and cultures are from India, but this too is not supported by academic evidence.
• 🧬 Recent genetic research, including a 2019 paper analyzing DNA from 800 individuals across the region, indicates that modern Indian DNA is a mix from three main sources: ancient hunter-gatherers, Middle Eastern pre-farmers, and step herders from Central Asia.
• 🌾 The Middle Eastern pre-farmers, who migrated to the Indus Valley, struggled initially with agriculture due to differences in rainfall patterns, but eventually developed advanced farming techniques, contributing to the rise of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• 🏙️ The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC is believed to be due to the drying up of rivers, leading to the migration of its people into other parts of India.
• 🌈 The script highlights a genetic gradient in India, with higher percentages of Middle Eastern pre-farmer DNA in the north and more ancient hunter-gatherer DNA in the south.
• 🧔 The arrival of the step herders, ancestors of Sanskrit speakers, in India around 1800 BC is characterized by male DNA predominance, suggesting they intermixed with local populations, possibly outcompeting local men.
• 🔄 The script emphasizes that there was significant intermixing across castes in India until around 100 AD, after which there was a marked decrease, indicating a shift towards endogamy within castes.
• 🔍 The evidence points to a gradual cultural and genetic integration rather than a sudden invasion, with no large-scale massacres, destruction, or sudden changes in material culture or language.
• 🌟 The script concludes that all Indians are a mix of ancient hunter-gatherers, Middle Eastern farmers, and step herders, and that the history of India is a tapestry of these various influences.

Q & A

What is the origin of the term 'Aryan' and why is it controversial?

The term 'Aryan' originated from the idea that a group of people from the Caucasus Mountains spoke a common language called Proto-Indo-European. It's controversial because it was used by racist Europeans to imply that 'white' Arians were a superior race that spread their language and culture around the world, which is not supported by modern scientific evidence.

What does the script suggest about the Aryan Invasion Theory?

The script suggests that the Aryan Invasion Theory is not taken seriously in academia anymore due to lack of evidence supporting the idea that Arians invaded and subjugated local populations in India.

How did Hindu nationalists respond to the Aryan Invasion Theory?

Hindu nationalists rejected the Aryan Invasion Theory, proposing an 'Out of India' model where they claim that Hindus have always been in India, creating Sanskrit and the Vedas, and then spreading their culture and language to the rest of the world. However, this view is not supported by academic evidence.

What is the significance of the genetic evidence in understanding Indian ancestry?

Genetic evidence, including DNA sequencing from human remains, provides a clearer picture of population movements and interactions over time. It shows a flow of genetic markers towards India, supporting the idea of migrations rather than invasions.

What are the three main sources of modern Indian DNA according to the 2019 paper mentioned in the script?

The three main sources of modern Indian DNA are ancient hunter-gatherers from Africa who arrived around 65,000 years ago, Middle Eastern pre-farmers who arrived between 6,000 to 4,000 BC, and steppe herders from the step grasslands of Ukraine and Kazakhstan who arrived around 1800 BC.

How did the Indus Valley Civilization decline and what does this have to do with population movements in India?

The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1900 BC due to possible geological changes, such as rivers drying up, which led to the civilization's collapse and subsequent migration of its people into other parts of India, mixing with the local populations.

What is the relationship between the DNA of steppe herders and the modern Indian population?

The DNA of steppe herders is present in the modern Indian population, but primarily as male DNA, suggesting that they intermixed with local women. However, their contribution to the overall genetic makeup of Indians is relatively small, with a gradient from more in the north to less in the south.

How does the script explain the formation of modern Indian languages?

Modern Indian languages are a mix of the languages brought by the steppe herders, which were ancestors of Sanskrit, and the languages of the local populations, including the Indus Valley Civilization and possibly a Proto-Dravidian language of the ancient hunter-gatherers.

What evidence is there to suggest that the movements of people into India were migrations rather than invasions?

The evidence includes a lack of large-scale massacres or destruction, gradual changes in material culture and languages, and the relatively small percentage of steppe herder DNA in the modern Indian population, all pointing towards a gradual integration rather than a sudden takeover.

How does the script relate the genetic evidence to the caste system in India?

The script notes that there is a correlation between caste and genetic makeup, with certain castes, such as Brahmins, having a higher percentage of steppe herder DNA. It also mentions that there was significant intermixing across castes until around 100 AD, after which there was a period of endogamy that lasted for about 1900 years.

What is the conclusion of the script regarding the ancestry and history of Indians?

The script concludes that Indians are a mix of ancient hunter-gatherers, Middle Eastern farmers, and steppe herders, and that the history of India is characterized by gradual migrations and cultural integration rather than invasions.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Origins of Indians: Dispelling the Arian Invasion Theory

The paragraph delves into the controversial questions of Indian ancestry, challenging the Arian Invasion Theory which suggests that Indians are descended from Arians who came from Europe. It discusses the linguistic similarities between North Indian languages and European languages, which led to the hypothesis of a Proto-Indo-European language. The paragraph also touches upon the racial implications of the theory, which were used to support the idea of a superior Caucasian race, and notes that this theory is no longer taken seriously in academia due to lack of evidence.

05:00

🌏 Genetic Evidence and the Three Waves of Indian Ancestry

This paragraph presents scientific evidence from DNA sequencing that has provided a clearer understanding of Indian ancestry. It describes three major waves of migration contributing to the genetic makeup of modern Indians: ancient hunter-gatherers from Africa around 65,000 years ago, Middle Eastern pre-farmers between 6,000 to 4,000 BC, and steppe herders from the step grasslands around 1800 BC. The paragraph highlights a 2019 paper that analyzed DNA from 800 individuals across 19 locations, supporting the theory of migration rather than invasion.

10:03

🌱 The Development of Agriculture and the Indus Valley Civilization

The paragraph discusses the early development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent region of Iran and the subsequent migration of some of these pre-farmers to the Indus Valley, where they intermingled with the local hunter-gatherers. It explains the challenges faced by these early farmers due to the different climate and monsoon patterns, and how they gradually adapted, leading to the rise of the Indus Valley Civilization. The decline of this civilization around 1900 BC due to geological changes and drying up of rivers is also mentioned.

15:04

📉 The Gradual Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization and Cultural Diffusion

This paragraph continues the narrative of the Indus Valley Civilization's decline and the migration of its people into other parts of India. It describes the cultural and genetic exchange that occurred as these migrants adapted to new regions, leading to a population explosion and the spread of agriculture and civilization. The paragraph also establishes a gradient of genetic diversity across India, with more Indus Valley DNA in the north and more ancient hunter-gatherer DNA in the south.

20:07

🛡️ The Arrival of Steppe Herders and the Myth of Arian Superiority

The paragraph addresses the arrival of steppe herders, traditionally referred to as Arians, who migrated to India around 1600 BC. It emphasizes that these people intermixed with the local population rather than dominating through invasion. The DNA evidence indicates that while the male DNA of the steppe herders is present in modern Indians, the female DNA is predominantly from the ancestral hunter-gatherers, suggesting a complex pattern of cultural and genetic assimilation.

25:07

🔍 DNA Evidence and the Complexity of Indian Ancestry

This paragraph explores the complexities of Indian ancestry, highlighting the variations in DNA percentages among different castes and regions. It discusses the endogamous practices that began around 100 AD, which reduced inter-caste mixing and stabilized the genetic makeup of each caste. The paragraph also refutes the idea of an invasion, pointing out the gradual changes in culture, language, and DNA that occurred over centuries, rather than abrupt shifts that would be expected from a conquest.

🌐 Conclusion: A Mosaic of Ancestry and the Rejection of the 'Out of India' Theory

The final paragraph concludes the discussion by summarizing that Indians are a blend of ancient hunter-gatherers, Middle Eastern farmers, and steppe herders. It emphasizes that the evidence points to a migration into India, not an invasion, and rejects the 'Out of India' theory. The paragraph also underscores the gradual cultural and linguistic integration that has shaped the history of ancient and modern India.

Keywords

💡Proto-Indo-European

Proto-Indo-European refers to the hypothetical common ancestor language of the Indo-European language family, which includes languages like Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and English. In the video, it is mentioned that many North Indian languages share similarities with European languages due to their common origin from Proto-Indo-European, which is central to understanding the linguistic connections discussed in the script.

💡Aryan Invasion Theory

The Aryan Invasion Theory suggests that a group of people called Aryans, speaking the Proto-Indo-European language, migrated from the Caucasus Mountains and invaded the Indian subcontinent, displacing the local population. The video critiques this theory as outdated and unsupported by contemporary evidence, emphasizing that the script's narrative is about debunking this concept.

💡Caucasus Mountains

The Caucasus Mountains are a region between Europe and Asia, historically significant in the Aryan Invasion Theory as the proposed homeland of the Aryans. The script uses this geographical reference to discuss the origin of the Aryans and the subsequent critique of the theory that they spread from this region.

💡Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the northwestern region of South Asia. The video mentions this civilization to highlight the advanced society that existed in India before the purported arrival of the Aryans, challenging the notion of Aryan superiority.

💡DNA Sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. In the context of the video, DNA sequencing is used to analyze ancient human remains and understand population movements and genetic relationships, providing evidence against the Aryan Invasion Theory.

💡Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, the cellular organelles responsible for energy production. The script explains that mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother and is used to trace maternal lineage. This concept is crucial in understanding the genetic evidence that indicates male Steppe herders intermixed with local Indian populations.

💡Steppe Herders

Steppe herders refers to the people from the steppe grasslands of Central Asia and Eastern Europe who migrated to the Indian subcontinent around 1800 BC. The video uses this term instead of 'Aryans' to describe the group that brought an ancestor of the Sanskrit language and the Vedic religion, emphasizing that their arrival was a migration, not an invasion.

💡Ancestral North Indian (ANI)

Ancestral North Indian (ANI) is a genetic term used in the script to describe the genetic makeup of individuals in North India, which is a mix of Middle Eastern pre-farmer DNA and ancient hunter-gatherer DNA. This concept is key to understanding the genetic diversity and history of the Indian population.

💡Ancestral South Indian (ASI)

Ancestral South Indian (ASI) is used to describe the genetic makeup predominant in South India, characterized by a higher percentage of ancient hunter-gatherer DNA compared to the Middle Eastern pre-farmer DNA. The script uses this term to illustrate the genetic gradient from North to South India.

💡Endogamy

Endogamy refers to the practice of marrying within a particular group, caste, or social class. The video mentions that after 100 AD, there was a significant reduction in inter-caste mixing in India, leading to a stabilization of genetic traits within castes, which is an important aspect of understanding the genetic continuity in Indian populations.

💡Gradual Change

The concept of gradual change is used in the script to describe the slow and steady transformation of cultures, languages, and genetic makeup in India over centuries. This is contrasted with the sudden and violent changes that would be expected in the event of an invasion, reinforcing the argument that the Steppe herders' arrival was a migration.

Highlights

Recent scientific evidence has allowed for a more certain answer to the controversial questions of Indian ancestry.

The Aryan Invasion Theory, which suggests a Caucasian race spread superior language and culture, is now largely dismissed in academia due to lack of evidence.

Hindu nationalists propose an 'Out of India' theory, claiming that Indian culture and language spread globally, but this is unsupported by academic evidence.

Archaeological and genetic evidence point towards a movement into India, rather than out, with cultural and agricultural practices spreading over time.

A 2019 paper with over 100 co-authors analyzed DNA from 800 individuals across 19 locations, providing a comprehensive genetic timeline for the Indian subcontinent.

Modern Indian DNA is a mix of three ancient populations: African hunter-gatherers, Middle Eastern pre-farmers, and Steppe herders from Eastern Europe.

The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BC may be linked to the drying up of rivers, leading to migration and cultural mixing.

The Steppe herders, associated with an early form of Sanskrit and Vedic religion, migrated to India around 1800 BC and intermixed with local populations.

DNA evidence shows a predominance of male Steppe herder DNA in modern Indians, suggesting male migration and intermixing with local women.

Caste systems in India may have influenced genetic diversity, with different castes showing varying percentages of Steppe herder DNA.

Intermixing across castes was common until around 100 AD, after which endogamy became prevalent, preserving genetic signatures within castes.

The history of India is a tapestry of gradual migrations and cultural integrations, rather than a single invasion event.

The absence of evidence for large-scale massacres or sudden cultural shifts supports the theory of gradual migration over invasion.

The blending of languages in India over time reflects a process of cultural assimilation rather than a forced imposition of a single language.

The genetic and cultural history of India challenges long-held beliefs and provides a more nuanced understanding of its diverse heritage.

The research encourages a reevaluation of historical narratives and promotes a more inclusive and scientifically grounded view of Indian ancestry.

Transcripts

what are Indians are we descended from

Arians who came in from Europe or are we

descended from dravidians who were

always here in India or are we descended

from the Indus Valley Civilization these

questions have been very controversial

for the last years but in recent times

we finally have scientific evidence

which allows us to answer these

questions with a degree of certainty

okay I remember reading in my school

textbooks that the Arians came in via

the Iber pass and that's about all I can

remember so let's start from the

beginning of that Arian Theory okay okay

in the late 1700s there was a British

linguist who came to India so he was

amazed at how many words in North Indian

languages like Sanskrit Bengali Hindi

were similar to words in European

languages like greek latin French and

also Persian so he came up with the idea

that all of these are descendants of a

common language called the Proto

indoeuropean yeah later in the mid 1800s

Max Mueller came up with the theory that

there was a group of people in the

Caucasus Mountains who spoke this Proto

indoeuropean language and they spread

this all over some of them migrated to

Europe giving rise to the europian

languages some went to Persia giving

rise to Persian and Iranian languages

okay and some came to India giving rise

to Sanskrit and modern Indian languages

the Caucasus Mountains is where

Caucasians are from the white man the

white Caucasians right correct and

racist Europeans loved this Theory okay

the theory is that white men spread out

and they were the superior race and they

defeated and subjugated the Primitive

local races and they ruled the world

okay of course because why not The White

Man's Burden as we all know not just

that tell me why Caucasus Mountains uh

no idea honestly because that's where

Mount Ararat is Mount Ararat where

Noah's Arc landed after 40 days okay so

their theory is that the biblical people

from Noah's Ark spread out from the

Caucasus Mountains and these Caucasians

took over the world and their language

took over the world so they basically

took every possible story that could

have been created and mashed it into one

single thing that fit into the biblical

worldview yeah why not this Theory

called the Aran Invasion theory is not

taken seriously by anyone in Academia

anymore because the evidence is just not

there okay there is no evidence that

Arians came and invaded there is no

evidence that the local people were

primitive and would give up easily right

the Moen jaro and harapa civilizations

were quite Advanced there is no evidence

that these guys came and took over and

like became rulers okay so if the Arian

Invasion theory is not true then what is

the theory that explains all of this

before we go there let me talk about the

reaction of Hindu nationalists to the

Arian Invasion Theory okay they hated

the idea so much that they went to the

Other Extreme obviously according to

them Hindus have always been here hm

okay because this the land of Ganga is

our puni and our

pomi okay so the idea that we came from

outside just doesn't jel with their

worldview okay so their theory is that

we are the Arians in India we created

Sanskrit the perfect language we created

vdas the perfect books and then we took

it to the rest of the world 7,000 years

ago and that gave rise to Persian and

the avestan religion and in Europe that

gave rise to Greek and Latin and all the

modern European languages and I'm

guessing this is not true either this is

in fact so untrue that no academics take

this seriously at all there is zero

evidence for this there is no

archaeological evidence showing movement

from here outside there is no genetic

evidence showing movement of genes

outside of India it's less than 2% and

there is no linguistic evidence all the

evidence actually points towards

movement into India okay archaeological

evidence as in so for example you see

certain kinds of pottery H say 5,000

years ago in India then 4,000 years ago

it shows up in Afghanistan okay then

3,000 years ago it shows up in Persia

then 2,000 years ago it shows up in

Ukraine then 1,000 years ago shows up in

Europe right so that would mean that

Pottery went from India to Afghanistan

to uh Persia to Ukraine right and it's

not just Pottery right it's specific

Styles it is a way of making pots it's a

way of making tools it's a system of

using iron whatever right all those

things okay so that evidence points the

other WEA exactly okay and the genetic

evidence you said correct so this is the

big thing in the last 15 20 years okay

because now with DNA sequencing what we

can do is that we can dig up human

remains that we find at archaeological

websites we can try to pick out DNA from

that and sequence them in the lab okay

okay for each such person we can pick

out

600,000 genetic markers okay okay not

just that but for each one of them we

can use carbon dating so we know the

date also okay okay okay now imagine

that there are two lines of DNA one in

say Iran and it is showing genetic

markers B CDE bcde bcde and like every

few hundred years and it is going down

like this okay on this side in India you

are for similar dates you are seeing

pqrs in the Next Generation there is

pqrs 100 years later there is pqrs

suddenly now you start seeing bcrs BCS

okay oh you can clearly see that what

has happened is that someone from Persia

came to India around this time and then

they started mixing here H if it were P

qde then we would say that the mixing

happened the other way around and I'm

not talking about just four or five

things like that right we are talking

about 600,000 so when there is evidence

there is lots of evidence like this got

it okay got it now evidence like this

there are 100 of papers earlier they

used to be the archaeological evidence

okay but now at least dozens of papers

with genetic evidence showing flow

towards India related to India have been

published okay we will focus primarily

on one paper which is like an awesome

paper Okay 2019 paper it has 100 plus

co-authors from 18 countries including

from Indian colleges okay

this paper analyzed DNA from 800

different persons from 19 different

locations all over this region dates

from 12,000 BC all the way to 1 BC okay

okay and

269 distinct dates by carbon dating so

269 different points in time over a

period of 12,000 years remember that

everything we do here is backed by SCI

scientific research and scientific uh

data so even when we are giving examples

those examples are actually from

existing papers and existing research so

in this particular case this paper has

uh data from a period of 12,000 years

there are 269 different points in those

12,000 years that are being considered

but those are enough to establish a

clear timeline not just that but the

findings of this paper agree with all

the other re evence the archaeological

evidence the linguistic evidence the

anthropological evidence and evidence

from stories of all the different

cultures okay so this looks like a

fairly solid bit of research here

absolutely what does this paper say h it

says that modern Indian DNA has come

from three sources of DNA okay the first

is ancient hunter gatherers who came out

of Africa to India around 65,000 years

ago the second wave is of Middle Eastern

pre farmers who came around 6,000 to

4,000 BC the third wave was step herders

these are from the step grasslands

Ukraine kazakistan they came in around

1800 BC okay okay so now let's look at

these three waves in detail and what

they did to India all right all right so

first 65,000 years ago humans from

Africa they crossed the Red Sea they

crossed Arabia they crossed Persia

Afghanistan and then came into India

settled all these places correct they

continued they went to the andamans they

went to Indonesia they went to Australia

and some of that still exist you can see

that DNA in some Andaman tribes some of

the Aboriginal tribes in Australia and

so on okay okay so now India is sparsely

populated by these Hunter gather mirers

okay okay this situation continues for

like 60,000 years okay all right now

around 9,000 8,000 7,000 BC uhuh in the

region which is now Iran okay the

Fertile Crescent huh some of the people

started to kind of figure out a little

bit of cultivation of crops okay they

were not full- flesh Farmers they just

understood some seeds wheat and barley

and wherever they went they would try to

grow it sometimes with success sometimes

with failure fair enough these people

some of them started coming towards

India okay and when they reached the

Indus Valley they settled there okay

okay now the thing is that for a pre

farming Society like this life isn't

easy when you move the reason is that

they didn't understand farming

technology as such they didn't

understand different kinds of seeds Okay

okay okay what happened was that where

they came from the Fertile Crescent

there rain happened in winter so they

had wheat and barley seeds which would

grow very well if you had winter rain

but they moved to indust Valley where

there is rain and Monsoon summer correct

so their seeds didn't grow as well and

they were struggling a little bit makes

sense so what ended up happening is that

they ended up with decent relations with

the hunter gatherers and there was trade

correct when their crops worked well

they would give it to the hunter

gatherers when not they would take stuff

from hunter gatherers and things

happened correct okay after a while they

slowly figured out variants of those

seeds which worked well in this Monsoon

climate agriculture developed

agriculture developed City started

developing they had surplus of food they

could use that for all kinds of things

and over time they developed irri ation

that's how we got the Indus Valley

Civilization Mo Hara everything else oh

are these the Arians that we spoke about

at the beginning no okay but let's first

understand the current situation okay

okay inside India there are the ancient

hunter gatherers right in the Northwest

Indus Valley huh there is this new thing

called the Indus Valley Civilization

which consists of a mixture of

Middle Eastern pre- farmer DNA and

ancient hunter gatherer DNA remember

there was trading and intermixing for

many centuries here correct that's the

current situation yeah okay Arians

haven't arrived yet but before the

Arians arrive huh something important

happens okay what this indust Valley

Civilization reached its peak around

2500 BC okay it flourished for the next

600 years and then suddenly starting

around 1900 it began to decline why we

don't know for sure okay we know that it

wasn't a war it wasn't some sudden

natural disaster okay we believe it was

because Rivers dried up okay okay

because of various geological action huh

there was the gagar hakra river system

here okay which just changed course and

this whole civilization which depended

on the rivers and irrigation of the

rivers couldn't survive anymore and they

started dying out uh-huh some of them of

course started migrating into India okay

is this or could this be the F sarasti

river that disappeared during that time

we are not sure but it could be okay

because around that time there was a

river system and there is evidence that

it disappeared there are some mismatches

there but it could be okay it could be

sarasti the mystery continues yeah but

now what's happening is that these Indus

Valley people are moving into India okay

okay remember that whenever they move to

a new location they struggle initially

because their crops and their systems

are not adapted for that correct and

because of that again they are trading

and intermixing with the locals yeah at

that time again the locals now are still

the ancient hunter gatherers who are

mixing with the Indus Valley people now

okay the IND Indus Valley people being a

mix of the Middle Eastern farmers and

the ancient hunter gatherers from

earlier correct after a while what

begins to happen is that their

agriculture technology starts working

okay and they slowly become more and

more prosperous correct this results in

two things one is that the population

explodes

okay we have done an episode on why

India is the most populous country it is

related exactly to this yeah second

thing is that some of them start

migrating South okay okay and the same

thing repeats whenever they migrate a

little bit there's initial period of

struggle there is some

intermixing then they migrate further so

a gradation gets set up in India from

north to south gradation in terms of the

DNA percentag is mixed so in the north

it is much more Indus valy DNA and very

little ancient hunter gatherers okay in

the South there is more ancient hunter

gatherer and less indust Valley correct

corre if you look in terms of the

original Middle Eastern pre farmer okay

so in the north about 50 to 70% is that

DNA okay and in the South about 30 to

40% is that DNA okay okay this we are

going to call Ani and Asi ancestral

North Indian and ancestral South Indian

okay so these are sort of the ancestors

of North and South India this is the

situation in India from around 1800 BC

to 1,000 BC right okay so this is the

period of the indust valley civilization

declining correct okay around 1600 BC

step herders from Central Asia Eastern

Europe they started moving south okay

near Tajikistan they split one part went

to Iran and became ancient Persians okay

the other part came to India and these

were the Arians oh but we are not going

to use the word Arians because racist

people took that word and they have

completely changed the meaning of the

word Arian yeah so we'll refer to them

as step herders all right okay fair but

these are the guys who came in with a

language which was one of the ancestors

of Sanskrit and they came in with

religion which was one of the ancestors

of the Vic religion okay okay but what

the DNA evidence shows is that these

guys came and they settled and they

intermixed with the local populations

huh which is

thei and Asi okay but in a very

interesting manner the DNA evidence

shows that only the male DNA from Step

herders is there in India today ah

almost all the female DNA is from The

ancestral hunter gatherers not even from

the Middle Eastern preformers that's

very interesting so first of all how do

we know this okay our DNA actually is

two different sets of DNA one is the

regular DNA that you all know about and

that half you get from your mother half

you get from your father right but in

the mitochondria there is mitochondrial

DNA and 100% of it has come from your

mother and she has gotten it from her

mother and she has gotten it from her

mother so you can trace a unbroken line

back through all the mothers so

mitochondria is not just the power of

the cell it is also a record of all your

ancestral DNA of sorts of female

ancestral DNA right okay so what we know

is that the Steppy herders probably came

here without women and they started

intermixing with local women not just

that but looks like like at least some

places they out competed the local men

okay so their percentages increased okay

and just like the indust valley people

some of them slowly moved South but not

a whole lot so again there is a

gradation right in North India maximum

30% DNA is Step harder male DNA in South

India it is as low as 10% there are a

few tribals who have 0% step DNA okay so

at this point North India is mostly

Middle Eastern pre farer DNA with

probably an equal amount of seep farmer

and ancient Hunter gathered DNA mixed in

so 40 30 30 is the breakup percentage

there you go and South India is more of

the Middle Eastern preformer DNA because

at this point through the indis valley

civilization and etc etc they've come in

so it's mostly Middle Eastern pre-former

DNA with uh uh another large part of uh

ancient Hunter gather DNA but only a

small part of the step Herer DNA mixing

in yeah so actually it's 10% step Herer

40% uh Middle Eastern pre farer and 50%

ancestral uh hunter gatherers ah okay

ancestral not ancient sorry but uh then

these are the dravidians that we speak

about just checking yes okay by the way

another thing to keep in mind is that

the amount of DNA varies quite a lot by

cast Okay Okay in North India huh if you

look at the amount of Step Herer DNA

different casts have different amounts

and the maximum is in the brahmins and

the bmars the casts which were

traditionally in charge of Sanskrit and

of the rituals of Puja and all of that

okay and it reduces as you go over to

the other casts it kind of makes sense

when you realize that a lot of your

initial rituals might have forbidden

going out of your tribe and from the

tribe casts were born kind of but it's

very interesting to note that your DNA

percentages are regulated by cast well

that's a tricky question okay okay

because two things H one is that up till

about 100 AD okay so from 1300 BC for

the next 14500

years there was lots of intermixing

going on okay okay the DNA evidence they

have looked at the ancient DNA and they

have also looked at DNA of 70 different

groups of modern Indians and they have

done an analysis and what they found is

that there was lots of intermix across

all casts and jatis and whatever

happening until about 100 AD and then it

just kind of stopped and since 100 AD

until Modern India there is very little

intermixing across casts so DNA from 100

AD of a particular cast will be very

similar to that same cast today because

suddenly you became endogamous that is

marrying within your cast yeah so

another interesting finding

related to our cast from DNA wow so from

100 AD till about 200 ad for about 1900

years we were endogamous we were only

marrying within the cast and only in

recent times this entire intercast

marriage has sort of again allowed us to

mix dnas very interesting we started

about 65,000 years ago and we've just

reached 2008 and probably 2024 so I

think to summarize right Indians are mix

of ancient hunter gatherers from 65,000

years ago from Africa Middle Eastern

farmers who came 6,000 to 4,000 BC

correct and step herders who came around

1800 BC right all Indians are a mix of

all three correct okay there is nobody

who's only step Herer or only Aran or

whatever yeah all the languages are also

a mix what the step herders brought in

mixed with what the north Indians were

doing mixed with what the South Indians

were doing very likely that the ancient

hunter gatherers in South India had an

old language probably Proto Davidian and

the Indus Valley languages mixed with

that to form dravidian

languages and then the step herders came

in with the pre Sanskrit and that mixed

with all of this to form Sanskrit and

then those formed all the modern Indian

languages right wow okay now suddenly

the history of ancient India and India

in modern times uh ties in very

beautifully together but my first

question Still Remains how do we now

know for sure that this is a migration

and not an invasion what part of this

entire Theory or this entire research

disproves The Invasion part we don't see

evidence that should have been there if

it was an invasion okay there are no no

large numbers of massacred victims as

would happen at the end of a war there

is no large scale destruction of

property what we see is more consistent

with a gradual decline over centuries

okay no sudden DNA changes when a

foreign power comes in and takes over

there is a sudden change in DNA but here

everything was very gradual correct and

because generally back in those days uh

any foreign power coming in trying to

invade would basically be committing

genocide be LGE scale deaths and

massacres and entire DNA line lineages

wiped out correct another thing is no

sudden changes in material culture like

the pottery and the implements and the

tools those also changed very gradually

correct and no Sudden Change in

languages right you know otherwise when

muls came in suddenly you're switching

over to Persian right but instead here

there was just a very gradual change in

languages so all of this points to it

being a gradual change and second is if

you look at the DNA evidence the

so-called Arians the step herders

ultimately were only like a small

percent of the DNA correct right so two

things to keep in mind right so that

explains why it's not an invasion this

entire episode just explained why it is

not out of India and the Aran migration

into India rather than invasion of India

makes more

sense a completely new outlook into the

whole theory that we've been learning

half and half since school and lots to

think about lots to take home drop your

thoughts in the comments for sure which

I'm guessing you must be itching to do

by now Shri Kant naven future IQ