General Chemistry 1 - Matter and Its Properties

Summary

In this introductory chemistry lesson, Jennifer Cenial outlines the fundamental concepts of matter, including its definition, properties, and classification. She distinguishes between physical and chemical properties, pure substances and mixtures, and explains the difference between elements, compounds, and their types. The lesson also covers the various states of matter and the changes they undergo, such as physical and chemical changes, providing a solid foundation for further studies in general chemistry.

Takeaways

• 📚 The course is an introduction to General Chemistry with Jennifer Cenial as the teacher.
• 🔍 The lesson starts with defining matter and its properties, which is a recap from junior high school science.
• 🌐 Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, distinguishing mass from weight where mass is the amount of substance and weight is the pull towards Earth's center.
• 📏 Matter has physical and chemical properties; physical properties can be observed without changing the substance, while chemical properties require a change in the substance's type.
• 🔑 Properties are also classified as extensive (dependent on the amount of matter) and intensive (dependent on the type of matter), with examples like boiling points and viscosity.
• 🧪 Pure substances have a definite composition and unique properties, and they can be elements (simplest form of substance) or compounds (made of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms).
• 🔬 Compounds can be ionic, covalent, or metallic, with different bonding mechanisms, and are further classified as organic (containing carbon) or inorganic (other elements).
• 🍋 Organic compounds include acids, bases, salts, and oxides, each with distinct properties and examples provided in the script.
• 🧴 Mixtures consist of two or more substances and can be homogeneous (uniform appearance) or heterogeneous (distinct portions with different properties).
• 🌀 Mixtures are also classified by particle size into solutions, colloids, gels, aerosols, emulsions, foams, and suspensions, each with a different dispersing phase and dispersion medium.
• 🔄 Changes in matter include physical changes (changes in physical properties without altering chemical composition) and chemical changes (permanent changes with new products and mass alteration).
• 🌡 States of matter discussed are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma, with plasma being less common on Earth but prevalent in space.

Q & A

What is the definition of matter according to the script?

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass.

What is the difference between mass and weight as explained in the script?

Mass refers to the amount of substance, while weight refers to the downward pull of an object towards the center of the Earth.

What are the two types of properties of matter mentioned in the script?

The two types of properties of matter are physical properties and chemical properties.

How are physical properties different from chemical properties?

Physical properties can be observed and measured without changing the substance, whereas chemical properties can only be observed by changing the type of the substance.

What are the examples of intensive properties given in the script?

Examples of intensive properties include boiling points, freezing points, melting points, solubility, malleability, and viscosity.

What are pure substances and what are their characteristics?

Pure substances possess a definite, fixed, and invariant composition with a unique set of properties, and they are made up of only one kind of matter.

What are the two classifications of pure substances mentioned in the script?

The two classifications of pure substances are elements and compounds.

How are compounds different from elements?

Compounds are substances made up of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite proportions, whereas elements are the simplest form of substances that cannot be decomposed by simple chemical means.

What are the three types of chemical bonds mentioned in the script?

The three types of chemical bonds mentioned are ionic, covalent, and metallic.

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Organic compounds contain carbon and are classified as organic, while compounds without carbon are classified as inorganic.

What are the two classifications of matter mentioned in the script?

The two classifications of matter mentioned are pure substances and mixtures.

What are the two types of mixtures based on appearance?

The two types of mixtures based on appearance are homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

What are the four states of matter discussed in the script?

The four states of matter discussed are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

A physical change involves changes in physical properties without altering the chemical composition of the substance, is reversible, and does not result in a change in mass. A chemical change involves a change in the chemical composition of the substance, results in the formation of new products, is permanent, and often involves a change in mass.

What are the examples of physical changes given in the script?

Examples of physical changes include evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition.

What are the examples of chemical changes given in the script?

Examples of chemical changes include burning, rusting, curdling, rancidification, digestion, photosynthesis, cooking, and fermentation.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to General Chemistry and Matter

Jennifer Cenial introduces the first topic of General Chemistry, which is an overview of matter and its properties. The lesson will define matter, distinguish between mass and weight, and explore the physical and chemical properties. It also covers extensive and intensive properties, and the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are further divided into elements and compounds, with a brief explanation of different types of elements and compounds, including organic and inorganic compounds. The importance of the pH scale is mentioned, and the video promises to cover more on the classification and properties of these substances in future lessons.

05:03

🧪 Classification of Matter and Changes

This section delves into the classification of matter, distinguishing between pure substances and mixtures. It explains the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and introduces various types of mixtures based on particle size, such as solutions, colloids, gels, aerosols, emulsions, and foams. The video script also covers separation techniques for mixtures, including filtration, distillation, magnetic separation, decantation, and sublimation. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of physical and chemical changes in matter, providing examples of each and explaining the differences between them in terms of permanence, reversibility, and the formation of new substances.

10:06

🌌 States of Matter and Conclusion

The final paragraph wraps up the discussion on matter by introducing the different states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. It highlights plasma as the fourth state of matter, commonly found in outer space. The script serves as a recap of basic concepts needed for General Chemistry and invites viewers to ask questions or send personal messages for further clarification. The video concludes with an invitation to the next video and an encouragement for viewers to apply the knowledge gained in this session.

Keywords

💡Matter

Matter is defined in the script as anything that occupies space and has mass. It is the fundamental concept discussed in the video, serving as the basis for understanding various properties and classifications. The script mentions that matter can be classified into pure substances and mixtures, highlighting its importance in the study of chemistry.

💡Mass

Mass refers to the amount of substance in an object, which is a key concept in differentiating it from weight. In the script, mass is explained as an intrinsic property of matter, independent of gravity, while weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object with mass.

💡Weight

Weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object and is directly related to its mass. The script clarifies the distinction between mass and weight, emphasizing that weight is the downward pull towards the center of the Earth, making it a force that varies with gravity's strength.

💡Physical Properties

Physical properties are characteristics of matter that can be observed and measured without changing the substance's identity. The script explains that these include properties like color, state (solid, liquid, gas), and density. They are essential for classifying and identifying substances.

💡Chemical Properties

Chemical properties are those that can only be observed by changing the substance itself, such as reactivity or flammability. The script indicates that these properties define how substances interact with others at a molecular level, which is crucial for understanding chemical reactions.

💡Extensive Properties

Extensive properties are dependent on the amount of matter present, such as volume and weight. The script uses extensive properties to illustrate how certain characteristics scale with the quantity of a substance, making them important for quantitative analysis in chemistry.

💡Intensive Properties

Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter and are used to identify and differentiate substances. The script mentions boiling points and melting points as examples, which are critical for understanding the behavior of substances under varying conditions.

💡Pure Substances

Pure substances are materials with a definite and invariant composition, possessing a unique set of properties. The script explains that they can be elements, which are the simplest form of matter, or compounds, which are made of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

💡Mixtures

Mixtures are composed of two or more substances that are physically combined. The script distinguishes between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures based on their appearance and composition, and further classifies them based on particle size, such as solutions, colloids, and suspensions.

💡Chemical Changes

Chemical changes involve a transformation that results in the formation of new substances with different properties. The script provides examples like burning and rusting, which are permanent and irreversible processes that alter the chemical composition of the substances involved.

💡States of Matter

The script discusses the three traditional states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases, as well as plasma, which is considered the fourth state and is common in outer space. Understanding the states of matter is fundamental to the study of physical properties and phase transitions.

Highlights

Introduction to General Chemistry and its first topic, matter and its properties.

Definition of matter as anything that occupies space and has mass.

Differentiation between mass and weight, with mass being the amount of substance and weight the pull towards Earth's center.

Classification of matter's properties into physical and chemical properties.

Explanation of physical properties as observable without changing the substance.

Chemical properties as only observable through changes in the substance type.

Differentiation between extensive and intensive properties of matter.

Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter, such as height, weight, and volume.

Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter and are used for identification.

Overview of the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures.

Description of pure substances with definite composition and unique properties.

Elements as the simplest form of matter, undecomposable by simple chemical means.

Compounds as substances made of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite proportions.

Classification of compounds based on bonding types: ionic, covalent, and metallic.

Organic and inorganic compounds differentiated by the presence of carbon.

Explanation of pH scale and its relation to acidity and alkalinity of compounds.

Mixtures composed of two or more substances, classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous mixtures with uniform appearance, heterogeneous with distinct portions.

Different particle sizes in mixtures leading to classifications like solutions, colloids, gels, aerosols, emulsions, and foams.

Separation techniques for mixtures including filtration, distillation, magnetic separation, decantation, and sublimation.

Physical and chemical changes in matter, with physical changes being reversible and chemical changes irreversible.

Examples of physical changes such as evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition.

Examples of chemical changes including burning, rusting, curdling, rancidification, digestion, photosynthesis, cooking, and fermentation.

Introduction to the states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.

Plasma as the fourth state of matter, common in the universe but not on Earth.

Upcoming topics on measurements and application of mathematics in chemistry.

Transcripts

welcome to general chemistry one this is

jennifer cenial your teacher for this

subject

our first topic would be an introduction

about

matter and its properties okay so lesson

outline so first we're going to define

matter and identify its properties we'll

also be discussing classification of

matter

changes in matter and the states or

phases of matter

okay so this all this is already

discussed in your

junior high school science so this is

basically a recap of your concepts okay

so what is matter

so our usual definition of matter is it

is anything that occupies space and

has mass okay now what's the difference

of mass and weight so mass refers to the

amount of substance

while weight will refer to the downward

pull of object towards the center of the

earth

okay now for the properties of matter we

actually have two

two types you have the physical

properties and the chemical properties

okay so physical properties are

properties that can be observed

and measured without changing the

substance while the chemical properties

are properties that can only be observed

by changing the type of the substance

okay so another classification would be

the extensive

versus the intensive properties okay so

extensive properties

depends on the amount of matter so

example you have height weight

temperature

size shape volume and others while the

intensive properties

they depend on the type of matter not

the amount

okay so it is actually used to identify

a subset so examples of these are

boiling points

freezing points melting point solubility

malleability viscosity and others okay

now this flow chart is

um an overview or this actually

summarizes now the different types or

the different classification of matter

okay so generally

uh you have two types or two

classifications of matter we have the

pure substances and you have your

mixtures okay so let's have the pure

substances first

okay so pure substance actually possess

definite fixed and invariant composition

with the unique set of properties

so it so a pure substance is made up of

only one kind

of matter okay so your pure substances

could be

um your elements or your compounds so

the elements are the simplest form of

your substance and it cannot be

decomposed by simple chemical means

and these are the building blocks of

matter examples of your elements are

carbon

oxygen nitrogen hydrogen or

and others a periodic table okay

now compounds now examples of our

elements here

we have your silicon antimony and border

okay now different types of elements you

have your metals non-metals and

metalloids so this would be discussed in

another video

so next you have your compounds so

compounds are substances that are made

up of molecules with two or more kinds

of atoms in definite

proportions okay so example i have here

my favorite compound which is caffeine

okay so other common compounds you have

h2o or your

water okay so compounds can be

classified as

um according to their bonds so it could

be ionic covalent or metallic again this

would be

separately discussed in another chapter

but again

for ionic compounds um the bonding is

actually

by electron transfer for covalent

compounds you have

electrons sharing and then for metallic

compounds you have the interaction

between metallic

elements okay so according to their

composition

you now have two types you have the

organic and the inorganic compounds so

in

organic compounds latino my carbon they

are classified as organic while the

other elements you now have the

inorganic

compound so we have your acids your

bases salts and your

oxides oxides anything with oxygen in

another element

salts when you have combined your

positive and negative ions

your bases they usually contain a metal

with a hydroxyl group

and your acids they contain hydrogen and

they yield hydrogen ions in

water solution so an example of your

acid

is your vinegar acetic acid

soy citric acid in the past there are a

lot of um

acids commonly found in your household

okay so young basis

and then um example is your sodium

hydroxide

and a pump but different bases so kind

of check your book for the examples

okay now this is a ph scale so it would

tell you the acidity

and alkalinity of your compounds

okay so any examples you have a battery

acid

gastric fluid acid and chatter

so 7 is our the ph 7 is actually the

neutral

ph okay so we have here pure water

okay now let's go to the second

classification of matter which are your

mixtures

so mixtures are actually composed of two

or more substances so according to

appearance you have the homogeneous and

the heterogeneous

mixture so homogeneous they have uniform

appearance

well for heterogeneous you have two or

more distinct portions

so they have different properties and

composition

okay so i have here a set of yummy food

so

which are which amount these are

homogeneous and heterogeneous

okay so that's your assignment okay

now um classification of mixtures

according to

the particle size so you have now

solution so

it is usually um on the molecular size

so you have your solute and your solvent

then you have your colloids

so their size is actually ten thousand

astronomers so you have two

parts of this so solution maritime solid

and solvent for the colloid you have

your dispersing

face and the dispersion medium okay

so we have the solid gel so these are

the solids in liquid

the aerosols so these are the solid or

liquid and gas

you also have the emulsions and the

liquid in solid liquid

solid or liquid amine then you also have

your foam so these are the gas in a

solid or

liquid okay so your first face and

dimension is actually the dispersing

phase while the second

um phase is non-dimension or the

dispersion medium

okay so example for the gel the solid

and gel you

when you prepare your gelatin so there

are solid powder

so you put them in liquid so no

mixilla okay aerosol for example your

mama spray

okay so there's actually liquid the

bioma bottle somehow spray nothing for

example

insecticides yeah so there are liquid

particles in a

pressure gas or pressurized gas in a

container

so emulsion for example is your

mayonnaise okay and the compositional

mayonnaise

is a egg white and then you also have

your oil right so it's liquid and liquid

then your phone

shaving cream so there are gas and solid

i mean gas in liquid

okay now for suspension these are

mixtures with

um particle size larger than ten

thousand elsewhere

um example kind of suspension usually is

human medicine

for example paracetamol

paracetamol for kids

with the solution right or with the

fluid part

okay so there are some separation

techniques

for your mixture so bending filtration

so this is the separation of a solid

from a liquid

using a filtering membrane so

distillation separation of liquids

in homogeneous mixture then you have

your magnetic separations obviously

gagamite

magnets then you have decantation so

this is the separation of a solid from a

liquid in a heterogeneous

mixture based by gravity and last we

have your sublimation

so this is for the separation of your

volatile solid and

volatile solid from a non volatile

solid okay now changes in matter i know

you already

um knew this so just an overview or just

a recap we have your physical and

chemical changes so physical changes

these are the changes in physical

properties without changing its chemical

composition

value chemical so it's a change in its

chemical composition and constitution of

the substance

okay so it's a physical change no new

products form

it's temporary reversible and there's no

change in mass

chemical change there is new product

formed it is permanent

irreversible and there is a change in

mass

okay now examples of changes in matter

so in physical you have your

evaporation which is the change from

liquid to gas

condensation gas to liquid melting or

liquid fraction

this is change from solid to liquid

freezing or solidification

change in the liquid to solid you have

your sublimation on solid to gas and

glass you have our deposition

or the change from gas to solid so

example simul chemical changes

you have your burning rust and curdling

rancidification

digestion photosynthesis cooking

fermentation and

a lot more okay now

states of matter man probably younger

about the states of matter

so i hope so remembering

kindly send me a message okay so solid

so we have your solid liquid and your

gases and you also have your

plasma so it is said to be the fourth

state of matter it's not a common state

present on earth but it is most common

in

the outer space in the universe okay

now again as i mentioned this is just an

overview

of matter and its properties okay so

another topic related to matter

and its properties is actually um

measurements

and application of mathematics in

chemistry

okay so we'll have a separate video on

that so i hope

this brief video gave you um a recap of

the

basic concepts that you would be needing

in general chemistry one

okay so if you have questions comment

and

comment them down below or you may send

me a personal message

okay so i'll see you in my next video

i hope you learned something bye