Advanced Dental Biofilm
Summary
TLDRThis script describes a detailed microscopic examination of subgingival dental plaque, revealing a highly organized biofilm teeming with movement. The presence of amoebas, such as Entamoeba gingivalis, indicates advanced oral disease. The video captures various microorganisms, including bacteria with wave-like movements for nutrient and waste exchange, and trichomonads with flagella. The intriguing observation of an amoeba engulfing a spirochete, typically not preyed upon, highlights the complex interactions within the oral microbiome. The script emphasizes the diversity of bacteria in the mouth and the challenges in fully identifying and sequencing them.
Takeaways
- 🦠 The script describes a sub gingival dental plaque sample, which is a highly organized advanced biofilm with a lot of movement.
- 🔍 An amoeba is observed pushing its way through the biofilm, which is indicative of a very advanced disease state in the oral cavity.
- 🌊 The biofilm exhibits wave-like movements, which are thought to help distribute nutrients and remove waste products.
- 📡 At higher magnification, multiple amoebas and their unique movement patterns are visible, distinguishing them from other organisms.
- 🔬 The video shows two trichomonas organisms with flagella, appearing to be trapped and moving in a synchronized manner within the plaque.
- 👨🔬 The speaker adjusts the microscope settings to better observe and contrast the activity within the biofilm.
- 🍽️ A detailed view of an amoeba's food vacuole is provided, showing the ingestion of a spirochete, which is unusual as these are not typically consumed by amoebas.
- 🧬 It is mentioned that there are possibly hundreds of different types of bacteria living in the mouth at any one time, with technology not yet able to sequence all of them.
- 🧐 The script highlights the complexity of oral microbiota, with companies offering DNA sampling to identify pathogenic bacteria.
- 🔴 The food vacuole within an amoeba contains a trapped spirochete, suggesting the amoeba may have consumed a white blood cell that contained it.
- 🤔 The fate of the spirochete within the amoeba is uncertain, as amoebas are known to dissolve and excrete toxins from ingested material.
- 📝 The patient from whom the sample was taken decided against treatment, which the speaker finds quite surprising given the advanced state of the biofilm.
Q & A
What is a subgingival dental plaque?
-A subgingival dental plaque is a highly organized advanced biofilm that forms below the gumline, consisting of a complex community of bacteria and other microorganisms.
Why are amoebas in the oral cavity a cause for concern?
-Amoebas, such as Entamoeba gingivalis, are indicative of a very advanced disease state in the oral cavity and are not typically found there, suggesting a severe infection or disease.
What is the significance of the wave-like movement observed in the biofilm?
-The wave-like movement in the biofilm is a coordinated action of bacteria that helps distribute nutrients and remove waste products, which is essential for the survival and growth of the biofilm.
What are trichomonas and how do they behave in the plaque sample?
-Trichomonas are a type of microorganism that can be found in dental plaque. They appear to be beating their flagella in an attempt to move, but are often pressed together in the dense biofilm, resembling an irregular beating heart.
How many different types of bacteria are estimated to be living in the mouth at any one time?
-It is estimated that there are six to seven hundred different types of bacteria possibly living in the mouth at any one time.
What is a food vacuole and why is it significant in the amoeba?
-A food vacuole is a part of the amoeba where it stores and digests food. It is significant because it can contain engulfed microorganisms, such as white blood cells or spirochetes, which the amoeba digests.
What is unique about the interaction between the amoeba and the spirochete in the food vacuole?
-The interaction is unique because it is uncommon for an amoeba to ingest a spirochete, as they are both considered pathogenic microorganisms, and typically do not consume each other.
What does the speaker imply about the current state of technology in identifying oral bacteria?
-The speaker implies that while technology has advanced to the point where some companies can perform DNA sampling to identify pathogenic bacteria, it has not yet reached a stage where all the different types of bacteria in the mouth can be sequenced and identified.
Why did the speaker adjust the microscope settings despite being instructed not to?
-The speaker, identifying as a 'good geek', adjusted the microscope settings to improve contrast and gain a better view of the biofilm, despite being instructed not to alter the settings too much.
What is the significance of the amoeba's ability to dissolve and excrete toxins from ingested material?
-The ability of the amoeba to dissolve and excrete toxins is significant as it demonstrates the complex interactions and processes within the oral biofilm, which can impact the overall health and disease progression in the oral cavity.
Outlines
🦠 Advanced Biofilm and Amoeba Activity
This paragraph describes an advanced sub gingival dental plaque sample, a highly organized biofilm. The video script details the movement of amoebas, particularly one pushing through the biofilm, which is highlighted with a red arrow. The presence of amoebas in the oral cavity indicates a severe disease state. The script also mentions a wave-like movement of bacteria, which facilitates the distribution of nutrients and the removal of waste. At higher magnification, the video shows trichomonas with flagella and white blood cells (PMNs) that are overwhelmed by the bacterial mass. The narrator tweaks the microscope settings to enhance the contrast and observe the food vacuole within an amoeba, which later captures a spirochete, challenging the common notion of similar pathogens working together.
🔬 Amoeba's Digestive Process and Interaction with Spirochetes
The second paragraph focuses on the digestive process of the amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis, which prefers to consume dead PMN cells. The script suggests that a spirochete was engulfed by the amoeba while inside a white blood cell. The amoeba's ability to dissolve and excrete toxins is highlighted. The video captures the spirochete trapped within a food vacuole, moving around, which might indicate the presence of two spirochetes. The paragraph concludes with an observation of amoebas passing each other and PMNs attempting to combat the bacterial presence. Interestingly, the patient in the video chose not to undergo treatment, leaving the dental plaque untreated.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Sub gingival dental plaque
💡Biofilm
💡Amoeba
💡Mucus
💡Trichomonas
💡Flagella
💡PMN white blood cells
💡Spirochete
💡Food vacuole
💡Entamoeba gingivalis
💡Disease state
Highlights
Observation of a highly organized advanced biofilm in sub gingival dental plaque.
Identification of amoebas in the oral cavity, indicative of an advanced disease state.
Demonstration of amoebas' unique wave-like movement through the plaque sample.
Highlighting of three different amoebas in a single frame.
Increase in magnification from 400 to 1000 power for a closer view of amoebas.
Description of bacteria's wave-like formation for nutrient and waste exchange.
Observation of two trichomonas with flagella, appearing as an irregular beating heart.
Presence of PMN white blood cells overwhelmed by the number of bacteria.
Microscope adjustments for better contrast and detail observation.
Detail in the food vacuole of an amoeba, with a trapped spirochete.
Estimation of 600-700 different types of bacteria living in the mouth.
The possibility of DNA sampling to identify pathogenic bacteria.
Capturing an amoeba with a food vacuole containing a squirming spirochete.
Hypothesis of the spirochete being inside a white blood cell engulfed by the amoeba.
Demonstration of the amoeba's ability to dissolve and excrete toxins.
Observation of two amoebas passing each other, resembling lava lamps.
Patient's decision against treatment despite the advanced dental plaque condition.
Transcripts
this is a sub gingival dental plaque
sample highly organized advanced biofilm
you can see tons of movement in the
slide very very organized over on the
nine o'clock position
let's see I'll highlight this with the
red arrow you'll see an amoeba kind of
pushing its way through the biofilm
Mabus definitely do not belong in the
oral cavity they are indicative of a
very advanced disease state and you see
this wave-like movement on some of these
areas of the slide and we're going to go
to a higher power in just a minute but
in this frame you can see three
different amoebas in this in the same
frame and it you can tell they're
amoebas if you just look how they're how
they're moving through the plaque sample
so increasing magnification from 400 to
1000 power again we get a little
close-up view of the amoeba who's here
and just to the right of that you have
this organized mass of bacteria that are
beating in a wave-like formation and
that gets nutrients to where they need
to go and it gets toxins out waste
products out same slide we're looking at
two trichomonas it looks like they're
beating their flagella and and trying to
move but they can't they're kind of
pressed together here in the plaque
sample and they're really not going
anywhere they almost look like an
irregular beating heart
again here's a close-up view of that
synchronized beating of the bacteria and
you can see a couple of pmn white blood
cells in there they're not kind of
overwhelmed of course by the sheer
number of bacteria that are here I
tweaked my microscope a little bit don't
tell bill Landers and Ora Tech I did
that he I was instructed not to play
with my settings too much but like any
good geek I just couldn't listen anyway
you get a little better contrast in
what's going on and this amoeba that's
on the right side of the screen you can
actually see some detail in the food
vacuole z-- that it has inside the
amoeba and a little bit later on I'm
going to show you a spirochete that it
got trapped into one of these amoeba
which is really really interesting
because we tend to think of them on the
same team
causing disease and one does not ingest
the other but I'll show that to you in a
few minutes
you
you know it's estimated that there are
six to seven hundred different types of
bacteria that are possibly living in the
mouth at any one time in this particular
plaque sample to say that we have a few
hundred different types I think might be
an understatement
technology has not gotten to the point
where we can sequence all of these and
know exactly what's in the mouth
although there are a couple of companies
that do do DNA sampling and we can get a
pretty good grasp on some of the most
pathogenic bacteria so here's here's the
here's the exciting part this food
vacuole that I'm highlighting inside
this amoeba keep your eyes on that food
vacuole as the amoeba moves from the
right to the left you'll see in there
squiggling around a spirochete
a lot of times are same-same food
vacuole as it moves around you're
starting to see the the spirochete
wiggle around and I think what occurred
is this amoeba is absolutely full of
dead pmn cells that's what these
entamoeba gingivalis like to eat and I
think the spirochete was probably inside
one of the white blood cells that got it
engulfed by the amoeba and you see him
kind of well he's trapped I would love
to be able to follow this guy it see if
he really makes it because the amoeba
wants something's inside the amoeba it
really has a way of just dissolving it
and and excreting the toxins from it so
I'll keep the slide on this amoeba for a
little bit
you can tell that it's not
superimposition that the spirochete is
like on top or underneath the amoeba
because it stays in that same vacuole
space throughout
you
still moving around inside the vacuole
I'm going to highlight it again with a
red arrow in case you lost track of
where he's at
in this view it looks like there might
even be two spirochetes in that food
vacuole
anyway this is one of my favorite slides
there's no after or treatment on this on
this patient she elected not to do any
treatment at all which is quite
astounding actually once you see this
but in this view you've got two amoeba
that are passing each other and it's
mesmerizing a little bit they kind of
look like lava lamps from the from the
hades
yeah I have a couple of pmns that
they're trying to catch up in wage war
thank you for watching
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